汉英双宾结构分析——类型学视角
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摘要
受语言经济性和像似性原则的驱动,汉英双及物构式V-O-DAT(DAT为附置词短语形式的与事或夺事)普遍存在向双宾构式V-O_1-O_2转换的可能性,文章在前人研究基础上证明是"轻述谓成分前移"原则驱动DAT移位。在特定的语义和句法条件下,DAT中的附置词呈现"必有"、"可有"和"必无"三种句法分布可能,O_1是省略了附置词的DAT。文章分析了DAT移位的动因及句法实现过程,并重新界定了双宾结构的性质,证明O_1具有述谓功能,V-O_1为动补结构。
Driven by economy and iconicity principles, the Chinese and English ditransitive construction V-O-DAT is possible to transform to V-DAT-O construction(DAT is short for adpositional phrases that refer to beneficiaries or maleficiaries in ditransitive constructions), which is motivated by the"Light Predicate Raising"principle. Affected by certain semantic and syntactic factors, the adposition in V-DAT-O becomes sometimes optional, sometimes obligatory, or sometimes gone. When the adposition is gone, V-DAT-O becomes V-O1-O2, which is actually the traditional double-object construction. This paper analyzes the transformation from V-O-DAT to V-DAT/O1-O, redefines the nature of V-O1, and proves that V-O1 is V-R(R refers to result) constructions.
Driven by economy and iconicity principles, the Chinese and English ditransitive construction V-O-DAT is possible to transform to V-DAT-O construction(DAT is short for adpositional phrases that refer to beneficiaries or maleficiaries in ditransitive constructions), which is motivated by the"Light Predicate Raising"principle. Affected by certain semantic and syntactic factors, the adposition in V-DAT-O becomes sometimes optional, sometimes obligatory, or sometimes gone. When the adposition is gone, V-DAT-O becomes V-O1-O2, which is actually the traditional double-object construction. This paper analyzes the transformation from V-O-DAT to V-DAT/O1-O, redefines the nature of V-O1, and proves that V-O1 is V-R(R refers to result) constructions.
引文
[1]HUDSON R.So-Called‘Double Objects’and Grammatical Relations[J].Language 68,1992.
[2]王艳.东亚语言结果式的类型学研究[D].上海:上海外国语大学博士学位论文,2017.
[3]程琪龙.双宾结构及其相关概念网络[J].外国语,2004(3).
[4]张伯江.现代汉语的双及物结构式[J].中国语文,1999(3):175-184.
(1)Martin Haspelmath.Argument marking in ditransitive alignment types.Linguistic Discovery 3.2005,pp.1-21.
(2)Richard Hudson.So-Called‘Double Objects’and Grammatical Relations.Language 68.1992,pp.251-276.
(1)Leonard M.Faltz.On indirect objects in universal syntax.Chicago Linguistic Society 14,1978,pp.76-87;Peter Matthews.Syntax,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,p.101.
(2)David M.Perlmutter.Studies in Relational Grammar,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1983,p.354.
(3)Richard Hudson.So-Called‘Double Objects’and Grammatical Relations.Language 68,1992,pp.251-276.
(4)参见刘丹青《汉语给予类双及物结构的类型学考察》,《中国语文》,2001年第5期,第387-398页。
(5)参见陆丙甫、罗天华《中国境内语言的双及物结构语序》,《汉藏语学报》,2009年第3期,第45-55页。
(6)参见柳俊《东南亚区域语言中的双及物结构及相关构式研究》,上海:上海外国语大学博士学位论文,2015年,第29-30页。
(7)David McNeill,R.Yukawa&N.B.McNeill.The Acquisition of Direct and Indirect Objects in Japanese.Child Development 42,1971,pp.237-249.
(8)参见朱德熙《语法讲义》,北京:商务印书馆,1982年,第121页。
(1)Richard K.Larson.On the Double Object Construction.Linguistic Inquiry 9,1988,pp.335-391.
(2)参见王红卫《汉语双及物构式和动词关联度的实证研究》,《外语研究》,2017年第4期,第22-26页。
(1)参见程琪龙《双宾结构及其相关概念网络》,《外国语》,2004年第3期,第20-25页;任鹰《“领属”与“存现”:从概念的关联到构式的关联——也从“王冕死了父亲”的生成方式说起》,《世界汉语教学》,2009年第3期,第308-321页。
(2)Rint Sybesma.Results in Chinese:Resultatives to an Extent.MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 14,1991,pp.271-284.
(3)Carol L.Tenny.Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface,Springer Science+Business Media B.V.,1994,pp.117-118.
(4)Adele E.Goldberg.It Can’t Go up the Chimney down:Paths and the English Resultative,Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society,1991,pp.368-378.
(1)参见任龙波、李福印、邓宇《现代汉语双及物动结式的状态变化事件探究》,《外语教学》,2015年第5期,第39-44页。
(2)Bingfu LU.The Parallelism between NPs and clauses in terms of pragmatic effects on word order.Cahiers LinguistiqueAsie Orientale 38,2009,pp.177-219.
(3)Andrej Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie.Ditransitive constructions:a typological overview.In A.Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie(eds.),Studies in Ditransitive Constructions:A Comparative Handbook,Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010,pp.1-64.
(4)Christa Konig&B.Heine.Are there ditransitive verbs in!Xun?.In A.Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie(eds.),Studies in Ditransitive Constructions:A Comparative Handbook,Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010,pp.74-114.
