人为干扰对越冬后期稻田中小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)昼间能量消耗的影响
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摘要
能量的消耗模式是动物适合度的重要体现,动物的日常行为和栖息地特征共同影响日能量消耗.稻田生境是越冬水鸟重要的觅食场所之一,同时又容易受到人为干扰,越冬水鸟应对日间不同的人为干扰因素而合理进行能量消耗配置,对于在越冬后期为迁徙而贮备能量的水鸟来说尤为迫切和重要.本文采用焦点动物取样法,观测越冬后期稻田中小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)在干扰和非干扰环境中昼间行为的时间分配,推算其能量消耗.结果表明,小天鹅在干扰环境中警戒行为的时间分配和能量消耗、单次警戒时间和警戒频次均显著大于非干扰环境,游泳频次也是如此;在稻田中的昼间警戒能耗随干扰时间增加而增加,随干扰距离增加而降低.干扰造成小天鹅减少高能耗的取食行为,增加低能耗的警戒行为,降低昼间总能量的消耗.
Energy expenditure strategy of birds that suffered human disturbance is interesting because it affects birds' fitness,which is influenced by daily activities budget and habitats characteristics of birds involve in. It is important to migratory waterbirds inhabited in paddy field accommodate energy configuration response to risks from human disturbance as this kind of habitat is increasing important for waterbirds over the world. To better understand the energy expenditure in disturbance environmental conditions,here,using Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus wintering in a paddy field of Shengjin Lake,China,we employed a focal sampling approach to record their responses and calculatee the diurnal energy expenditure( DEE). The percent of time being vigilant and it's energetic cost,a vigilance bout and frequency,swimming frequency under disturbed situation were significant longer than those under the undisturbed situation. The energetic costs of alert increased with the interference time and decreased with interference distance adversely. Due to disturbance reduced high-cost feeding and increased low-cost alerting,the DEE of swans under disturbed situation was less than that under undisturbed situation.
Energy expenditure strategy of birds that suffered human disturbance is interesting because it affects birds' fitness,which is influenced by daily activities budget and habitats characteristics of birds involve in. It is important to migratory waterbirds inhabited in paddy field accommodate energy configuration response to risks from human disturbance as this kind of habitat is increasing important for waterbirds over the world. To better understand the energy expenditure in disturbance environmental conditions,here,using Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus wintering in a paddy field of Shengjin Lake,China,we employed a focal sampling approach to record their responses and calculatee the diurnal energy expenditure( DEE). The percent of time being vigilant and it's energetic cost,a vigilance bout and frequency,swimming frequency under disturbed situation were significant longer than those under the undisturbed situation. The energetic costs of alert increased with the interference time and decreased with interference distance adversely. Due to disturbance reduced high-cost feeding and increased low-cost alerting,the DEE of swans under disturbed situation was less than that under undisturbed situation.
引文
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[31] Ladin ZS,Castelli PM,Mc Williams SR et al. Time energy budgets and food use of Atlantic Brant across their wintering range. The Journal of Wildlife Management,2011,72(2):273-282.
[32] Jones OE,Williams CK,Castelli PM. A 24-hour time-energy budget for wintering American Black Ducks(Anas rubripes)and its comparison to allometric estimations. Waterbirds,2014,37(3):264-273.
[2] Nolet BA,Bevan RM,Klaassen M et al. Habitat switching by Bewick’s swans:maximization of average long-term energy gain? Journal of Animal Ecology,2002,71:979-993.
[3] Schummer ML,Eddleman WR. Effects of disturbance on activity and energy budgets of migrating waterbirds in South-Central Oklahoma. The Journal of Wildlife Management,2003,67(4):789-795.
[4] Morton JM,Fowler AC,Kirkpatrick RL. Time and energy budgets of American Black Ducks in winter. The Journal of Wildlife Management,1989,53(2):401-410.
[5] Williams TM,Fuiman LA,Horning M et al. The cost of foraging by a marine predator,the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii:pricing by the stroke. Journal of Experimental Biology,2004,207:973-982.
[6] Mckinney R,Mcwilliams S. A new model to estimate daily energy expenditure for wintering waterfowl. The Wilson Bulletin,2005,117(1):44-55.
[7] Frid A,Dill L. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conservation Ecology,2002,6:11-26.
[8] Randler C. Reactions to human disturbances in an urban population of the Swan Goose Anser cygnoides in Heidelberg(SW Germany). Acta Ornithologica,2003,38(1):47-52.
