“一带一路”战略下语言资本的政策选择——基于中国OFDI区位选择的实证研究
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摘要
语言资本,即一国整体的外语水平,是跨国经贸合作中不可或缺的要素之一。过往的研究大多关注语言壁垒对OFDI的负面影响,鲜有文献系统地研究语言资本在消除这种负面影响中发挥的作用。以2003-2014年中国在42个东道国直接投资的面板数据为样本,研究其英语资本和东道国官方语言资本对中国OFDI的影响。实证分析发现,提高某种语言资本不仅可促进中国对相应语言东道国的对外直接投资(OFDI),而且,中国在对非英语国家进行投资时,积累该国官方语种的语言资本显著有效于英语资本。因此,我国外语教育应实现全民英语教育的同质性策略向发展多元语言资本的异化政策转移,以积极推动和落实"一带一路"的经济发展倡议。
Linguistic capital,that is,the foreign language level of a country as a whole,is one of the indispensable elements in transnational economic and trade cooperation.Most of the past studies have focused on the negative impact of language barriers on OFDI,and few literature systems have studied the role of linguistic capital in eliminating this negative impact.Taking the panel data of China's direct investment in 42 host countries as a sample in 2003-2014,the paper studies the influence of its English capital and the official language capital of the host country on Chinese OFDI.The empirical analysis shows that improving a certain linguistic capital can not only promote China's OFDI to the host country of the corresponding language,but also,when China invests in non-English-speaking countries,linguistic capital of accumulating official languages in the country is obviously more effective than English capital.Accordingly,foreign language education in China should transfer the homogenization strategy of universal English education to the development of diversified linguistic capital alienation policy,in order to actively promote and implement the "One Belt One Road" economic development strategy.
Linguistic capital,that is,the foreign language level of a country as a whole,is one of the indispensable elements in transnational economic and trade cooperation.Most of the past studies have focused on the negative impact of language barriers on OFDI,and few literature systems have studied the role of linguistic capital in eliminating this negative impact.Taking the panel data of China's direct investment in 42 host countries as a sample in 2003-2014,the paper studies the influence of its English capital and the official language capital of the host country on Chinese OFDI.The empirical analysis shows that improving a certain linguistic capital can not only promote China's OFDI to the host country of the corresponding language,but also,when China invests in non-English-speaking countries,linguistic capital of accumulating official languages in the country is obviously more effective than English capital.Accordingly,foreign language education in China should transfer the homogenization strategy of universal English education to the development of diversified linguistic capital alienation policy,in order to actively promote and implement the "One Belt One Road" economic development strategy.
引文
[1]董有德,赵星星.自由贸易协定能够促进我国企业的对外直接投资吗——基于跨国公司知识资本模型的经验研究[J].国际经贸探索,2014,(3):81-97.
[2]Helliwel,J.National Borders,Trade and Migration[J].Pacific Economic Review,1997,(2):165-185.
[3]Baltagi,B.H.and Pfaffermayr,M.Estimating Regional Trade Agreements Effects on FDI in an Interdependent World[J].Journal of Econometrics,2008,(2):194-208.
[4]张卫国.作为人力资本、公共产品和制度的语言:语言经济学的一个基本分析框架[J].经济研究,2008,(2):18-32.
[5]Ku,H.J.and Zussman,A.Lingua franca:The Role of English in International Trade[J].Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,2010,(75):250-260.
[6]Peck,J.F.;Wang,Y.The Costs to the UK of Language Deficiencies as a Barrier to UK Engagement in Exporting:A Report to UK Trade & Investment[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/309899/Costs_to_UK_of_language_deficiencies_as_barrier_to_UK_engagement_in_exporting.pdf,2013-05-07/2019-02-27.
[7]殷华方,鲁明泓.文化距离和国际直接投资流向:S型曲线假设[J].南方经济,2011,(1):78-92.
[8]Anderson,J.E.and Van Wincoop,E.Trade Costs[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2004,(42):691-751.
[9]Melitz,J.Language and Foreign Trade[J].European Economic Review,2008,(52):667-699.
[10]Chiswick,B.and Miller,P.W.English language Fluency among Immigrants in the United States[J].Research in Labor Economics,1998,(17):151-200.
[11]Brown,C.and Velupilai,V.Automated Classification of the World’s Languages:A Description of the Method and Preliminary Results[J].Language Typology and Universals,2008,(61):285-308.
[12]Hutchinson,W.K.Dose Ease of Communication Increase Trade?Commonality of Language and Bilateral Trade[J].Scottish Journal of Political Economy,2002,(52):554-556.
[13]Selmier,W.T.and Oh,C.H.The Power of Major Trade Languages in Trade and Foreign Direct Investment[J].Review of International Political Economy,2013,(20):486-514.
[14]Kim,M.and Tuxhorn,K.L.Lingua Mercatoria:Languages and Foreign Direct Investment[J].International Studies Quarterly,2015,(59):330-343.
[15]Kramsch,C.Language and Culture[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1998.
[16]Dunning,J.H.Toward an Eclectic Theory of International Production:Some Empirical Tests[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1980,(11):9-31.
[17]聂爱云.美日投资经验对中国“一带一路”投资的启示[J].金融教育研究,2018,(1):45-51.
