国外警察反腐中的廉洁测试及启示
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摘要
廉洁测试不仅是反腐败的工具,更多的是作为一项反腐败的制度设计。一般意义上的廉洁测试围绕着部门选定、测试现场布置、情境控制、结果运用和第三方介入与后续救济等步骤展开。它秉持着消灭"烂苹果"的设计初衷,制作腐败的发生地图,确认并清理腐败,恢复公众信心与指导清廉政治建设。但是,其也存在着摧毁社会信任、制造犯罪、互相包庇、逃避责任的可能性,一定意义上是政德摧毁了道德。因而,需要从运用程序、持续时间、适用范围等方面出发,在理论与实践两个维度上对其加以限制和约束。作为一种反腐败策略,廉洁测试已从英美法系被移植到了大陆法系,得到了广泛运用。
Integrity test is not only a tool of anti-corruption,but also a system design of anti-corruption.Generally speaking,integrity test is carried out around the steps of department selection,test site arrangement,situation control,result application,third-party intervention and subsequent relief. It adheres to the original design intention of eliminating"rotten apples",making a map of the occurrence of corruption,identifying and cleaning up corruption,restoring public confidence and guiding the construction of clean politics. However,it also has the possibility of destroying social trust,creating crimes,shielding each other and evading responsibility. In a sense,political morality destroys morality. Therefore,it is necessary to set out from the aspects of application procedure,duration and scope of application,and restrict it from the two dimensions of theory and practice. As an anti-corruption strategy,integrity test has been transplanted from Anglo-American law system to continental law system,and has been widely used.
Integrity test is not only a tool of anti-corruption,but also a system design of anti-corruption.Generally speaking,integrity test is carried out around the steps of department selection,test site arrangement,situation control,result application,third-party intervention and subsequent relief. It adheres to the original design intention of eliminating"rotten apples",making a map of the occurrence of corruption,identifying and cleaning up corruption,restoring public confidence and guiding the construction of clean politics. However,it also has the possibility of destroying social trust,creating crimes,shielding each other and evading responsibility. In a sense,political morality destroys morality. Therefore,it is necessary to set out from the aspects of application procedure,duration and scope of application,and restrict it from the two dimensions of theory and practice. As an anti-corruption strategy,integrity test has been transplanted from Anglo-American law system to continental law system,and has been widely used.
引文
[1]UNODC. United Nations Handbook on Practical AntiCorruption Measures for Prosecutors and Investigators[Z].Vienna,2004.
[2]Anastasia Suhartati Lukito. Building Anti-Corruption Compliance through National Integrity System in Indonesia:A Way to Fight against Corruption[J]. Journal of Financial Crime,2016,23(4):942.
[3]陈春勇.廉政测试:有效遏制警察腐败[N].检察日报,2007-07-18.
[4]KPMG. Report to the New York City Commission to Combat Police Corruption:The New York City Police Department Random Integrity Testing Program[R]. New York:NYC Commission to Combat Police Corruption,1996:4.
[5]雨农.“老鼠部队”抓的就是违法警察[N].新民晚报,2010-04-23.
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[14]陈继辉.女记者历时多月偷拍,议员受贿画面惊印度[EB/OL].新浪网(2005-12-16)[2019-04-24]http://news. sina. com. cn/w/2005-12-16/21247727345s.shtml.
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[16]Homel,R. Integrity testing[M]//Timothy Prenzler,Janet Ransley. Police Reform:Building Integrity. Sydney:Federation Press,2002.
[17]Seumas Miller. Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Policing-Philosophical and Ethical Issues[M]. Springer International Publishing,2016.
[18]杨宇冠,吴高庆.《联合国反腐败公约》解读[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004:424.
[19]杨志刚.英国诱惑侦查制度的评析与借鉴[J].现代法学,2006(2):192.
[20]Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Sector[M].Paris:OECD publishing,2005:68.
[21]Julius Wachtel. From Morals to Practice:Dilemmas of Control in Undercover Policing[J]. Crime,Law and Social Change,1992,18(2):148.
[22]QPS. Project Honour:Find Report to the Commissioner of Police on Matters Pertaining to Ethnics and Organisational Integrity[R]. Brisbane:Queesland Police Service,1996:221.
[23]Neil Brewer and Carlene Wilson. Psychology and Policing[M]. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.,1995:205.
[24]Seumas Miller,Ian A. Gordon. Investigative Ethics:Ethics for Police Detectives and Other Criminal Investigators[M]. Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2014.
[25] Gary T. Marx. Under-the-covers Undercover Investigations:Some Reflections on the State’s Use of Sex and Deception in Law Enforcement[J]. Criminal Justice Ethics,1992,11(1):13.
[26]HMIC. Police Integrity,England,Wales and Northern Ireland:Securing and Maintaining Public Confidence[M].London:Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary,1999:58.
