热机械化学法制备Ag-ZnO粉末（英文）
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摘要
Ag-CdO复合材料由于其优异的电气和力学性能,仍然是低压应用中最常用的电触头材料之一。然而,考虑到由于镉的毒性而对其应用的限制,有必要寻找可取代这种复合材料的替代材料。本研究以Ag-Zn固溶体为原料,采用热机械化学工艺制备Ag-ZnO合金。在138°C、1200 cm~3/min的氧气流下,在改进的球磨机中对合金样品进行热机械化学处理3 h,利用X射线衍射技术、场发射扫描电镜和透射电镜对合成材料的显微组织和相演变进行研究。结果表明,低温下的热机械化学处理可使Ag-Zn固溶体在短时间内完全氧化。这种新的合成方法可以制备出纳米ZnO相均匀分布的Ag-ZnO复合材料,而这是用传统的材料加工方法无法实现的。考虑到改善电触头材料性能的根本途径在于实现Ag基体中第二相的均匀分散,这一新工艺为Ag-ZnO复合材料取代非环境友好的Ag-CdO提供了可能。
Ag–CdO composites are still one of the most commonly used electrical contact materials in low-voltage applications owing to their excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, considering the restriction on using Cd due to its toxicity,it is necessary to find alternative materials that can replace these composites. In this study, the synthesis of Ag-ZnO alloys from Ag-Zn solid solutions was investigated by hot mechanochemical processing. The hot mechanochemical processing was conducted in a modified attritor mill at 138 °C under flowing O_2 at 1200 cm~3/min for 3.0 h. The microstructure and phase evolution were investigated using X-ray diffractometry, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that it is possible to complete the oxidation of Ag-Zn solid solution by hot mechanochemical processing at a low temperature and short time. This novel synthesis route can produce Ag-ZnO composites with a homogeneous distribution of nanoscale ZnO precipitates, which is impossible to achieve using the conventional material processing methods. Considering the fact that the fundamental approach to improving electric contact material performance resides in obtaining uniform dispersion of the second-phase in the Ag matrix, this new processing route could open the possibility for Ag-ZnO composites to replace non-environmentally friendly Ag-CdO.
Ag–CdO composites are still one of the most commonly used electrical contact materials in low-voltage applications owing to their excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, considering the restriction on using Cd due to its toxicity,it is necessary to find alternative materials that can replace these composites. In this study, the synthesis of Ag-ZnO alloys from Ag-Zn solid solutions was investigated by hot mechanochemical processing. The hot mechanochemical processing was conducted in a modified attritor mill at 138 °C under flowing O_2 at 1200 cm~3/min for 3.0 h. The microstructure and phase evolution were investigated using X-ray diffractometry, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that it is possible to complete the oxidation of Ag-Zn solid solution by hot mechanochemical processing at a low temperature and short time. This novel synthesis route can produce Ag-ZnO composites with a homogeneous distribution of nanoscale ZnO precipitates, which is impossible to achieve using the conventional material processing methods. Considering the fact that the fundamental approach to improving electric contact material performance resides in obtaining uniform dispersion of the second-phase in the Ag matrix, this new processing route could open the possibility for Ag-ZnO composites to replace non-environmentally friendly Ag-CdO.
引文
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[17]DUTKOVáE,SAYAGUéS M,KOVá?J,KOVá?J,BUJ?áKOVáZ,BRIAN?IN J,ZORKOVSKáA,BALá?P,FICERIOVáJ.Mechanochemically synthesized nanocrystalline ternary Cu InSe2 chalcogenide semiconductor[J].Materials Letters,2016,173:182-186.
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[19]BALá?P,ACHIMOVI?OVáM,BALá?M,BILLIK P,CHERKEZOVA-ZHELEVA Z,CRIADO J,DELOGU F,DUTKOVáE,GAFFET E,GOTOR F,KUMAR R,MITOV I,ROJAC T,SENNA M,STRELETSKIIKL A,WIECZOREK-CIUROWAM K.Hallmarks of mechanochemistry:From nanoparticles to technology[J].Chemical Society Reviews,2013,42:7571-7637.
[20]MILLET P,CALKA A,WILLIAMS J S,VANTENAAR G J H.Formation of gallium nitride by a novel hot mechanical alloying process[J].Applied Physics Letters,1993,63:2505-2507.
[21]HUMPHRY-BAKER S,GARRONI S,DELOGU F,SCHUH C.Melt-driven mechanochemical phase transformations in moderately exothermic powder mixtures[J].Nature Materials,2016,15:1280-1286.
[22]GUZMáN D,MU?OZ P,AGUILAR C,ITURRIZA I,LOZADA L,ROJAS P A,THIRUMURUGAN M,MARTíNEZ C.Synthesis of Ag-ZnO powders by means of a mechanochemical process[J].Applied Physics A,2014,117:871-875.