(5)参见陆丙甫《重度-标志对应律——兼论功能动因的语用性落实和语法性落实》,《中国语文》,2011年第4期,第291-300页。
(6)Simon C.Dik.The Theory of Functional Grammar,Berlin&New York:De Gruyter Mouton,1997,p.253.
(7)参见戴浩一《时间顺序和汉语的语序》,《国外语言学》,1988年第1期,第10-20页。
(8)Bingfu LU.The Internal Word Order of NPs:Inherence Proximity and Referentiality Precedence.Proceedings of the Eighth North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics,Los Angles:GSIL,University of Southern California 1,1996,pp.229-246.
(1)Andrej Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie.Ditransitive constructions:a typological overview.In A.Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie(eds.),Studies in Ditransitive Constructions:A Comparative Handbook,Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010,pp.1-64.
(2)William A.Foley&R.D.Van Valin.Information Packaging in Clause.In Shopen(ed.),1985,pp.282-364.
(3)Matthew Dryer.The Greenbergian word order correlations.Language 68,1992,pp.81-138.
[2]王艳.东亚语言结果式的类型学研究[D].上海:上海外国语大学博士学位论文,2017.
[3]程琪龙.双宾结构及其相关概念网络[J].外国语,2004(3).
[4]张伯江.现代汉语的双及物结构式[J].中国语文,1999(3):175-184.
(1)Martin Haspelmath.Argument marking in ditransitive alignment types.Linguistic Discovery 3.2005,pp.1-21.
(2)Richard Hudson.So-Called‘Double Objects’and Grammatical Relations.Language 68.1992,pp.251-276.
(1)Leonard M.Faltz.On indirect objects in universal syntax.Chicago Linguistic Society 14,1978,pp.76-87;Peter Matthews.Syntax,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,p.101.
(2)David M.Perlmutter.Studies in Relational Grammar,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1983,p.354.
(3)Richard Hudson.So-Called‘Double Objects’and Grammatical Relations.Language 68,1992,pp.251-276.
(4)参见刘丹青《汉语给予类双及物结构的类型学考察》,《中国语文》,2001年第5期,第387-398页。
(5)参见陆丙甫、罗天华《中国境内语言的双及物结构语序》,《汉藏语学报》,2009年第3期,第45-55页。
(6)参见柳俊《东南亚区域语言中的双及物结构及相关构式研究》,上海:上海外国语大学博士学位论文,2015年,第29-30页。
(7)David McNeill,R.Yukawa&N.B.McNeill.The Acquisition of Direct and Indirect Objects in Japanese.Child Development 42,1971,pp.237-249.
(8)参见朱德熙《语法讲义》,北京:商务印书馆,1982年,第121页。
(1)Richard K.Larson.On the Double Object Construction.Linguistic Inquiry 9,1988,pp.335-391.
(2)参见王红卫《汉语双及物构式和动词关联度的实证研究》,《外语研究》,2017年第4期,第22-26页。
(1)参见程琪龙《双宾结构及其相关概念网络》,《外国语》,2004年第3期,第20-25页;任鹰《“领属”与“存现”:从概念的关联到构式的关联——也从“王冕死了父亲”的生成方式说起》,《世界汉语教学》,2009年第3期,第308-321页。
(2)Rint Sybesma.Results in Chinese:Resultatives to an Extent.MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 14,1991,pp.271-284.
(3)Carol L.Tenny.Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface,Springer Science+Business Media B.V.,1994,pp.117-118.
(4)Adele E.Goldberg.It Can’t Go up the Chimney down:Paths and the English Resultative,Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society,1991,pp.368-378.
(1)参见任龙波、李福印、邓宇《现代汉语双及物动结式的状态变化事件探究》,《外语教学》,2015年第5期,第39-44页。
(2)Bingfu LU.The Parallelism between NPs and clauses in terms of pragmatic effects on word order.Cahiers LinguistiqueAsie Orientale 38,2009,pp.177-219.
(3)Andrej Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie.Ditransitive constructions:a typological overview.In A.Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie(eds.),Studies in Ditransitive Constructions:A Comparative Handbook,Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010,pp.1-64.
(4)Christa Konig&B.Heine.Are there ditransitive verbs in!Xun?.In A.Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie(eds.),Studies in Ditransitive Constructions:A Comparative Handbook,Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010,pp.74-114.
(5)参见陆丙甫《重度-标志对应律——兼论功能动因的语用性落实和语法性落实》,《中国语文》,2011年第4期,第291-300页。
(6)Simon C.Dik.The Theory of Functional Grammar,Berlin&New York:De Gruyter Mouton,1997,p.253.
(7)参见戴浩一《时间顺序和汉语的语序》,《国外语言学》,1988年第1期,第10-20页。
(8)Bingfu LU.The Internal Word Order of NPs:Inherence Proximity and Referentiality Precedence.Proceedings of the Eighth North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics,Los Angles:GSIL,University of Southern California 1,1996,pp.229-246.
(1)Andrej Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie.Ditransitive constructions:a typological overview.In A.Malchukov,M.Haspelmath&B.Comrie(eds.),Studies in Ditransitive Constructions:A Comparative Handbook,Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010,pp.1-64.
(2)William A.Foley&R.D.Van Valin.Information Packaging in Clause.In Shopen(ed.),1985,pp.282-364.
(3)Matthew Dryer.The Greenbergian word order correlations.Language 68,1992,pp.81-138.