SOA和二语水平对汉-藏启动效应影响的实证研究
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摘要
本文利用语义范畴判断实验任务,研究了不同SOA和二语水平对汉-藏启动效应的影响。结果发现:1)SOA为38ms时,实验未产生汉-藏启动效应;SOA为50、100、150、200ms时,实验均产生了汉-藏启动效应,且SOA200的启动效应大于SOA50、SOA100和SOA150的启动效应,但是,SOA50、SOA100和SOA150的启动效应之间没有显著差异。2)受试汉语二语水平的主效应不显著。据此,我们认为汉-藏启动效应受SOA的调节。过短的SOA无法产生启动效应;50～200ms的时间窗能产生稳定的启动效应,SOA越长,启动效应可能越大,产生无意识启动效应的最佳时间段可能在100ms左右的时间窗。对于非平衡双语者来说,受试的汉语二语水平不影响汉-藏启动效应。
To determine the effect of different SOAs and L2 proficiency on the Chinese-Tibetan priming effect,a behavioral experiment was conducted adopting semantic categorization task. The results showed that: 1) when SOA is 38 ms,no Chinese-Tibetan priming effect is produced,and when SOA is 50 ms,100 ms,150 ms or 200 ms respectively,ChineseTibetan priming effect is produced,with the highest priming effect at 200 ms,but no significant difference has been detected among 50 ms,100 ms and 150 ms. 2) The main effect of L2 proficiency is not significant in this study.Therefore we conclude that Chinese-Tibetan priming effect is regulated by SOA. If SOA is too short,a priming effect can hardly be produced; while with a time window between 50 ～ 200 ms,a stable priming effect can be produced.Generally,the longer the SOA is,the greater the priming effect can be. The best time slot to produce unconscious priming effect is probably about 100 ms. L2 proficiency has no influence on the size of the priming effect for unbalanced bilinguals.
To determine the effect of different SOAs and L2 proficiency on the Chinese-Tibetan priming effect,a behavioral experiment was conducted adopting semantic categorization task. The results showed that: 1) when SOA is 38 ms,no Chinese-Tibetan priming effect is produced,and when SOA is 50 ms,100 ms,150 ms or 200 ms respectively,ChineseTibetan priming effect is produced,with the highest priming effect at 200 ms,but no significant difference has been detected among 50 ms,100 ms and 150 ms. 2) The main effect of L2 proficiency is not significant in this study.Therefore we conclude that Chinese-Tibetan priming effect is regulated by SOA. If SOA is too short,a priming effect can hardly be produced; while with a time window between 50 ～ 200 ms,a stable priming effect can be produced.Generally,the longer the SOA is,the greater the priming effect can be. The best time slot to produce unconscious priming effect is probably about 100 ms. L2 proficiency has no influence on the size of the priming effect for unbalanced bilinguals.
引文
[1] 白学军,侯友.词汇初期语义属性的激活程度:来自ERP的证据[J].心理科学,2013,(2):258-264.
[2]陈士法.英语复合词在英汉心理词典中存储单位的实验研究[J].外语教学与研究,2009,(3):211-216.
[3]陈士法,苗兴伟,方洁.英汉双语心理词典中英语单词的存储单位——一项实验研究[J].外语教学与研究,2007,(1):51-55.
[4]陈士法,彭建武.Markus表征理论对英汉心理词典表征模式的解释力[J].山东科技大学学报(社会科学版),2009,(2):74-79.
[5]陈亚平.熟练汉英双语者屈折词加工模式研究[J].外语教学与研究,2015,(1):55-66.
[6]崔占玲,张积家.藏-汉-英三语者语言联系模式探讨[J].心理学报,2009,(3):208-219.
[7]方燕红,张积家.语义相似性与类别大小对图词干扰范式下语义效应的影响[J].心理学报,2013,(5):523-537.
[8]高晓雷,王永胜,郭志英,张慢慢,白学军.藏-汉双语者语义与词汇表征特点研究[J].心理与行为研究,2015,(6):737-743.
[9]黎明,蒲茂华.双语心理词汇语义表征——0-MinLCLASP区间多点测试实证研究[J].外国语文,2014,(4):76-80.
[10]李黎.中国英语学习者心理词汇的连接模式研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2016.
[11]李利,莫雷,王瑞明.熟练中-英双语者三语词汇的语义通达[J].心理学报,2008,(5):523-530.
[12]麦穗妍,陈俊.非熟练潮-粤双言者的语义通达:来自听觉词加工的证据[J].心理学报,2014,(2):227-237.
[13]热比古丽·白克力,闻素霞,雷志明.维-汉-英三语者三种语言语义通达模型的实验研究[J].心理科学,2012,(2):287-293.
[14]宋娟,吕勇.任务定势对自动语义激活过程调节作用的ERP研究[J].心理科学,2012,(1):30-37.
[15]宋娟,吕勇.自上而下的因素对掩蔽启动中自动加工过程的影响[J].心理科学进展,2015,(5):766-773.
[16]宋娟,吕勇,沈德立.任务目的对自动语义激活过程的调节作用:ERPs研究[J].心理学探新,2013,(2):134-140.
[17]孙鑫,李伟.不同三语学习者的语义通达机制对比研究[J].外语与外语教学,2014,(3):49-54.
[18]王春茂,彭聃龄.合成词加工中的词频、词素频率及语义透明度[J].心理学报,1999,(3):266-273.
