如实感知中的心灵解放:增能策略的东方视角
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摘要
随着上世纪80年代增能服务的兴起,增能这一概念几乎成了社会工作者在社会层面开展服务的代名词。但是,什么才是增能?怎样才能增能?这些基本问题却一直争论不休。文章希望通过对上世纪90年代兴起的正念治疗进行梳理,描述另一种崭新的增能策略的理论逻辑和实施方法。这种正念治疗的增能策略根植于东方的佛学,是东西方思想交融的结晶,它一反以往西方社会工作所倡导的自决和掌控的增能策略,以接纳和不批判的态度为核心,关注当下的整全实践,目的是实现生活的如实感知和心灵的解放。这种有着东方哲学基础的崭新的增能服务策略能够给正在寻求本土化道路的中国社会工作者带来许多有益的启示。
Since the empowerment approach started to grow in 1980 s,this concept has been adopted by social workers in all social services. However,what is the empowerment? How is the empowerment realized? They remain to be controversial issues. This article is intended to introduce another way of empowering from an oriental perspective by reviewing the literature on the mindfulness-based therapy. This new empowerment approach is rooted in Buddhism and is the integration of the oriental and occidental ideology. It is completely different from the traditional empowerment approach based on the Western culture and aimed to free individual's energy and spirit. It will provide indications for Chinese social workers who are seeking their local ways to social work professionalization.
Since the empowerment approach started to grow in 1980 s,this concept has been adopted by social workers in all social services. However,what is the empowerment? How is the empowerment realized? They remain to be controversial issues. This article is intended to introduce another way of empowering from an oriental perspective by reviewing the literature on the mindfulness-based therapy. This new empowerment approach is rooted in Buddhism and is the integration of the oriental and occidental ideology. It is completely different from the traditional empowerment approach based on the Western culture and aimed to free individual's energy and spirit. It will provide indications for Chinese social workers who are seeking their local ways to social work professionalization.
引文
[1]FREEDBERG S. Relational Theory for Social Work Practice:a Feminist Perspective[M]. New York:Routledge,2009:69.
[2]FOLGHERAITER F. Relational Social Work:toward Networking and Society Practices[M]. London:Jessica Kingsley Publishers,2004:164.
[3]RAPP C A,GOSCHA R J. The Strength Model:Case Management with People with Psychiatric Disabilities[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,2006:27.
[4]KEMP S,WHITTAKER J K,TRACY E M. Person-Environment Practice:the Social Ecology of Interpersonal Helping[M].New York:Aldine de Gruyter,1997:52.
[5]GITTERMAN A,GERMAIN C B. The Life Model of Social Work Practice:Advances in Theory and Practice[M]. New York:Columbia University,2008:92.
[6]CLIFFORD D,BURKE B. Anti-Oppressive Ethics and Values in Social Work[M]. London:Palgrave Macmillan,2009:34.
[7]ADAMS R. Social Work and Empowerment[M]. London:Macmillan,1996:3.
[8]TURNER K. Mindfulness:The Present Moment in Clinical Social Work[J]. Clinical Social Work Journal,2009,37(1):95-103.
[9]KABAT-ZINN J. Full Catastrophe Living:Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress,Pain and Illness[M].New York:Dell,1990:2.
[10]HICK S F. Mindfulness and Social Work:Paying Attention to Ourselves,Our Clients,and Society[M]//HICK S F. Mindfulness and Social Work. Chicago:Lyceum Books? Inc.,2009:11.
[11]SHAPIRO S L,SCHWARTZ G E,BONNER G. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Medical or Premedical Students[J]. Journal of Behavioral Medicine,1998,21(5):581-599.
[12]KRISTELLER J L,HALLETT B. Effects of a Mediation-Based Intervention in the Treatment of Binge Eating[J]. Journal of Health Psychology,1999,4(3):357-363.
[13]MONTI D A,PETERSON C,SHAKIN K E J,et al. A Randomized,Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy for Women with Cancer[J]. Psycho-oncology,2006,15(5):363-373.
[14]WILLIAMS J M,DUGGAN D S,CRANE C,et al. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Prevention of Recurrence of Suicidal Behavior[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2006,62(2):201-210.
[15]LAZAR S W. Mindfulness research[M]//GERMER C K,SIEGEL R D,FULTON P R. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy.New York:Guilford,2005:239.
