查尔斯·马特尔(Charles Martel)的分类编目思想
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摘要
查尔斯·马特尔是20世纪美国图书馆历史中的重要实干家。他主导编制《美国国会图书馆分类法》,奠定了分类法按学科设置主要大类并扩展式列举类目的结构,倡导分类法应当从文献本身出发、便于用户使用、结合实际情况调整而避免任何僵化的规则;推广卡片目录的使用并提倡对其进行简化;积极参与国际交流与合作,推进联合编目的开展等。马特尔的分类编目思想集中体现在进一步突出分类编目中的实用主义,继承了《克特扩展式分类法》中秉持的认识上的进化论思想,意识到类目体系的符号意义。
Charles Martel was one of the most important librarians in the American Library history during the 20th Century. He laid the foundation that classification should set the main categories classes according to disciplines and expanding new classes by enumeration, emphasize the literary itself and user convenience, adjust to the actual situation to avoid rigid rules. He promoted the usage of card catalog, and advocated to simplify it. He occupied in international practice and cooperated cataloging. Martel' s thoughts mainly reflected in the further pragmatism in classification practice,inherited the evolutionary ideas from Cutter's classification,and recognized the symbolic meaning of important classification system.
Charles Martel was one of the most important librarians in the American Library history during the 20th Century. He laid the foundation that classification should set the main categories classes according to disciplines and expanding new classes by enumeration, emphasize the literary itself and user convenience, adjust to the actual situation to avoid rigid rules. He promoted the usage of card catalog, and advocated to simplify it. He occupied in international practice and cooperated cataloging. Martel' s thoughts mainly reflected in the further pragmatism in classification practice,inherited the evolutionary ideas from Cutter's classification,and recognized the symbolic meaning of important classification system.
引文
[1]A library hall of fame[J].Library journal,1951,3(15):466-472.
[2]American Library Association Archives.100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th Century:Aguide to archival holdings[EB/OL].[2018-07-20].https://archives.library.illinois.edu/ala/search-holdings/guides/100-library-leaders/.
[3]WEDGEWORTH R.World encyclopedia of library and information services[M].Chicago,IL:American Library Association,1993.
[4]KENT A,LANCOURH,DAILY J E.Encyclopedia of library and information science:volume 17-malawi:libraries in to metropolitan reference and research library agency(metro)[M].Boca Raton,Florida:CRC Press,1976.
[5]侯汉清.外国图书情报界人物传略[M].太原:山西图书馆学会,1984:126.
[6]University of Chicago Library.Guide to the j.c.m.hanson papers 1892-1943[EB/OL].[2018-07-20].https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.HANSON.
[7]MIKSA F L.The development of classification at the library of congress[EB/OL].[2018-03-02].https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/3957.
[8]CHAN L M.A guide to the library of congress classification[M].Englewood,Colo.:Libraries Unlimited,1999.
[9]LAMONTAGNE L.E.American library classification,with special reference to the library of Congress[M].Hamden,Connecticut:Shoe String Press,1961.
[10]PUTNAM,H.The library of congress as a national library[J].Library journal,1905,9(30):27-34.
[11]PUTNAM H.Manual:constitution,organization,methods,etc.//Library of Congress.Report of the library of congress for the fiscal year ending june30,1901[R].Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1901.
[12]MARTEL C.Remarks on cataloguing and classification[J].Bulletin of the medical library association,1916,5(4):43-45.
[13]MARTEL C.Library of congress classification[J].ALAbulletin,1911(5):230-232.
[14]MARTEL C.The cataloger in his own defense[J].Library journal,1915(40):33-35.
[15]GOLDBERG B.Catalog section[J].Bulletin of the american library association,1917,11(4):340-343.
[16]TWEEDELL E,CRAVER H,LOWE J,etc.COMMITTEEREPORTS,1924-25[J].Bulletin of the americanlibraryassociation,1925,19(4):184-221.
[17]MARTEL C.Cataloging:1876-1926[J].Bulletin of the american library association,1929,20(10):492-499.
[18]GIORDANI I.The vatican library during recent years[J].Thelibraryquarterly:information,community,policy,1937,7(1):1-25.
[19]HARY N M.American philanthropy in europe:the collaboration of the carnegie endowment for international peace with the vatican library[J].Libraries&Culture,1996:364-379.
[20]Library of Congress.Report of the librarian of congress for the fiscal year ending june 30,1928[R].Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1928:11-12.
[21]BISHOP W W.The library of congress,1907-15:fragments of autobiography[J].The library quarterly,1948,18(1):1-23.
[22]GOLDBERG J.Library of congress classification:shelving device for collections or organization of knowledgefields?[J].Advancesinknowledgeorganization,1996(5):33-42.
[23]DOUSA T M.Evolutionary order in the classification theories of c a cutter and ec richardson:its nature and limits[J/OL].NASKO,2011,2(1):76-90[2018-03-02].http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/nasko/article/view/12810.
