策略性博弈中的心理理论推理研究评述
摘要
心理理论是发展心理学领域最受关注的研究热点之一。传统的研究范式存在着适用年龄范围小、生态效度不高等一些不足,而利用博弈进行心理理论研究可以避免上述问题。"认知层次模型"理论和相关脑成像研究分别从理论与实证方面为这一方法提供了依据。研究表明博弈类型与呈现方式都对被试的心理理论推理水平及变化趋势有影响,因此确定最合适的博弈类型及研究不同博弈类型之间的差异来源是未来研究的重要问题。
引文
[1]林佳燕,傅根跃,刘文庆.成人心理理论的研究回顾与展望[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(3).
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[3]WIMMER H,PERNER J.Beliefs about beliefs:Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young childre’s understanding of deception[J].Cognition,1983,13(1).
[4]BLOOM P,GERMAN T P.Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind[J].Cognition,2000,77(1).
[5]KOV CSáM,T GL S E,ENDRESS A D.The social sense:Susceptibility to others’beliefs in human infants and adults[J].Science,2010,330(6012).
[6]李晓东,黄艳秋,刘萍.成人在错误信念任务上的表现[J].心理学探新,2007,27(3).
[7]HAPP F G.An advanced test of theory of mind:Understanding of story characters’thoughts and feelings by able autistic,mentally handicapped,and normal children and adults[J].Journal of autism and Developmental disorders,1994,24(2).
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[9]BARON-COHEN S,WHEELWRIGHT S,HILL J,et al.The“Reading the Mind in the Eyes”test revised version:A study with normal adults,and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism[J].Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2001,42(2).
[10]CHARMAN T,CAMPBELL A,EDWARDS L S.Theory of mind performance in children,adolescents,and adults with a mental handicap[J].Cognitive Development,1998,13(3).
[11]KEYSAR B,LIN S,BARR D J.Limits on theory of mind use in adults[J].Cognition,2003,89(1).
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[13]李晶,刘希平.心理理论发展研究的一种新范式——矩阵博弈[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(12).
[14]CAMERER C F,HO T-H,CHONG J-K.A cognitive hierarchy model of games[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2004,119(3).
[15]NAGEL R.Unraveling in guessing games:An experimental study[J].The American Economic Review,1995,85(5).
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[19]GALLAGHER H,JACK A I,ROEPSTORFF A,et al.Imaging the intentional stance in a competitive game[J].Neuroimage,2002,16(3 pt 1).
[20]RILLING J K,SANFEY A G,ARONSON J A,et al.The neural correlates of theory of mind within interpersonal interactions[J].Neuroimage,2004,22(4).
[21]HEDDEN T,ZHANG J.What do you think I think you think?:Strategic reasoning in matrix games[J].Cognition,2002,85(1).
[22]FLOBBE L,VERBRUGGE R,HENDRIKS P,et al.Children’s application of theory of mind in reasoning and language[J].Journal of Logic,Language and Information,2008,17(4).
[23]MEIJERING B,VAN MAANEN L,VAN RIJN H,et al.The facilitative effect of context on second-order social reasoning;proceedings of the Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cognitive Science Society,F,2010.
[24]MEIJERING B,VAN RIJN H,TAATGEN N A,et al.What eye movements can tell about theory of mind in a strategic game[J].PloS one,2012,7(9):e45961.
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[26]GOODIE A S,DOSHI P,YOUNG D L.Levels of theory‐of‐mind reasoning in competitive games[J].Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,2012,25(1).
[27]LI J,LIU X,ZHU L.Flexibility of theory of mind in a matrix game when partner’s level is different[J].Psychological Reports,2011,109(2).
[28]COLMAN A M,STIRK J A.Stackelberg reasoning in mixed-motive games:An experimental investigation[J].Journal of economic psychology,1998,19(2).
[29]PERNER J.Young Children’s Preoccupation with Their Own Payoffs in Strategic Analysis of 2×2 Games[J].Developmental Psychology,1979,15(2).
[30]VERBRUGGE R,MOL L.Learning to apply theory of mind[J].Journal of Logic,Language and Information,2008,17(4).
[31]SALLY D,HILL E.The development of interpersonal strategy:Autism,theory-of-mind,cooperation and fairness[J].Journal of economic psychology,2006,27(1).
[2]PREMACK D,WOODRUFF G.Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?[J].Behavioral and brain sciences,1978,1(04).
[3]WIMMER H,PERNER J.Beliefs about beliefs:Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young childre’s understanding of deception[J].Cognition,1983,13(1).