[16]SEGAL Z V,WILLIAMS M G,TEASDALE J D. Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression:A New Approach to Preventing Relapse[M]. New York:Guilford,2002:4.
[17]GERMER C K. Teaching Mindfulness in Therapy[M]//GERMER C K,SIEGEL R D,FULTON P R. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York:Guilford,2005:61.
[18]KENNY M A,WILLIAM J M G. Treatment-Resistant Depressed Patients Show a Good Response to Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy[J]. Behavior Research and Therapy,2007,45(6):617-625.
[19]LINEHAN M M. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder[M]. New York:Guilford Press,1993:13.
[20]LYNCH T R,MORSE J,MENDELSON T,et al. Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Depressed Older Adults:a Randomized Pilot Study[J]. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,2003,11(1):33-45.
[21]TELCH C F,AGRAS W S,LINEHAN M M. Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder[J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,2001,69(10):1061-1065.
[22]MARRA T. The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Workbook for Overcoming Depression and Anxiety[M]. Oakland,CA:New Harbinger,2004:24.
[23]ROBINS C J,CHAPMAN A L. Dialectical Behavior Therapy:Current Status,Recent Developments,and Future Directions[J]. Journal of Personality Disorders,2004,18(1):73-89.
[24]HAYES S C,STROSAHL K D,WILSON K G. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy[M]. New York:Guilford Press,1999:13.
[25]FLETCHER L,HAYES S C. Relational Frame Theory:Acceptance and Commitment Therapy,and a Functional Analytic Definition of Mindfulness[J]. Journal of Rational-Emotive&Cognitive-Behavior Therapy,2005:23(4):315-336.
[26]NAPOLI M. React or Response:A Guide to Apply Mindfulness for Families and Therapists[J]. Family in Society,2011,92(1):28-32.
[27]DIDONNA F. Introduction:Where New and Old Paths to Dealing with Suffering Meet[M]//DIDONNA F. Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. New York:Springer,2009:13.
[28]GOCKEL A. The Promise of Mindfulness for Clinical Practice Education[J]. Smith College Studies in Social Work,2010,80(2/3):248-268.
[29]TANG Y Y,HLZEL B K,POSNER M I. The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation[M]. New York:Springer International Publishing,2017:9.
[30]OLENDZKI A. The Roots of Mindfulness[M]//GERMER C K,SIEGEL R D,FULTON P R. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York:Guilford Publications,2013:280.
[31]COMPSON J,MONTEIRO L. Still Exploring the Middle Path:A Response to Commentaries[J]. Mindfulness,2016,7(5):548-564.
[32]KABAT-ZINN J. Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context:Past,Present,and Future[J]. Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice,2003,10(1):144-156.
[33]KABAT-ZINN J. Foreword[M]//DIDONNA F. Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. New York:Springer,2009:xxxiii.
[34]SHAPIRO S L,CARLSON L E,ASTIN J A,et al. Mechanisms of Mindfulness[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2006,62(3):373-386.
[35]MCGARRIGLE T,WALSH C A. Mindfulness,Self-Care,and Wellness in Social Work:Effects of Contemplative Training[J]. Journal of Religion&Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought,2011,30(3):212-233.
[36]NAPOLI M. Tools for Mindful Living:Stepping Stones for Practice[M]. Kendall Hunt Pub Co,2010:29.
[37]HICK S F. Cultivating Therapeutic Relationships:the Role of Mindfulness[M]//HICK S F,BIEN T. Mindfulness and the Therapeutic Relationship. New York:Guilford Press,2008:4.
[38]LAU M A,BISHOP S R,SEGAL S V,et al. The Toronto Mindfulness Scale:Development and Validation[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2006,62(12):1445-1467.
[39]JENNINGS P A. Contemplative Education and Youth Development[J]. New Directions for Youth Development,2008,118(1):101-105.
[40]MORGAN W D,MORGAN S T. Cultivating Attention and Empathy[M]//GERMER C K,SIEGEL R D,FULTON P R.Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York:Guilford,2005:82.
[41]MACKEY R A. Toward an Integration of Ideas about the Self for the Practice of Clinical Social Work[J]. Clinical Social Work Journal,2007,36(2):225-234.
[42]SCHORE J R,SCHORE A N. Modern Attachment Theory:the Central Role of Affect Regulation in Development and Treatment[J]. Clinical Social Work Journal,2008,36(1):9-12.