(1)汉森于1890年进入芝加哥纽贝里公共图书馆,1893年成为威斯康辛大学图书馆编目部首席专家,1897年成为国会图书馆编目部主任,参与国会分类法体系框架的设计并指导了《英美编目条例》的起草,同时也是国会图书馆向其他图书馆分发目录卡片的发起人,1910年离开国会图书馆进入芝加哥大学图书馆,其生平档案藏于芝加哥大学图书馆中。详见:University of Chicago Library.Guide to the J.C.M.Hanson Papers 1892-1943[EB/OL].[2018-04-02].https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.HANSON.
(2)此处所描述的七个部分是用“点”(point)表示,但是其意义更侧重于“聚类”(cluster)。原文见:MARTEL C.Classification:A brief conspectus of present day library practice[J].The library Journal 1911(8):410-416.
(3)由于国会分类法各个类表的编制出版时间不一致,法律类出版时间最晚,因此,在早期的七分法中有专门的法律复分,后随着法律类表的相继出版,七分法中的法律复分被取消,而增加了传记复分。
(4)对应英文为ephemeral works。
[2]American Library Association Archives.100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th Century:Aguide to archival holdings[EB/OL].[2018-07-20].https://archives.library.illinois.edu/ala/search-holdings/guides/100-library-leaders/.
[3]WEDGEWORTH R.World encyclopedia of library and information services[M].Chicago,IL:American Library Association,1993.
[4]KENT A,LANCOURH,DAILY J E.Encyclopedia of library and information science:volume 17-malawi:libraries in to metropolitan reference and research library agency(metro)[M].Boca Raton,Florida:CRC Press,1976.
[5]侯汉清.外国图书情报界人物传略[M].太原:山西图书馆学会,1984:126.
[6]University of Chicago Library.Guide to the j.c.m.hanson papers 1892-1943[EB/OL].[2018-07-20].https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.HANSON.
[7]MIKSA F L.The development of classification at the library of congress[EB/OL].[2018-03-02].https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/3957.
[8]CHAN L M.A guide to the library of congress classification[M].Englewood,Colo.:Libraries Unlimited,1999.
[9]LAMONTAGNE L.E.American library classification,with special reference to the library of Congress[M].Hamden,Connecticut:Shoe String Press,1961.
[10]PUTNAM,H.The library of congress as a national library[J].Library journal,1905,9(30):27-34.
[11]PUTNAM H.Manual:constitution,organization,methods,etc.//Library of Congress.Report of the library of congress for the fiscal year ending june30,1901[R].Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1901.
[12]MARTEL C.Remarks on cataloguing and classification[J].Bulletin of the medical library association,1916,5(4):43-45.
[13]MARTEL C.Library of congress classification[J].ALAbulletin,1911(5):230-232.
[14]MARTEL C.The cataloger in his own defense[J].Library journal,1915(40):33-35.
[15]GOLDBERG B.Catalog section[J].Bulletin of the american library association,1917,11(4):340-343.
[16]TWEEDELL E,CRAVER H,LOWE J,etc.COMMITTEEREPORTS,1924-25[J].Bulletin of the americanlibraryassociation,1925,19(4):184-221.
[17]MARTEL C.Cataloging:1876-1926[J].Bulletin of the american library association,1929,20(10):492-499.
[18]GIORDANI I.The vatican library during recent years[J].Thelibraryquarterly:information,community,policy,1937,7(1):1-25.
[19]HARY N M.American philanthropy in europe:the collaboration of the carnegie endowment for international peace with the vatican library[J].Libraries&Culture,1996:364-379.
[20]Library of Congress.Report of the librarian of congress for the fiscal year ending june 30,1928[R].Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1928:11-12.
[21]BISHOP W W.The library of congress,1907-15:fragments of autobiography[J].The library quarterly,1948,18(1):1-23.
[22]GOLDBERG J.Library of congress classification:shelving device for collections or organization of knowledgefields?[J].Advancesinknowledgeorganization,1996(5):33-42.
[23]DOUSA T M.Evolutionary order in the classification theories of c a cutter and ec richardson:its nature and limits[J/OL].NASKO,2011,2(1):76-90[2018-03-02].http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/nasko/article/view/12810.
(1)汉森于1890年进入芝加哥纽贝里公共图书馆,1893年成为威斯康辛大学图书馆编目部首席专家,1897年成为国会图书馆编目部主任,参与国会分类法体系框架的设计并指导了《英美编目条例》的起草,同时也是国会图书馆向其他图书馆分发目录卡片的发起人,1910年离开国会图书馆进入芝加哥大学图书馆,其生平档案藏于芝加哥大学图书馆中。详见:University of Chicago Library.Guide to the J.C.M.Hanson Papers 1892-1943[EB/OL].[2018-04-02].https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.HANSON.
(2)此处所描述的七个部分是用“点”(point)表示,但是其意义更侧重于“聚类”(cluster)。原文见:MARTEL C.Classification:A brief conspectus of present day library practice[J].The library Journal 1911(8):410-416.
(3)由于国会分类法各个类表的编制出版时间不一致,法律类出版时间最晚,因此,在早期的七分法中有专门的法律复分,后随着法律类表的相继出版,七分法中的法律复分被取消,而增加了传记复分。
(4)对应英文为ephemeral works。