[27]Maira Martini. Overview of integrity assessment tools[EB/OL]. http://www. transparency. org/files/content/corruptionqas/340_Overview_of_integrity_assessment_tools.pdf.
[28]马滔.诱惑侦查之合法性分析[J].中国刑事法杂志,2000(5):70.
[29]冈纳·缪尔达尔.亚洲的戏剧———南亚国家贫困问题研究[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2001:160-167.
[30] Andrew Goldsmith. The Pursuit of Police Integrity:Leadership and Governance Dimension[M]. Current Issues in Criminal Justice,2001,13(2).
[31]许志.关于诱惑侦查的法律思考[J].法律科学,2006(1):109.
[32]程雷.秘密侦查比较研究———以美、德、荷、英四国为样本的分析[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2008.
[33]曹坚.在合理性和合法性之间:诱惑侦查的实践困惑与理论出路[J].北京人民警察学院学报,2004(1):37.
[34]德国刑事诉讼法典[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2013.
[35]Don A. Cozzetto,Theodore B. Pedeliski. Privacy and the Workplace:Technology and Public Employment[J].Public Personnel Management,1997,26(4).
[36]国际预防腐败犯罪法律文件选编[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[37]赵秉志,王志祥,郭里蓉.《联合国反腐败公约》暨相关重要文献资料[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004:28.
[38]Andrew Ashworth. Should The Police Be Allowed to Use Deceptive Practices?[J]. Law Quarterly Review,1998:14.
[39]“卧底反腐败”是种新突破[EB/OL].搜狐新闻中心(2005-03-15)[2019-04-24] http://news.sohu.com/20050315/n224704275.shtml.
(1)参考:Linda B.Cottler,Catina C.O’Leary,Katelin B.Nickel,Jennifer M.Reingle,Daniel Isom.Breaking the Blue Wall of Silence:Risk Factors for Experiencing Police Sexual Misconduct Among Female Offenders[J].American Journal of Public Health,2014,104(2).Louise Westmarland.Police Ethics and Integrity:Breaking the Blue Code of Silence[J].Policing and Society:An International Journal of Research and Policy,2005,15(2).Seumas Miller.Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Policing-Philosophical and Ethical Issues[J].Springer International Publishing,2016.
(1)参见:万毅.论诱惑侦查的合法化及其底限---修正后的《刑事诉讼法》第151条释评[J].甘肃社会科学,2012(4);何雷.诱惑侦查规制路径研究---以我国最新修改的《刑事诉讼法》第151条第1款为研究基点[J].苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013(2);李章仙.“潜规则”是否被显性化---以新刑诉法第151条第1款为基础论证诱惑侦查的合法化问题[J].湖北警官学院学报,2015(2);邵劭.卧底侦查的几个问题研究---以《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第151条第1款为起点[J].湖北警官学院学报,2013(2);芮强.论隐匿身份侦查的几个问题---兼论我国新《刑事诉讼法》第151条第1款之规定[J].河南财经政法大学学报,2014(3).
[2]Anastasia Suhartati Lukito. Building Anti-Corruption Compliance through National Integrity System in Indonesia:A Way to Fight against Corruption[J]. Journal of Financial Crime,2016,23(4):942.
[3]陈春勇.廉政测试:有效遏制警察腐败[N].检察日报,2007-07-18.
[4]KPMG. Report to the New York City Commission to Combat Police Corruption:The New York City Police Department Random Integrity Testing Program[R]. New York:NYC Commission to Combat Police Corruption,1996:4.
[5]雨农.“老鼠部队”抓的就是违法警察[N].新民晚报,2010-04-23.
[6]杰瑞米·波普.制约腐败:建构国家廉政体系[M].北京:中国方正出版社,2002.
[7]John Kleinig. The Ethnics of Policing[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press,1996.
[8]Tim Prenzler. Senior Police Managers'Views on Integrity Testing,and Drug and Alcohol Testing[J]. Policing:An International Journal of Police Strategies&Management,2006,29(3):406.
[9]Fontana. Detective Inspector. Interview with Captain William Crawley,NYPD Internal Affairs Bureau:Project Guardian,Contact Sheet[M]. Melbourne:Victoria Police,1996.
[10] Steve Rothlein. Conducting Integrity Tests on Law Enforcement Officers. Issues and Recommendations[J].PATC E-Newsletter,2010.
[11]Jacqueline E. Ross. Dilemmas of Undercover Policing in Germany:the Troubled Quests for Legitimacy. Unpublished Paper with File on Author:19、39.
[12]Correspondence with Detective Inspector Michael Outram,December,2000[J]//Tim Prenzler,Carol Ronken. Police Integrity Testing in Australia. Criminology and Criminal Justice,2001,1(3):323.
[13]Tim Prenzler. Police Corruption:Preventing Misconduct and Maintaining Integrity[M]. CRC Press,2009:137.
