非现实位移事件的编码与突显
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摘要
非现实位移事件是认知主体运用认知想象能力将不可动实体构想为可动实体,使其在心理上和视觉上发生了相对于参照实体的位置变化的一种位移事件。认知主体不仅能够将静态的方位事件构想为动态的非现实位移事件,而且能够运用语言对其进行编码。英语对非现实位移事件的编码必须包括位移事件的所有四个要素:位移主体、参照实体、位移和路径,缺一不可。在对非现实位移事件中的"起点-路径-终点"意象图式进行编码时,认知主体既可以选择使用最大窗口化,也可以选择使用部分窗口化,前者突显位移主体与全路径之间的动态空间关系,后者突显位移主体与部分路径(即起点或终点)之间的动态空间关系。
Fictive motion event is a kind of conceived motion event in which the conceptualizer,with his imaginal capacity of cognition,construes an immovable entity as a movable entity that changes its position mentally and visually in reference to the reference entity. The conceptualizer can not only conceive a static locative event as a dynamic fictive motion event,but he can also encode such a conceived motion event via language. In English,the four such basic factors as the mover,the reference object,motion and the path of fictive motion event must all be encoded. While encoding the SOURCE-PATH-GOAL image schema of fictive motion event,the conceptualizer may employ either the maximal windowing or the partial windowing. As a result,the maximal windowing profiles the dynamic spatial relation between the mover and the whole PATH,whereas the partial windowing profiles the dynamic spatial relation between either the mover and the SOURCE or the mover and the GOAL.
Fictive motion event is a kind of conceived motion event in which the conceptualizer,with his imaginal capacity of cognition,construes an immovable entity as a movable entity that changes its position mentally and visually in reference to the reference entity. The conceptualizer can not only conceive a static locative event as a dynamic fictive motion event,but he can also encode such a conceived motion event via language. In English,the four such basic factors as the mover,the reference object,motion and the path of fictive motion event must all be encoded. While encoding the SOURCE-PATH-GOAL image schema of fictive motion event,the conceptualizer may employ either the maximal windowing or the partial windowing. As a result,the maximal windowing profiles the dynamic spatial relation between the mover and the whole PATH,whereas the partial windowing profiles the dynamic spatial relation between either the mover and the SOURCE or the mover and the GOAL.
引文
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邵志洪.2006.英汉运动事件框架表达对比与应用[J].外国语(2):33-40.
史文磊.2012.汉语运动事件词化类型研究综观[J].当代语言学(1):49-65.
王义娜,张晓燕.2007.运动事件框架理论的应用与思考[J].社会科学论坛(4):131-134.
汪子嵩.2016.西方三大师:苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德[M].北京:商务印书馆.
严辰松.1998.运动事件的词汇化模式---英汉比较研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报(6):8-12.
张克定.2016.空间位移关系构式的认知研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
张克定.2018.英语非现实空间位移关系构式的认知机制与限制条件[J].现代外语(5):596-607.
Beavers,J.,B.Levin&S.W.Tham.2010.The Typology of Motion Expressions Revisited[J].Journal of Linguistics,46(2):331-377.
Chafe,W.1995.The Realis-irrealis Distinction in Caddo,the Northern Iroquoian Languages,and English[G]∥J.Bybee&S.Fleischman.Modality in Grammar and Discourse.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,349-365.
Dixon,R.M.W.2012.Basic Linguistic Theory:Further Grammatical Topics[M].Oxford&New York:Oxford University Press.
Elliot,J.R.2000.Realis and Irrealis:Forms and Concepts of Grammaticalization of Reality[J].Linguistic Typology,4(1):55-90.
Filipovi,L.2007.On the Nature of Lexicalization Patterns:a Cross-linguistic lnquiry[G]∥N.Delbecque&B.Cornillie.On Interpreting Construction Schemas:From Action and Motion to Transitivity and Causality.Berlin&New York:Mouton de Gruyter,307-329.
Filipovi,L.&I.Ibarretxe-Antu1ano.2015.Motion[G]∥E.Dabrowska&D.Divjak.Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics.Berlin&New York:De Gruyter Mouton,527-546.
Gaby,A.&E.Sweetser.2017.Space-time Mappings beyond Language[G]∥B.Dancygier.The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,635-650.
Gennaria,S.P.,S.A.Slomanb,B.C.Maltc&W.T.Fitch.2002.Motion Events in Language and Cognition[J].Cognition,83(1):49-79.
Goldberg,A.E.1995.Constructions:A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Matlock,T.&T.Bergman.2015.Fictive Motion[G]∥E.Dabrowska&D.Divjak.Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics.Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,543-561.
Mithun,M.1995.On the Relativity of Irreality[G]∥J.Bybee&S.Fleischman.Modality in Grammar and Discourse.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,367-388.
Mithun,M.1999.The Languages of Native North America[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Radden,G.&R.Dirven.2007.Cognitive English grammar[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Talmy,L.1985.Lexicalization Patterns:Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms[G]∥T.Shopen.Language Typology and Syntactic Description V.III:Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,57-149.
Talmy,L.1991.Path to Realization:A Typology of Event Conflation[J].BLS,17:480-519.
Talmy,L.1996a.Fictive Motion in Language and“Conception”[G]∥P.Bloom,M.Peterson,L.Nadel&M.Garrett.Language and Space.Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press,211-276.
Talmy,L.1996b.The Windowing of Attention in Language[G]∥M.Shibatani&S.Thompson.Grammatical Constructions:Their Form and Meaning.Oxford:Clarendon Press,235-287.
Talmy,L.2000a.Toward a Cognitive Semantics,Vol.I:Concept Structuring Systems[M].Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.
Talmy,L.2000b.Toward a Cognitive Semantics,Vol.II:Typology and Process in Concept Structuring[M].Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.
Talmy,L.2007.Lexical Typology[G]∥T.Shopen.Language Typology and Syntactic Description V.III:Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon(2nd ed.).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,66-168.
Tyler,A.&V.Evans.2003.The Semantics of English Preposition:Spatial Scenes,Embodied Meaning and Cognition[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Vulchanova,M.&E.van der Zee.2013.Motion Encoding in Language and Space[G].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
范立珂.2015.位移事件的表达方式探究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.
范立珂.2016.位移事件表达中各概念的组合方式研究[J].海南师范大学学报(社会科学版)(3):130-138.
李福印.2017.典型位移运动事件表征中的路径要素[J].外语教学(4):1-6.
邵志洪.2006.英汉运动事件框架表达对比与应用[J].外国语(2):33-40.
史文磊.2012.汉语运动事件词化类型研究综观[J].当代语言学(1):49-65.
王义娜,张晓燕.2007.运动事件框架理论的应用与思考[J].社会科学论坛(4):131-134.
汪子嵩.2016.西方三大师:苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德[M].北京:商务印书馆.
严辰松.1998.运动事件的词汇化模式---英汉比较研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报(6):8-12.
张克定.2016.空间位移关系构式的认知研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
张克定.2018.英语非现实空间位移关系构式的认知机制与限制条件[J].现代外语(5):596-607.