[43]SIEGEL R D,GERMER C K,OLENDZKI A. Mindfulness:What Is It? Where Did It Come From?[M]//DIDONNA F.Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. New York:Springer,2009:34.
[44]LANGER E J,MOLDOVEANU M. The Construct of Mindfulness[J]. Journal of Social Issues,2000,56(1):1-9.
[45]TOLLE E. A New Earth:Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose[M]. New York:Dutton,2005:199.
[46]GARLAND E L. Mindfulness Research in Social Work:Conceptual and Methodological Recommendations[J]. Social Work Research,2013,37(4):439-448.
[47]LUNDY C,VAN WORMER K. Social and Economic Justice,Human Rights and Peace:the Challenge for Social Work in Canada and the USA[J]. International Social Work,2007,50(7):727-739.
[48]COYLE D,EDWARDS D,HANNIGAN B,et al. A Systematic Review of Stress among Mental Health Social Workers[J].International Social Work,2005,48(2):201-211.
[49]LLOYD C,KING R,CHENOWETH L. Social Work,Stress and Burnout:A Review[J]. Journal of Mental Health,2002,11(3):255-265.
[50]OSPINA-KAMMERER V,DIXON D R. Coping with Burnout:Family Physicians and Family Social Workers—What Do They Have in Common?[J]Journal of Family Social Work,2001,5(1):85-93.
[51]NEWSOME S,CHRISTOPHER J C,DAHLEN P. Teaching Counselors Self-Care through Mindfulness Practices[J].Teachers College Record,2006,108(9):1881-1900.
[52]LYSACK M. From Environmental Despair to the Ecological Self:Mindfulness and Community Action[M]//HICK S. Mindfulness and Social Work. Chicago:Lyceum,2009:216.
[53]TODD S. Mobilizing Communities for Social Change:Integrating Mindfulness and Passionate Politics[M]//HICK S.Mindfulness and Social Work. Chicago,IL:Lyceum,2009:186.
[54]LONDON T. Mindfulness in Activism:Fighting for Justice As a Self-Reflective Emancipatory Practice[M]//HICK S.Mindfulness and Social Work. Chicago,IL:Lyceum,2009:200.
[55]COHOLIC D A,OYSTRICK V,POSTERARO J,et al. Facilitating Arts-Based Mindfulness Group Activities with Vulnerable Children:an Example of Nondeliberative Social Group Work Practice[J]. Social Work with Groups,2016,39(2/3):155-169.
[56]COHOLIC D. Facilitating Mindfulness Using Arts-Based Methods and a Holistic Strengths-Based Perspective[M]//BOONE M S. Mindfulness and Acceptance in Social Work:Evidence-Based Interventions and Emerging Applications. Oakland,CA:New Harbinger Publications,2014:160.
[57]DYLAN A,COATES J. Introduction to Special Issue:Mindfulness and Social Work[J]. Journal of Religion&Spirituality in Social Work:Social Thought,2016,35(1/2):1-6,132-133.
[58]SIMPSON G A,WILLIAMS J C,SEGALL A B. Social Work Education and Clinical Education[J]. Clinical Social Work Journal,2007,35(1):3-14.
[59]LóPEZ A,SANDERMAN R,RANCHOR A V,et al. Compassion for Others and Self-Compassion:Levels,Correlates,and Relationship with Psychological Well-Being[J]. Mindfulness,2018,9(1):325-331.
[60]BIRNBAUM L. The Use of Mindfulness Training to Create an“Accompanying Place”for Social Work Students[J]. Social Work Education,2007,27(8),837-852.
[61]GOH E C L. Integrating Mindfulness and Reflection in the Teaching and Learning of Listening Skills for Undergraduate Social Work Students in Singapore[J]. Social Work Education,2012,31(5):587-604.
[62]BONIFAS R,NAPOLI M. Mindfully Increasing Quality of Life:A Promising Curriculum for MSW Students[J]. Social Work Education:The International Journal,2014,33(4),469-484.
[63]LYNN R. Mindfulness in Social Work Education[J]. Social Work Education,2010,29(2):289-304.
[64]GOCKEL A,BURTON D,JAMES S,et al. Introducing Mindfulness as a Self-Care and Clinical Training Strategy for Beginning Social Work Students[J]. Mindfulness,2013,4(3):343-353.