[23]GUZMáN D,RIVERA O,AGUILAR C,ORDO?EZ S,MARTINEZ C,SERAFINI D,ROJAS P.Mechanical alloying and subsequent heat treatment of Ag-Zn powders[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2013,23:2071-2078.
[24]RIETVELD H.A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures[J].Journal of Applied Crystallography,1969,2:65-71.
[25]CULLITY B D.Elements of X-ray diffraction[M].Reading:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc,1956.
[26]AZABOU M,IBN GHARSALLAH H,ESCODA L,SU?OL J,KOLSI A W,KHITOUNI M.Mechanochemical reactions in nanocrystalline Cu-Fe system induced by mechanical alloying in air atmosphere[J].Powder Technology,2012,224:338-344.
[27]ZENG Q,BAKER I.Magnetic properties and thermal ordering of mechanically alloyed Fe-40at.%Al[J].Intermetallics,2006,14:396-405.
[28]PRAVOVERO N,TRIBUNSKAYA I.Initial recrystallization temperature of sintered silver-transition metal composites[J].Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics,1969,8:1006-1011.
[29]HORI S,TAI H,KAWAGUCHI S.Effect of trace elements on recrystallization temperature of silver[J].Journal of the Society of Materials Science,Japan,1981,30:556-561.
[30]KASHIHARA K,INAGAKI H.Effect of precipitation on development of recrystallization texture in a 6061 aluminum alloy[J].Materials Transactions,2009,50:528-536.
[31]GUZMáN D,AGUILAR C,SERAFINI D,ROJAS P,ORDO?EZ S,OLIVARES-PACHECO J F.Relationship between the chemical composition and atomic volume in Ag-xat.%Zn(x≤20)solid solutions[J].DYNA(Colombia),2014,81:144-149.
[32]NAKAMURA T,SAKAGUCHI O,KUSAMORI H,MATSUZAWAO,TAKAHASHI M,YAMAMOTO T.Method for preparing Ag-ZnO electrical contact material produced thereby:United States patent,6432157 B1[P].2002-08-13.
[2]BALANOVíC L,?OSOVI?V,TALIJAN N,?IVKOVI?D.Internal-oxidation kinetics of Ag-CdO alloys[J].Materials and Technology,2013,47:447-452.
[3]DOTY A,LYNCH W.Electrical contact of an internally oxidized composition:United States patent,2539298[P].1951-01-23.
[4]HAN J,SHANG Q,DU Y.Review:Effect of environmental cadmium pollution on human health[J].Health,2009,1:159-166.
[5]SHIBATA A.Silver-metal oxide composite and method of manufacturing the same:United States patent,3933486[P].1976-01-20.
[6]JOSHI P,RAO V,REHANI B,PRATAP A.Silver-zinc oxide electrical contact materials by mechanochemical synthesis route[J].Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics,2007,45:9-14.
[7]TALIJAN N,?OSOVI?V,?OSOVI?A,?IVKOVI?D.Processing and properties of silver-metal oxide electrical contact materials[J].Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,2012,18:259-272.
[8]?OSOVI?V,TALIJAN N,?IVKOVI?D,MINI?D,?IVKOVI??.Comparison of properties of silver-metal oxide electrical contact materials[J].Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B:Metallurgy,2012,48:131-141.
[9]WU C P,YI D Q,LI J,XIAO L R,WANG B,ZHENG F.Investigation on microstructure and performance of Ag/ZnO contact material[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2008,457:565-570.
[10]YI D Q,WU C P,GOTO S,XU C H,LI J,WANG B,XIAO L R,ZHENG F.Influence of ball-milling on the oxidation behavior of Ag-Zn alloy powders[J].Materials and Corrosion,2010,61:590-598.
[11]GAVRILIU S,LUNGU M,ENESCU E,NITU S,PATROI D.Acomparative study concerning the obtaining and using of some Ag-CdO,Ag-ZnO and Ag-SnO2 sintered electrical contact materials[J].Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications,2009,3:688-692.
[12]WEI Z,ZHANG L,YANG H,SHEN T,CHEN L.Effect of preparing method of ZnO powders on electrical arc erosion behavior of Ag/ZnO electrical contact material[J].Journal of Materials Research,2016,31:468-479.
[13]IVANOV V,NIKOLAEVA N,SIDORAK I,SHUBIN A,SIDORAKA.Ag/ZnO and Ag/SnO2 electrocontact materials obtained from fine-grained coprecipitated powder mixture[J].Journal of Siberian Federal University:Chemistry,2012,2:131-137.