[18]Hsiao,C.;Shen,Y.Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth:The Role of Institutions and Urbanization[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change,2003,(51):883-896.
[19]Frankel,J.and Rose,A.An Estimate of the Effect of Common Currencies on Trade and Income[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2002,(12):437-466.
[20]Obstfeld,M.Understanding Interdependence[M].New York:Peter Kened,Ed.,1995.
[21]Tinbergen,J.Shaping the World Economy,Appendix VI,An Analysis of World Trade Flows[M].New York:Twentieth Century Fund,1962.
[22]戴维栋.高校外语专业教育发展报告1978-2008[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2008.
(1)样本包括亚洲的阿联酋、菲律宾、哈萨克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、巴基斯坦、印度、柬埔寨、老挝、泰国、越南、印度尼西亚、伊朗和土耳其,非洲的阿尔及利亚、埃及、津巴布韦、南非、刚果(金)、刚果(布)、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、尼日尔、莫桑比克、坦桑尼亚和赞比亚,欧洲的俄罗斯、德国、荷兰、法国、瑞典、西班牙、意大利和英国,美洲的美国、加拿大、墨西哥、委内瑞拉、厄瓜多尔和巴西以及大洋洲的澳大利亚和新西兰。
(2)自2011年起,英孚教育每年定期在http://www.ef.edu/epi/ 发布各国EPI指数。
[2]Helliwel,J.National Borders,Trade and Migration[J].Pacific Economic Review,1997,(2):165-185.
[3]Baltagi,B.H.and Pfaffermayr,M.Estimating Regional Trade Agreements Effects on FDI in an Interdependent World[J].Journal of Econometrics,2008,(2):194-208.
[4]张卫国.作为人力资本、公共产品和制度的语言:语言经济学的一个基本分析框架[J].经济研究,2008,(2):18-32.
[5]Ku,H.J.and Zussman,A.Lingua franca:The Role of English in International Trade[J].Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,2010,(75):250-260.
[6]Peck,J.F.;Wang,Y.The Costs to the UK of Language Deficiencies as a Barrier to UK Engagement in Exporting:A Report to UK Trade & Investment[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/309899/Costs_to_UK_of_language_deficiencies_as_barrier_to_UK_engagement_in_exporting.pdf,2013-05-07/2019-02-27.
[7]殷华方,鲁明泓.文化距离和国际直接投资流向:S型曲线假设[J].南方经济,2011,(1):78-92.
[8]Anderson,J.E.and Van Wincoop,E.Trade Costs[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2004,(42):691-751.
[9]Melitz,J.Language and Foreign Trade[J].European Economic Review,2008,(52):667-699.
[10]Chiswick,B.and Miller,P.W.English language Fluency among Immigrants in the United States[J].Research in Labor Economics,1998,(17):151-200.
[11]Brown,C.and Velupilai,V.Automated Classification of the World’s Languages:A Description of the Method and Preliminary Results[J].Language Typology and Universals,2008,(61):285-308.
[12]Hutchinson,W.K.Dose Ease of Communication Increase Trade?Commonality of Language and Bilateral Trade[J].Scottish Journal of Political Economy,2002,(52):554-556.
[13]Selmier,W.T.and Oh,C.H.The Power of Major Trade Languages in Trade and Foreign Direct Investment[J].Review of International Political Economy,2013,(20):486-514.
[14]Kim,M.and Tuxhorn,K.L.Lingua Mercatoria:Languages and Foreign Direct Investment[J].International Studies Quarterly,2015,(59):330-343.
[15]Kramsch,C.Language and Culture[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1998.
[16]Dunning,J.H.Toward an Eclectic Theory of International Production:Some Empirical Tests[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1980,(11):9-31.
[17]聂爱云.美日投资经验对中国“一带一路”投资的启示[J].金融教育研究,2018,(1):45-51.
[18]Hsiao,C.;Shen,Y.Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth:The Role of Institutions and Urbanization[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change,2003,(51):883-896.
[19]Frankel,J.and Rose,A.An Estimate of the Effect of Common Currencies on Trade and Income[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2002,(12):437-466.
[20]Obstfeld,M.Understanding Interdependence[M].New York:Peter Kened,Ed.,1995.
[21]Tinbergen,J.Shaping the World Economy,Appendix VI,An Analysis of World Trade Flows[M].New York:Twentieth Century Fund,1962.
[22]戴维栋.高校外语专业教育发展报告1978-2008[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2008.
(1)样本包括亚洲的阿联酋、菲律宾、哈萨克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、巴基斯坦、印度、柬埔寨、老挝、泰国、越南、印度尼西亚、伊朗和土耳其,非洲的阿尔及利亚、埃及、津巴布韦、南非、刚果(金)、刚果(布)、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、尼日尔、莫桑比克、坦桑尼亚和赞比亚,欧洲的俄罗斯、德国、荷兰、法国、瑞典、西班牙、意大利和英国,美洲的美国、加拿大、墨西哥、委内瑞拉、厄瓜多尔和巴西以及大洋洲的澳大利亚和新西兰。
(2)自2011年起,英孚教育每年定期在http://www.ef.edu/epi/ 发布各国EPI指数。