[65]GOCKEL A. Teaching Note-Practicing Presence:a Curriculum for Integrating Mindfulness Training into Direct Practice Instruction[J]. Journal of Social Work Education,2015,51(4):682-690.
[66]MARIA N,ROBIN B. From Theory toward Empathic Self-Care:Creating a Mindful Classroom for Social Work Students[J]. Social Work Education,2011,30(6):635-649.
[67]MENSINGA J. The Feeling of Being a Social Worker:including Yoga as an Embodied Practice in Social Work Education[J]. Social Work Education,2011,30(6):650-662.
[68]GOCKEL A,DENG X. Mindfulness Training as Social Work Pedagogy:Exploring Benefits,Challenges,and Issues for Consideration in Integrating Mindfulness into Social Work Education[J]. Journal of Religion&Spirituality in Social Work:Social Thought,2016,35(3):222-244.
(1)尽管如实感知(mindfulness)是佛教中的概念,但是实际上,不论儒家还是道家都把如实感知作为理解和把握生活规律---“道”的基本方式,强调“过犹不及”或者“无为而无不为”。
[2]FOLGHERAITER F. Relational Social Work:toward Networking and Society Practices[M]. London:Jessica Kingsley Publishers,2004:164.
[3]RAPP C A,GOSCHA R J. The Strength Model:Case Management with People with Psychiatric Disabilities[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,2006:27.
[4]KEMP S,WHITTAKER J K,TRACY E M. Person-Environment Practice:the Social Ecology of Interpersonal Helping[M].New York:Aldine de Gruyter,1997:52.
[5]GITTERMAN A,GERMAIN C B. The Life Model of Social Work Practice:Advances in Theory and Practice[M]. New York:Columbia University,2008:92.
[6]CLIFFORD D,BURKE B. Anti-Oppressive Ethics and Values in Social Work[M]. London:Palgrave Macmillan,2009:34.
[7]ADAMS R. Social Work and Empowerment[M]. London:Macmillan,1996:3.
[8]TURNER K. Mindfulness:The Present Moment in Clinical Social Work[J]. Clinical Social Work Journal,2009,37(1):95-103.
[9]KABAT-ZINN J. Full Catastrophe Living:Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress,Pain and Illness[M].New York:Dell,1990:2.
[10]HICK S F. Mindfulness and Social Work:Paying Attention to Ourselves,Our Clients,and Society[M]//HICK S F. Mindfulness and Social Work. Chicago:Lyceum Books? Inc.,2009:11.
[11]SHAPIRO S L,SCHWARTZ G E,BONNER G. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Medical or Premedical Students[J]. Journal of Behavioral Medicine,1998,21(5):581-599.
[12]KRISTELLER J L,HALLETT B. Effects of a Mediation-Based Intervention in the Treatment of Binge Eating[J]. Journal of Health Psychology,1999,4(3):357-363.
[13]MONTI D A,PETERSON C,SHAKIN K E J,et al. A Randomized,Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy for Women with Cancer[J]. Psycho-oncology,2006,15(5):363-373.
[14]WILLIAMS J M,DUGGAN D S,CRANE C,et al. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Prevention of Recurrence of Suicidal Behavior[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2006,62(2):201-210.
[15]LAZAR S W. Mindfulness research[M]//GERMER C K,SIEGEL R D,FULTON P R. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy.New York:Guilford,2005:239.
[16]SEGAL Z V,WILLIAMS M G,TEASDALE J D. Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression:A New Approach to Preventing Relapse[M]. New York:Guilford,2002:4.
[17]GERMER C K. Teaching Mindfulness in Therapy[M]//GERMER C K,SIEGEL R D,FULTON P R. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York:Guilford,2005:61.
[18]KENNY M A,WILLIAM J M G. Treatment-Resistant Depressed Patients Show a Good Response to Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy[J]. Behavior Research and Therapy,2007,45(6):617-625.
[19]LINEHAN M M. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder[M]. New York:Guilford Press,1993:13.
[20]LYNCH T R,MORSE J,MENDELSON T,et al. Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Depressed Older Adults:a Randomized Pilot Study[J]. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,2003,11(1):33-45.
[21]TELCH C F,AGRAS W S,LINEHAN M M. Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder[J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,2001,69(10):1061-1065.
[22]MARRA T. The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Workbook for Overcoming Depression and Anxiety[M]. Oakland,CA:New Harbinger,2004:24.