[14]JAZI F,PARVIN N,RABIEI M,TAHRIRI M,SHABESTARI Z,AZADMEHR A.The effect of the synthesis route on the grain size and morphology of ZnO/Ag nanocomposite[J].Journal of Ceramic Processing Research,2012,13:523-526.
[15]HEINICKE G.Tribochemistry[M].Berlin:Akademie-Verlag,1984.
[16]PAREJóN A,SáNCHEZ-JIMéNEZ P,PéREZ-MAQUEDA L,CRIADO J,de ROMERO P J,SáEZ-PUCHE R,MASóN,WEST A.Single phase,electrically insulating,multiferroic La-substituted Bi FeO3 prepared by mechanosynthesis[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2014,2:8398-8411.
[17]DUTKOVáE,SAYAGUéS M,KOVá?J,KOVá?J,BUJ?áKOVáZ,BRIAN?IN J,ZORKOVSKáA,BALá?P,FICERIOVáJ.Mechanochemically synthesized nanocrystalline ternary Cu InSe2 chalcogenide semiconductor[J].Materials Letters,2016,173:182-186.
[18]ROUNAGHI S,ESHGHI H,SCUDINO S,VYALIKH A,VANPOUCKE D,GRUNER W,OSWALD S,KIANI RASHID A,SAMADI KHOSHKHOO M,SCHELER U,ECKERT J.Mechanochemical route to the synthesis of nanostructured aluminium nitride[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:1-11.
[19]BALá?P,ACHIMOVI?OVáM,BALá?M,BILLIK P,CHERKEZOVA-ZHELEVA Z,CRIADO J,DELOGU F,DUTKOVáE,GAFFET E,GOTOR F,KUMAR R,MITOV I,ROJAC T,SENNA M,STRELETSKIIKL A,WIECZOREK-CIUROWAM K.Hallmarks of mechanochemistry:From nanoparticles to technology[J].Chemical Society Reviews,2013,42:7571-7637.
[20]MILLET P,CALKA A,WILLIAMS J S,VANTENAAR G J H.Formation of gallium nitride by a novel hot mechanical alloying process[J].Applied Physics Letters,1993,63:2505-2507.
[21]HUMPHRY-BAKER S,GARRONI S,DELOGU F,SCHUH C.Melt-driven mechanochemical phase transformations in moderately exothermic powder mixtures[J].Nature Materials,2016,15:1280-1286.
[22]GUZMáN D,MU?OZ P,AGUILAR C,ITURRIZA I,LOZADA L,ROJAS P A,THIRUMURUGAN M,MARTíNEZ C.Synthesis of Ag-ZnO powders by means of a mechanochemical process[J].Applied Physics A,2014,117:871-875.
[23]GUZMáN D,RIVERA O,AGUILAR C,ORDO?EZ S,MARTINEZ C,SERAFINI D,ROJAS P.Mechanical alloying and subsequent heat treatment of Ag-Zn powders[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2013,23:2071-2078.
[24]RIETVELD H.A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures[J].Journal of Applied Crystallography,1969,2:65-71.
[25]CULLITY B D.Elements of X-ray diffraction[M].Reading:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc,1956.
[26]AZABOU M,IBN GHARSALLAH H,ESCODA L,SU?OL J,KOLSI A W,KHITOUNI M.Mechanochemical reactions in nanocrystalline Cu-Fe system induced by mechanical alloying in air atmosphere[J].Powder Technology,2012,224:338-344.
[27]ZENG Q,BAKER I.Magnetic properties and thermal ordering of mechanically alloyed Fe-40at.%Al[J].Intermetallics,2006,14:396-405.
[28]PRAVOVERO N,TRIBUNSKAYA I.Initial recrystallization temperature of sintered silver-transition metal composites[J].Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics,1969,8:1006-1011.
[29]HORI S,TAI H,KAWAGUCHI S.Effect of trace elements on recrystallization temperature of silver[J].Journal of the Society of Materials Science,Japan,1981,30:556-561.
[30]KASHIHARA K,INAGAKI H.Effect of precipitation on development of recrystallization texture in a 6061 aluminum alloy[J].Materials Transactions,2009,50:528-536.
[31]GUZMáN D,AGUILAR C,SERAFINI D,ROJAS P,ORDO?EZ S,OLIVARES-PACHECO J F.Relationship between the chemical composition and atomic volume in Ag-xat.%Zn(x≤20)solid solutions[J].DYNA(Colombia),2014,81:144-149.
[32]NAKAMURA T,SAKAGUCHI O,KUSAMORI H,MATSUZAWAO,TAKAHASHI M,YAMAMOTO T.Method for preparing Ag-ZnO electrical contact material produced thereby:United States patent,6432157 B1[P].2002-08-13.