[14]陈继辉.女记者历时多月偷拍,议员受贿画面惊印度[EB/OL].新浪网(2005-12-16)[2019-04-24]http://news. sina. com. cn/w/2005-12-16/21247727345s.shtml.
[15]Tim Prenzler,Carol Ronken. Police Integrity Testing in Australia[M]. Criminology and Criminal Justice,2001,1(3):320.
[16]Homel,R. Integrity testing[M]//Timothy Prenzler,Janet Ransley. Police Reform:Building Integrity. Sydney:Federation Press,2002.
[17]Seumas Miller. Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Policing-Philosophical and Ethical Issues[M]. Springer International Publishing,2016.
[18]杨宇冠,吴高庆.《联合国反腐败公约》解读[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004:424.
[19]杨志刚.英国诱惑侦查制度的评析与借鉴[J].现代法学,2006(2):192.
[20]Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Sector[M].Paris:OECD publishing,2005:68.
[21]Julius Wachtel. From Morals to Practice:Dilemmas of Control in Undercover Policing[J]. Crime,Law and Social Change,1992,18(2):148.
[22]QPS. Project Honour:Find Report to the Commissioner of Police on Matters Pertaining to Ethnics and Organisational Integrity[R]. Brisbane:Queesland Police Service,1996:221.
[23]Neil Brewer and Carlene Wilson. Psychology and Policing[M]. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.,1995:205.
[24]Seumas Miller,Ian A. Gordon. Investigative Ethics:Ethics for Police Detectives and Other Criminal Investigators[M]. Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2014.
[25] Gary T. Marx. Under-the-covers Undercover Investigations:Some Reflections on the State’s Use of Sex and Deception in Law Enforcement[J]. Criminal Justice Ethics,1992,11(1):13.
[26]HMIC. Police Integrity,England,Wales and Northern Ireland:Securing and Maintaining Public Confidence[M].London:Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary,1999:58.
[27]Maira Martini. Overview of integrity assessment tools[EB/OL]. http://www. transparency. org/files/content/corruptionqas/340_Overview_of_integrity_assessment_tools.pdf.
[28]马滔.诱惑侦查之合法性分析[J].中国刑事法杂志,2000(5):70.
[29]冈纳·缪尔达尔.亚洲的戏剧———南亚国家贫困问题研究[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2001:160-167.
[30] Andrew Goldsmith. The Pursuit of Police Integrity:Leadership and Governance Dimension[M]. Current Issues in Criminal Justice,2001,13(2).
[31]许志.关于诱惑侦查的法律思考[J].法律科学,2006(1):109.
[32]程雷.秘密侦查比较研究———以美、德、荷、英四国为样本的分析[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2008.
[33]曹坚.在合理性和合法性之间:诱惑侦查的实践困惑与理论出路[J].北京人民警察学院学报,2004(1):37.
[34]德国刑事诉讼法典[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2013.
[35]Don A. Cozzetto,Theodore B. Pedeliski. Privacy and the Workplace:Technology and Public Employment[J].Public Personnel Management,1997,26(4).
[36]国际预防腐败犯罪法律文件选编[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[37]赵秉志,王志祥,郭里蓉.《联合国反腐败公约》暨相关重要文献资料[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004:28.
[38]Andrew Ashworth. Should The Police Be Allowed to Use Deceptive Practices?[J]. Law Quarterly Review,1998:14.
[39]“卧底反腐败”是种新突破[EB/OL].搜狐新闻中心(2005-03-15)[2019-04-24] http://news.sohu.com/20050315/n224704275.shtml.
(1)参考:Linda B.Cottler,Catina C.O’Leary,Katelin B.Nickel,Jennifer M.Reingle,Daniel Isom.Breaking the Blue Wall of Silence:Risk Factors for Experiencing Police Sexual Misconduct Among Female Offenders[J].American Journal of Public Health,2014,104(2).Louise Westmarland.Police Ethics and Integrity:Breaking the Blue Code of Silence[J].Policing and Society:An International Journal of Research and Policy,2005,15(2).Seumas Miller.Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Policing-Philosophical and Ethical Issues[J].Springer International Publishing,2016.
(1)参见:万毅.论诱惑侦查的合法化及其底限---修正后的《刑事诉讼法》第151条释评[J].甘肃社会科学,2012(4);何雷.诱惑侦查规制路径研究---以我国最新修改的《刑事诉讼法》第151条第1款为研究基点[J].苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013(2);李章仙.“潜规则”是否被显性化---以新刑诉法第151条第1款为基础论证诱惑侦查的合法化问题[J].湖北警官学院学报,2015(2);邵劭.卧底侦查的几个问题研究---以《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第151条第1款为起点[J].湖北警官学院学报,2013(2);芮强.论隐匿身份侦查的几个问题---兼论我国新《刑事诉讼法》第151条第1款之规定[J].河南财经政法大学学报,2014(3).