[9] Bechet A,Giroux J,Gauthier G. The effects of disturbance on behaviour,habitat use and energy of spring staging snow geese. Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,41:689-700.
[10] Kersten M,Piersma T. High levels of energy expenditure in shorebirds:metabolic adaptations to an energetically expensive way of life. Ardea,1987,75(2):175-187.
[11] Zheng M,Zhou L,Zhao N et al. Effects of variation in food resources on foraging habitat use by wintering Hooded Cranes(Grus monacha). Avian Research,2015,6(3):11.
[12] Elphick CS. Functional equivalency between rice fields and seminatural wetland habitats. Conservation Biology,2000,14(1):181-191.
[13] Dubovsky JA,Kaminski RM. Potential reproductive consequences of winter-diet restriction in Mallards. The Journal of Wildlife Management,1994,58(4):780-786.
[14] Tourenq CBR,Kowalski H,Vialet E et al. Are riceelds a good alternative to natural marshes for waterbird communities in the Camargue,Southern France? Biological Conservation,2001,100(3):335-343.
[15] Reesa EC,Bruce JH,White GT. Factors affecting the behavioural responses of whooper swans(Cygnus c. cygnus)to various human activities. Biological Conservation,2005,121:369-382.
[16] Fang J,Wang Z,Zhao S et al. Biodiversity changes in the lakes of the Central Yangtze. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2006,4(7):369-377.
[17] Cao L,Zhang Y,Barter M et al. Anatidae in eastern China during the non-breeding season:geographical distributions and protection status. Biological Conservation,2010,143(3):650-659.
[18] Cheng Y,Cao L,Zhang Y et al eds. Wintering waterbird survey at the Anhui Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve,China 2008/9. Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press,2009.
[19] Peihao C,Rees EC,Meng SM et al. A comparison of behaviour and habitat use by Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii at wintering sites in China and Europe:Preliminary observation. Wildfowl,2011,61(49):52-73.
[20] Manley SW,Kaminski RM,Reinecke KJ et al. Waterbird foods in winter-managed in Mississippi. Journal of Wildlife Management,2004,68(1):74-83.
[21] Wan W,Zhou L,Song Y. Shifts in foraging behavior of wintering Hooded Cranes(Grus monacha)in three different habitats at Shengjin Lake,China. Avian Research,2016,7(3):167-173.
[22] Altmann J. Observational study of behavior:sampling methods. Behaviour,1974,49:227-267.
[23] Nolet BA,Langevoord O,Bevan RM et al. Spatial variation in tuber depletion by swans explained by differences in net intake rates. Ecology,2001,82(6):1655-1667.
[24] Burnham KP,Anderson DR. Formal inference from more than one model:Multimodel Inference(MMI). In:Burnham KP,Anderson DR eds. Model selection and multimodel inference. New York:Springer,2002:149-205.
[25] Magella G,Samantha ER,Steven JP et al. Behavioural compensation reduces energy expenditure during migration hyperphagia in a large bird. Functional Ecology,2012,26(4):876-883.
[26] Gyimesi A,Franken MS,Feige N et al. Human disturbance of Bewick’s Swans is reflected in giving-up net energy intake rate,but not in giving-up food density. Ibis,2012,154:781-790.
[27] West AD,Goss-Custard JD,Stillman RA et al. Predicting the impacts of disturbance on shorebird mortality using a behaviour-based mode. Biological Conservation,2002,106(3):319-328.
[28] Gill JA,Drewitt AL. Approaches to measuring the effects of human disturbance on birds. Ibis,2007,149:9-14.
[29] Goss-custard J,Triplet P,Sueur F et al. Critical thresholds of disturbance by people and raptors in foraging wading birds.Biological Conservation,2006,127(1):88-97.
[30] Nolet BA,K9lzsch A,Elderenbosch M et al. Scaring waterfowl as a management tool:how much more do geese forage after disturbance? Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,53(5):1413-1421.
[31] Ladin ZS,Castelli PM,Mc Williams SR et al. Time energy budgets and food use of Atlantic Brant across their wintering range. The Journal of Wildlife Management,2011,72(2):273-282.
[32] Jones OE,Williams CK,Castelli PM. A 24-hour time-energy budget for wintering American Black Ducks(Anas rubripes)and its comparison to allometric estimations. Waterbirds,2014,37(3):264-273.