[4]BLOOM P,GERMAN T P.Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind[J].Cognition,2000,77(1).
[5]KOV CSáM,T GL S E,ENDRESS A D.The social sense:Susceptibility to others’beliefs in human infants and adults[J].Science,2010,330(6012).
[6]李晓东,黄艳秋,刘萍.成人在错误信念任务上的表现[J].心理学探新,2007,27(3).
[7]HAPP F G.An advanced test of theory of mind:Understanding of story characters’thoughts and feelings by able autistic,mentally handicapped,and normal children and adults[J].Journal of autism and Developmental disorders,1994,24(2).
[8]BARON-COHEN S,JOLLIFFE T,MORTIMORE C,et al.Another advanced test of theory of mind:Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome[J].Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,1997,38(7).
[9]BARON-COHEN S,WHEELWRIGHT S,HILL J,et al.The“Reading the Mind in the Eyes”test revised version:A study with normal adults,and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism[J].Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2001,42(2).
[10]CHARMAN T,CAMPBELL A,EDWARDS L S.Theory of mind performance in children,adolescents,and adults with a mental handicap[J].Cognitive Development,1998,13(3).
[11]KEYSAR B,LIN S,BARR D J.Limits on theory of mind use in adults[J].Cognition,2003,89(1).
[12]PERNER J,WIMMER H.“Johnthinksthat Marythinksthat...”attribution of secondorder beliefs by 5-to 10-year-old children[J].Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,1985,39(3).
[13]李晶,刘希平.心理理论发展研究的一种新范式——矩阵博弈[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(12).
[14]CAMERER C F,HO T-H,CHONG J-K.A cognitive hierarchy model of games[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2004,119(3).
[15]NAGEL R.Unraveling in guessing games:An experimental study[J].The American Economic Review,1995,85(5).
[16]CARRINGTON S J,BAILEY A J.Are there theory of mind regions in the brain?A review of the neuroimaging literature[J].Human brain mapping,2009,30(8).
[17]VAN OVERWALLE F.A dissociation between social mentalizing and general reasoning[J].Neuroimage,2011,54(2).
[18]MCCABE K,HOUSER D,RYAN L,et al.A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2001,98(20).
[19]GALLAGHER H,JACK A I,ROEPSTORFF A,et al.Imaging the intentional stance in a competitive game[J].Neuroimage,2002,16(3 pt 1).
[20]RILLING J K,SANFEY A G,ARONSON J A,et al.The neural correlates of theory of mind within interpersonal interactions[J].Neuroimage,2004,22(4).
[21]HEDDEN T,ZHANG J.What do you think I think you think?:Strategic reasoning in matrix games[J].Cognition,2002,85(1).
[22]FLOBBE L,VERBRUGGE R,HENDRIKS P,et al.Children’s application of theory of mind in reasoning and language[J].Journal of Logic,Language and Information,2008,17(4).
[23]MEIJERING B,VAN MAANEN L,VAN RIJN H,et al.The facilitative effect of context on second-order social reasoning;proceedings of the Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cognitive Science Society,F,2010.
[24]MEIJERING B,VAN RIJN H,TAATGEN N A,et al.What eye movements can tell about theory of mind in a strategic game[J].PloS one,2012,7(9):e45961.
[25]MEIJERING B,VAN RIJN H,TAATGEN N,et al.I do know what you think I think:Second-order theory of mind in strategic games is not that difficult;proceedings of the Proc 33rd Conf Cogn Sci Soc,F,2011.
[26]GOODIE A S,DOSHI P,YOUNG D L.Levels of theory‐of‐mind reasoning in competitive games[J].Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,2012,25(1).
[27]LI J,LIU X,ZHU L.Flexibility of theory of mind in a matrix game when partner’s level is different[J].Psychological Reports,2011,109(2).
[28]COLMAN A M,STIRK J A.Stackelberg reasoning in mixed-motive games:An experimental investigation[J].Journal of economic psychology,1998,19(2).
[29]PERNER J.Young Children’s Preoccupation with Their Own Payoffs in Strategic Analysis of 2×2 Games[J].Developmental Psychology,1979,15(2).
[30]VERBRUGGE R,MOL L.Learning to apply theory of mind[J].Journal of Logic,Language and Information,2008,17(4).
[31]SALLY D,HILL E.The development of interpersonal strategy:Autism,theory-of-mind,cooperation and fairness[J].Journal of economic psychology,2006,27(1).