天然气统计和计量单位的讨论
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摘要
天然气的井口产量在油气企业生产过程中会有相当数量的自用和损耗,只有能外输进入市场的才可算作真正的商品,相应地便有了天然气商品率。由于气田性质不同、经济环境不同、基础设施完善程度不同,天然气的商品率也会有相当大的差别。2005年世界天然气商品率的平均值约为80%。中国缺乏对天然气商品率的系统统计,根据零星资料推断,目前我国天然气的平均商品率可能仅为80%～85%。在市场经济体制下的宏观研究中,只能用商品量(而不能以井口产量)加进口量去规划产量与需求量之间的供需平衡。在天然气管道、储库等成为独立经营的公司以后,天然气在成分、质量上的差别对经营的影响将会更加突出。因而在签订各种合同时不能再以体积为计量单位,应以发热量(百万英热单位)去进行贸易,同时这也有助于促进优质天然气的充分利用。建议对宏观经济运行中的天然气统计方法进行修正,在油气类统计报表中应区分井口产量和商品量,并统一其所包括的内涵;在上游经济核算中应以质量和价值进行考核,而不再仅计其体积/质量;同时在体制改革中完善天然气质量的鉴定和监管体系。
The production of natural gas at wellhead will have considerable self-use and loss during the pro-duction process.The gas that can be transported to the market is true commodity,which have corresponding commodity rate.Commodity rates of the gas are quite different for various gas properties,economic environment,and improvement degree of infrastructure.World average commodity rate of the natural gas was about 80 percent in 2005.Till now,there are no systematic statistics of gas commodity rate in China.According to limit-ed information,average commodity rate of gas in China is only about 80-85 percent probably.Thus,import volume will be added to commodity amount(instead of wellhead yield) only in order to balance supply and demand in the macroscopic study of market economy.After natural gas pipeline,gas storage and other midstream components become independent companies,the difference in ingredient and quality of gas will be more obvious.As a result,volume cannot be used for unit of measurement when signing various contracts.Calorific value(million British thermal unit) should be applied to the trade,which is helpful to make full use of high-quality natural gas.It is suggested that statistical method of natural gas should be corrected in the macro-economic operation.Wellhead yield and commodity amount should be distinguished and the connotation of them should be unified in the statistics report of oil and gas.Quality and value should be assessed rather than just volume/weight during upstream economic accounting.Quality identification and supervision system of the natural gas should be improved in the structural reform of economy.
The production of natural gas at wellhead will have considerable self-use and loss during the pro-duction process.The gas that can be transported to the market is true commodity,which have corresponding commodity rate.Commodity rates of the gas are quite different for various gas properties,economic environment,and improvement degree of infrastructure.World average commodity rate of the natural gas was about 80 percent in 2005.Till now,there are no systematic statistics of gas commodity rate in China.According to limit-ed information,average commodity rate of gas in China is only about 80-85 percent probably.Thus,import volume will be added to commodity amount(instead of wellhead yield) only in order to balance supply and demand in the macroscopic study of market economy.After natural gas pipeline,gas storage and other midstream components become independent companies,the difference in ingredient and quality of gas will be more obvious.As a result,volume cannot be used for unit of measurement when signing various contracts.Calorific value(million British thermal unit) should be applied to the trade,which is helpful to make full use of high-quality natural gas.It is suggested that statistical method of natural gas should be corrected in the macro-economic operation.Wellhead yield and commodity amount should be distinguished and the connotation of them should be unified in the statistics report of oil and gas.Quality and value should be assessed rather than just volume/weight during upstream economic accounting.Quality identification and supervision system of the natural gas should be improved in the structural reform of economy.
引文
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[2]张抗,张玉银.重视我国天然气商品量的统计研究[J].天然气技术与经济,2014,8(1):52-56.
[3]李玲.普光气田大力推进产能接替[N].中国能源报,2018-09-24(13).
[4]吴莉.普光气田生产净化气超500亿方[N].中国能源报,2018-04-30(13).
[5]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 22723-2008天然气能量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[6]罗勤.天然气能量计量在我国应用的可行性与实践[J].天然气工业,2014,34(2):123-129.
[7]吴谋远,殷冬青,何春蕾,等.我国需加快推行天然气热值计量计价改革[J].国际石油经济,2018,26(4):38-41,59.
[8]《英汉石油大辞典》编委会.英汉石油大辞典[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001:186-966.
[9]王富平,周娟,段小浪,等.我国如何实行天然气能量计量和计价[J].天然气工业,2018,38(10):128-134.
[10]刘宝和.中国石油勘探开发百科全书:开发卷[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2008:787-789.
[11]黄黎明.中国天然气质量与计量技术建设现状与展望[J].天然气工业,2014,34(2):117-122.
[12]孙培勤.生物基燃料技术经济评估[M].北京:中国石化出版社,2016:1-516.
[13]张抗,李铁军.中国未开发天然气储量分析和对策[J].天然气地球科学,2015,26(2):199-207.
[14]陈正惠,马昌峰,程民贵,等.中国天然气管网管理体制改革之管见---“管道+调控中心”模式[J].国际石油经济,2018,26(12):1-11.