[23]ROBINS C J,CHAPMAN A L. Dialectical Behavior Therapy:Current Status,Recent Developments,and Future Directions[J]. Journal of Personality Disorders,2004,18(1):73-89.
[24]HAYES S C,STROSAHL K D,WILSON K G. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy[M]. New York:Guilford Press,1999:13.
[25]FLETCHER L,HAYES S C. Relational Frame Theory:Acceptance and Commitment Therapy,and a Functional Analytic Definition of Mindfulness[J]. Journal of Rational-Emotive&Cognitive-Behavior Therapy,2005:23(4):315-336.
[26]NAPOLI M. React or Response:A Guide to Apply Mindfulness for Families and Therapists[J]. Family in Society,2011,92(1):28-32.
[27]DIDONNA F. Introduction:Where New and Old Paths to Dealing with Suffering Meet[M]//DIDONNA F. Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. New York:Springer,2009:13.
[28]GOCKEL A. The Promise of Mindfulness for Clinical Practice Education[J]. Smith College Studies in Social Work,2010,80(2/3):248-268.
[29]TANG Y Y,HLZEL B K,POSNER M I. The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation[M]. New York:Springer International Publishing,2017:9.
[30]OLENDZKI A. The Roots of Mindfulness[M]//GERMER C K,SIEGEL R D,FULTON P R. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York:Guilford Publications,2013:280.
[31]COMPSON J,MONTEIRO L. Still Exploring the Middle Path:A Response to Commentaries[J]. Mindfulness,2016,7(5):548-564.
[32]KABAT-ZINN J. Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context:Past,Present,and Future[J]. Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice,2003,10(1):144-156.
[33]KABAT-ZINN J. Foreword[M]//DIDONNA F. Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. New York:Springer,2009:xxxiii.
[34]SHAPIRO S L,CARLSON L E,ASTIN J A,et al. Mechanisms of Mindfulness[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2006,62(3):373-386.
[35]MCGARRIGLE T,WALSH C A. Mindfulness,Self-Care,and Wellness in Social Work:Effects of Contemplative Training[J]. Journal of Religion&Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought,2011,30(3):212-233.
[36]NAPOLI M. Tools for Mindful Living:Stepping Stones for Practice[M]. Kendall Hunt Pub Co,2010:29.
[37]HICK S F. Cultivating Therapeutic Relationships:the Role of Mindfulness[M]//HICK S F,BIEN T. Mindfulness and the Therapeutic Relationship. New York:Guilford Press,2008:4.
[38]LAU M A,BISHOP S R,SEGAL S V,et al. The Toronto Mindfulness Scale:Development and Validation[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2006,62(12):1445-1467.
[39]JENNINGS P A. Contemplative Education and Youth Development[J]. New Directions for Youth Development,2008,118(1):101-105.
[40]MORGAN W D,MORGAN S T. Cultivating Attention and Empathy[M]//GERMER C K,SIEGEL R D,FULTON P R.Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York:Guilford,2005:82.
[41]MACKEY R A. Toward an Integration of Ideas about the Self for the Practice of Clinical Social Work[J]. Clinical Social Work Journal,2007,36(2):225-234.
[42]SCHORE J R,SCHORE A N. Modern Attachment Theory:the Central Role of Affect Regulation in Development and Treatment[J]. Clinical Social Work Journal,2008,36(1):9-12.
[43]SIEGEL R D,GERMER C K,OLENDZKI A. Mindfulness:What Is It? Where Did It Come From?[M]//DIDONNA F.Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. New York:Springer,2009:34.
[44]LANGER E J,MOLDOVEANU M. The Construct of Mindfulness[J]. Journal of Social Issues,2000,56(1):1-9.
[45]TOLLE E. A New Earth:Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose[M]. New York:Dutton,2005:199.
[46]GARLAND E L. Mindfulness Research in Social Work:Conceptual and Methodological Recommendations[J]. Social Work Research,2013,37(4):439-448.
[47]LUNDY C,VAN WORMER K. Social and Economic Justice,Human Rights and Peace:the Challenge for Social Work in Canada and the USA[J]. International Social Work,2007,50(7):727-739.
[48]COYLE D,EDWARDS D,HANNIGAN B,et al. A Systematic Review of Stress among Mental Health Social Workers[J].International Social Work,2005,48(2):201-211.
