α疱疹病毒gE和gI蛋白的多样化功能
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摘要
疱疹病毒为双股线性DNA病毒,是引起人与动物疾病的一类重要病原,成熟的病毒粒子由核心、衣壳、间层及囊膜组成。近年来,对以单纯疱疹病毒(Herpes simplex virus,HSV)及伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)等为代表的α疱疹病毒在病毒复制和增殖、毒力、神经系统侵染机制以及对机体免疫应答影响等方面的研究取得了显著进展,在病毒基因组编码的多种蛋白中,gE和gI蛋白在上述各方面均发挥关键作用。本文就gE和gI蛋白在α疱疹病毒中的多样化功能的最新研究成果进行了总结,并指出其未来研究趋势。
Alphaherpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses,and are important pathogens causing different diseases in humans and animals. In recent years,considerable progress has been made in finding the determinants of viral virulence and the mechanisms underlying neuroinvasive viral infections and the host's immune responses to the herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus(which are alphaherpesviruses). Moreover,the gE and gI proteins of alphaherpesvirus have diverse roles in various signaling pathways. In this review,we summarize the diverse functions of the gE and gI proteins in the lifecycle of alphaherpesvirus,and discuss future research trends.
Alphaherpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses,and are important pathogens causing different diseases in humans and animals. In recent years,considerable progress has been made in finding the determinants of viral virulence and the mechanisms underlying neuroinvasive viral infections and the host's immune responses to the herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus(which are alphaherpesviruses). Moreover,the gE and gI proteins of alphaherpesvirus have diverse roles in various signaling pathways. In this review,we summarize the diverse functions of the gE and gI proteins in the lifecycle of alphaherpesvirus,and discuss future research trends.
引文
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[9]Taylor M P,Enquist L W.Axonal spread of neuroinva-sive viral infections[J].Trends Microbiol,2015,23(5):283-288.
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[13]Vafai A.Antibody-binding sites on truncated forms of varicella-zoster virus gpI(gE)glycoprotein.Vaccine[J],1994,12(14):1265-1269.
[14]Cole N L,Grose C.Membrane fusion mediated by her-pesvirus glycoproteins:the paradigm of varicella-zoster virus[J].Rev Med Virol,2003,13(14):207-222.
[15]Olson J K,Grose C.Endocytosis and recycling of vari-cella-zoster virus Fc receptor glycoprotein gE:internal-ization mediated by a YXXL motif in the cytoplasmic tail[J].J Virol,1997,71(5):4042-4054.
[16]Sprague E R,Wang C,Baker D,Bjorkman P J.Crystal structure of the HSV-1 Fc receptor bound to Fc reveals a mechanism for antibody bipolar bridging[J/OL].PLoSBiol,2006,4(6):e148.
[17]Tyborowska J,Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K,Rych?owski M,Van Oirschot J T,Rijsewijk F A.The extracellular part of glycoprotein E of bovine herpesvirus 1 is suffi-cient for complex formation with glycoprotein I but not for cell-to-cell spread[J].Arch Virol,2000,145(2):333-351.
[18]Berarducci B,Rajamani J,Reichelt M,Sommer M,Zerboni L,Arvin A M.Deletion of the first cysteine-rich region of the varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E ectodo-main abolishes the gE and gI interaction and differential-ly affects cell-cell spread and viral entry[J].J Virol,2009,83(1):228-240.
[19]Wisner T,Brunetti C,Dingwell K,Johnson D C.The extracellular domain of herpes simplex virus gE is suffi-cient for accumulation at cell junctions but not for cell-to-cell spread[J].J Virol,2000,74(5):2278-2287.
[20]Rizvi S M,Raghavan M.Responses of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells to the presence of extracellular antibodies:gE-dependent glycoprotein capping and en-hancement in cell-to-cell spread[J].J Virol,2003,77(1):701-708.
[21]Johnson D C,Huber M T.Directed egress of animal vi-ruses promotes cell-to-cell spread[J].J Virol,2002,76(1):1-8.
[22]Farnsworth A,Goldsmith K,Johnson D C.Herpes sim-plex virus glycoproteins gD and gE/gI serve essential but redundant functions during acquisition of the virion envelope in the cytoplasm[J].J Virol,2003,77(15):8481-8494.
[23]Fuchs W,Klupp B G,Granzow H,Hengartner C,Brack A,Mundt A,Enquist L W,Mettenleiter T C.Physical interaction between envelope glycoproteins Eand M of pseudorabies virus and the major tegument pro-tein UL49[J].J Virol,2002,76(16):8208-8217.
[24]Tirabassi R S,Enquist L W.Mutation of the YXXL en-docytosis motif in the cytoplasmic tail of pseudorabies vi-rus gE[J].J Virol,1999,73(4):2717-2728.
[25]Moffat J,Ito H,Sommer M,Taylor S,Arvin A M.Glycoprotein I of varicella-zoster virus is required for vi-ral replication in skin and T cells[J].J Virol,2002,76(16):8468-8471.
[26]O′Regan K J,Bucks M A,Murphy M A,Wills J W,Courtney R J.A conserved region of the herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument protein VP22 facilitates interaction with the cytoplasmic tail of glycoprotein E(gE)[J].Vi-rology,2007,358(1):192-200.
[27]Mallory S,Sommer M,Arvin A M.Mutational analysis of the role of glycoprotein I in varicella-zoster virus repli-cation and its effects on glycoprotein conformation and trafficking[J].J Virol,1997,71(11):8279-8288.
[28]Zerboni L,Reichelt M,Jones C D,Zehnder J L,Ito H,Arvin A M.Aberrant infection and persistence of var-icella-zoster virus in human dorsal root ganglia in vivo in the absence of glycoprotein I[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci US A,2007,104(35):14086-14091.
[29]Ali M A,Li Q,Fischer E R,Cohen J I.The insulin de-grading enzyme binding domain of varicella-zoster virus(VZV)glycoprotein E is important for cell-to-cell spread and VZV infectivity,while a glycoprotein I binding do-main is essential for infection[J].Virology,2009,386(2):270-279.
[30]Li Q,Ali M A,Cohen J I.Insulin degrading enzyme is a cellular receptor mediating varicella-zoster virus infec-tion and cell-to-cell spread[J].Cell,2006,127(2):305-316.
[31]Li Q,Krogmann T,Ali M A,Tang W J,Cohen J I.The amino terminus of varicella-zoster virus(VZV)gly-coprotein E is required for binding to insulin-degrading enzyme,a VZV receptor[J].J Virol,2007,81(16):8525-8532.
[32]Moffat J,Mo C,Cheng J J,Sommer M,Zerboni L,Stamatis S,Arvin A M.Functions of the C-terminal do-main of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E in viral repli-cation in vitro and skin and T-cell tropism in vivo[J].JVirol,2004,78(22):12406-12415.
[33]Jacobs L,Rziha H J,Kimman T G,Gielkens A L,Van Oirschot J T.Deleting valine-125 and cysteine-126in glycoprotein gI of pseudorabies virus strain NIA-3 de-creases plaque size and reduces virulence in mice[J].Arch Virol,1993,131(3-4):251-264.
[34]Polcicova K,Goldsmith K,Rainish B L,Wisner T W,Johnson DC.The extracellular domain of herpes simplex virus gE is indispensable for efficient cell-to-cell spread:evidence for gE/gI receptors[J].J Virol,2005,79(18):11990-12001.
[35]Collins W J,Johnson D C.Herpes simplex virus gE/gIexpressed in epithelial cells interferes with cell-to-cell spread[J].J Virol,2003,77(4):2686-2695.
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