从拥有、存在到认识情态义——“有_3”及相关构式研究
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摘要
"有"的"拥有、存在"义出现较早,后来产生了情态意义。"有_3"表示性质、数量达到某种程度,主要用在五种构式中,有不同的构式义,这些子图式构式分布不均衡,主要作谓语,使用语境不同。"有_3"有一定的情态动词特征,但它不是典型的情态动词,体现出范畴的级差性。"有_3"可以表示可能性、推断的确定性两种认识情态义。"有_3"相关构式存在承继现象,C式中"有_3"兼有动词和介词的语法功能。
The "possession" and "existence" meanings of "You(有)" were earlier than its modal meaning. "You_3(有_3)" means quality or quantity to a certain degree, which is mainly used in five constructions with different construction meanings. These sub-schema constructions are unevenly distributed, mainly serving as predicates and used in different contexts. "You_3(有_3)" has some characteristics of modal verbs, but it is not a typical modal verb: it shows the gradience of category. "You_3(有_3)" can express two epistemic modal meanings, including possibility and inferred certainty. Related constructions about "You_3(有_3)" has a phenomenon of inheritance. "You_3(有_3)" has the grammatical functions of the verb and the preposition in the construction.
The "possession" and "existence" meanings of "You(有)" were earlier than its modal meaning. "You_3(有_3)" means quality or quantity to a certain degree, which is mainly used in five constructions with different construction meanings. These sub-schema constructions are unevenly distributed, mainly serving as predicates and used in different contexts. "You_3(有_3)" has some characteristics of modal verbs, but it is not a typical modal verb: it shows the gradience of category. "You_3(有_3)" can express two epistemic modal meanings, including possibility and inferred certainty. Related constructions about "You_3(有_3)" has a phenomenon of inheritance. "You_3(有_3)" has the grammatical functions of the verb and the preposition in the construction.
引文
[1]HEINE B,TANIA K.World Lexicon of Grammatical ization[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[2]汤可敬.说文解字今释[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1997.
[3]徐中舒.甲骨文字典[M].成都:四川辞书出版社1990:745.
[4]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京:商务印书馆,2007:630-631.
[5]宗守云.说“V+有+数量结构”构式[J].语言教学与研究,2013(5):84-90.
[6]张豫峰.“有”字句的语义分析[J].中州学刊,1999(3):131-133.
[7]邢福义.谈“数量结构+形容词”[J].中国语文,1965(1):34-36.
[8]TRAUGOTT E C,TROUSDALE G.Constructionalization and Constructional Changes[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2013.
[9]龙果夫.现代汉语语法研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:170-171.
[10]施其生.论“有”字句[J].语言研究,1996(1):26-31.
[11]陈前瑞.南方方言“有”字句的多功能性分析[J].语言教学与研究,2010(4):47-55.
[12]BYBEE J,REVERE P,WILLIAM P.The Evolution of Grammar--Tense,Aspect,and Modality in the Languages of the World[M].Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1994:179.
[13]Goldberg.构式:论元结构的构式语法研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007:72-78.
[14]宋玉柱.泛论语法形式和语法意义相结合[J].中学语文教学,1979(4):24-26.
[15]林泰安.这个“有”可以看作介词[J].汉语学习,1986(5):33.
[16]曹炜.也谈“有”的词性--与林泰安等同志商榷[J].汉语学习,1987(5):21-22.
[17]侯学超.说词组的自由与粘着[J].语文研究,1987(2):1-9.
(1)QP(quantity phrase),数量短语。
[2]汤可敬.说文解字今释[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1997.
[3]徐中舒.甲骨文字典[M].成都:四川辞书出版社1990:745.
[4]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京:商务印书馆,2007:630-631.
[5]宗守云.说“V+有+数量结构”构式[J].语言教学与研究,2013(5):84-90.
[6]张豫峰.“有”字句的语义分析[J].中州学刊,1999(3):131-133.
[7]邢福义.谈“数量结构+形容词”[J].中国语文,1965(1):34-36.
[8]TRAUGOTT E C,TROUSDALE G.Constructionalization and Constructional Changes[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2013.
[9]龙果夫.现代汉语语法研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:170-171.
[10]施其生.论“有”字句[J].语言研究,1996(1):26-31.
[11]陈前瑞.南方方言“有”字句的多功能性分析[J].语言教学与研究,2010(4):47-55.
[12]BYBEE J,REVERE P,WILLIAM P.The Evolution of Grammar--Tense,Aspect,and Modality in the Languages of the World[M].Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1994:179.
[13]Goldberg.构式:论元结构的构式语法研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007:72-78.
[14]宋玉柱.泛论语法形式和语法意义相结合[J].中学语文教学,1979(4):24-26.
[15]林泰安.这个“有”可以看作介词[J].汉语学习,1986(5):33.
[16]曹炜.也谈“有”的词性--与林泰安等同志商榷[J].汉语学习,1987(5):21-22.
[17]侯学超.说词组的自由与粘着[J].语文研究,1987(2):1-9.
(1)QP(quantity phrase),数量短语。