[49]LLOYD C,KING R,CHENOWETH L. Social Work,Stress and Burnout:A Review[J]. Journal of Mental Health,2002,11(3):255-265.
[50]OSPINA-KAMMERER V,DIXON D R. Coping with Burnout:Family Physicians and Family Social Workers—What Do They Have in Common?[J]Journal of Family Social Work,2001,5(1):85-93.
[51]NEWSOME S,CHRISTOPHER J C,DAHLEN P. Teaching Counselors Self-Care through Mindfulness Practices[J].Teachers College Record,2006,108(9):1881-1900.
[52]LYSACK M. From Environmental Despair to the Ecological Self:Mindfulness and Community Action[M]//HICK S. Mindfulness and Social Work. Chicago:Lyceum,2009:216.
[53]TODD S. Mobilizing Communities for Social Change:Integrating Mindfulness and Passionate Politics[M]//HICK S.Mindfulness and Social Work. Chicago,IL:Lyceum,2009:186.
[54]LONDON T. Mindfulness in Activism:Fighting for Justice As a Self-Reflective Emancipatory Practice[M]//HICK S.Mindfulness and Social Work. Chicago,IL:Lyceum,2009:200.
[55]COHOLIC D A,OYSTRICK V,POSTERARO J,et al. Facilitating Arts-Based Mindfulness Group Activities with Vulnerable Children:an Example of Nondeliberative Social Group Work Practice[J]. Social Work with Groups,2016,39(2/3):155-169.
[56]COHOLIC D. Facilitating Mindfulness Using Arts-Based Methods and a Holistic Strengths-Based Perspective[M]//BOONE M S. Mindfulness and Acceptance in Social Work:Evidence-Based Interventions and Emerging Applications. Oakland,CA:New Harbinger Publications,2014:160.
[57]DYLAN A,COATES J. Introduction to Special Issue:Mindfulness and Social Work[J]. Journal of Religion&Spirituality in Social Work:Social Thought,2016,35(1/2):1-6,132-133.
[58]SIMPSON G A,WILLIAMS J C,SEGALL A B. Social Work Education and Clinical Education[J]. Clinical Social Work Journal,2007,35(1):3-14.
[59]LóPEZ A,SANDERMAN R,RANCHOR A V,et al. Compassion for Others and Self-Compassion:Levels,Correlates,and Relationship with Psychological Well-Being[J]. Mindfulness,2018,9(1):325-331.
[60]BIRNBAUM L. The Use of Mindfulness Training to Create an“Accompanying Place”for Social Work Students[J]. Social Work Education,2007,27(8),837-852.
[61]GOH E C L. Integrating Mindfulness and Reflection in the Teaching and Learning of Listening Skills for Undergraduate Social Work Students in Singapore[J]. Social Work Education,2012,31(5):587-604.
[62]BONIFAS R,NAPOLI M. Mindfully Increasing Quality of Life:A Promising Curriculum for MSW Students[J]. Social Work Education:The International Journal,2014,33(4),469-484.
[63]LYNN R. Mindfulness in Social Work Education[J]. Social Work Education,2010,29(2):289-304.
[64]GOCKEL A,BURTON D,JAMES S,et al. Introducing Mindfulness as a Self-Care and Clinical Training Strategy for Beginning Social Work Students[J]. Mindfulness,2013,4(3):343-353.
[65]GOCKEL A. Teaching Note-Practicing Presence:a Curriculum for Integrating Mindfulness Training into Direct Practice Instruction[J]. Journal of Social Work Education,2015,51(4):682-690.
[66]MARIA N,ROBIN B. From Theory toward Empathic Self-Care:Creating a Mindful Classroom for Social Work Students[J]. Social Work Education,2011,30(6):635-649.
[67]MENSINGA J. The Feeling of Being a Social Worker:including Yoga as an Embodied Practice in Social Work Education[J]. Social Work Education,2011,30(6):650-662.
[68]GOCKEL A,DENG X. Mindfulness Training as Social Work Pedagogy:Exploring Benefits,Challenges,and Issues for Consideration in Integrating Mindfulness into Social Work Education[J]. Journal of Religion&Spirituality in Social Work:Social Thought,2016,35(3):222-244.
(1)尽管如实感知(mindfulness)是佛教中的概念,但是实际上,不论儒家还是道家都把如实感知作为理解和把握生活规律---“道”的基本方式,强调“过犹不及”或者“无为而无不为”。