[19]王沛,蔡李平.汉英双语语义表征的事件相关电位研究[J].外语教学与研究,2010,(4):282-288.
[20]王瑞明,邓汉深,李俊杰,李利,范梦.中-英双语者语言理解中非加工语言的自动激活[J].心理学报,2011,(7):771-783.
[21]王瑞明,张洁婷,李利,莫雷.二语词汇在双语者三语词汇语义通达中的作用[J].心理科学,2010,(4):853-856.
[22]魏景汉,罗跃嘉.事件相关电位原理与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[23]药盼盼,李妮,陈宝国.词根频率对汉语母语者英语屈折词和派生词表征方式的影响[J].外语教学与研究,2012,(5):694-705.
[24]Chen,C.Y.,J.X.Zhang,L.Li & R.Wang.Bilingual memory representations in less fluent bilinguals:An event-related potential study[J].Psychological Reports,2015,116(1):230-241.
[25]Dong,Y.P.,S.C.Gui & B.Macwhinney.Shared and separate meanings in the bilingual mental lexicon[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,2005,8(3):221-238.
[26]Duňabeitia,J.A.,M.Dimitropoulou,O.Uribe-Etxebarria,I.Laka & M.Carreiras.Electrophysiological correlates of the masked translation priming effect with highly proficient simultaneous bilinguals[J].Brain Research,2010,1359:142-154.
[27]Geyer,A.,P.J.Holcomb,K.J.Midgley & J.Grainger.Processing words in two languages:An event-related brain potential study of proficient bilinguals[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,2011,24(3):338-351.
[28]Grainger,J.& C.Beauvillain.Associative priming in bilinguals:Some limits of interlingual facilitation effects[J].Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie,1988,42(3):261-273.
[29]Keatley,C.W.,J.A.Spinks & B.De Gelder.Asymmetrical cross-language priming effects[J].Memory & Cognition,1994,22(1):70-84.
[30]Kiefer,M.Top-down modulation of unconscious “automatic” processes:A gating framework[J].Advances in Cognitive Psychology,2007,3(1):289-306.
[31]Kiran,S.& K.R.Lebel.Crosslinguistic semantic and translation priming in normal bilingual individuals and bilingual aphasia[J].Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics,2007,21(4):277-303.
[32]Kroll,J.F.& E.Stewart.Category interference in translation and picture naming:Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations[J].Journal of Memory & Language,1994,33(2):149-174.
[33]Kuper,K.& M.Heil.Electrophysiology reveals semantic priming at a short SOA irrespective of depth of prime processing[J].Neuroscience Letters,2009,453(2):107-111.
[34]Leonard,M.K.,C.Torres,K.E.Travis,T.T.Brown,D.J.Hagler,Jr.,A.M.Dale.,J.L.Elman & E.Halgren.Language proficiency modulates the recruitment of nonclassical language areas in bilinguals[J/OL].PLoS One,2011,6(3):e18240.
[35]Liu,H.,Z.Hu,D.Peng,Y.Yang & K.Li.Common and segregated neural substrates for automatic conceptual and affective priming as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging[J].Brain and Language,2010,112(2):121-128.
[36]Ma,F.-Y.,P.-Y.Chen,T.-M.Guo & J.F.Kroll.When late second language learners access the meaning of L2 words:Using ERPs to investigate the role of the L1 translation equivalent[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,2017,41:50-69.
[37]Pu,H.,P.J.Holcomb & K.J.Midgley.Neural changes underlying early stages of L2 vocabulary acquisition[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,2016,40:55-65.
[38]Rastle,K.,M.H.Davis,W.D.Marslen-Wilson & L.K.Tyler.Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition:A time-course study[J].Language and Cognitive Processes,2000,15(4):507-537.
[39]Schoonbaert,S.,P.J.Holcomb,J.Grainger & R.J.Hartsuiker.Testing asymmetries in noncognate translation priming:Evidence from RTs and ERPs[J].Psychophysiology,2011,48(1):74-81.
[40]Schoonbaert,S.,W.Duyck,M.Brysbaert,R.Holloway & R.J.Hartsuiker.Semantic and translation priming from a first language to a second and back:Making sense of the findings[J].Memory & Cognition,2009,37(5):569-586.
[41]Schwanenflugel,P.J.& M.Rey.Interlingual semantic facilitation:Evidence for a common representational system in the bilingual lexicon[J].Journal of Memory & Language,1986,25(5):605-618.
[42]Storbeck,J.& M.D.Robinson.Preferences and inferences in encoding visual objects:A systematic comparison of semantic and affective priming[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2004,30(1):81-93.
[2]陈士法.英语复合词在英汉心理词典中存储单位的实验研究[J].外语教学与研究,2009,(3):211-216.
[3]陈士法,苗兴伟,方洁.英汉双语心理词典中英语单词的存储单位——一项实验研究[J].外语教学与研究,2007,(1):51-55.
[4]陈士法,彭建武.Markus表征理论对英汉心理词典表征模式的解释力[J].山东科技大学学报(社会科学版),2009,(2):74-79.
[5]陈亚平.熟练汉英双语者屈折词加工模式研究[J].外语教学与研究,2015,(1):55-66.
[6]崔占玲,张积家.藏-汉-英三语者语言联系模式探讨[J].心理学报,2009,(3):208-219.
[7]方燕红,张积家.语义相似性与类别大小对图词干扰范式下语义效应的影响[J].心理学报,2013,(5):523-537.
[8]高晓雷,王永胜,郭志英,张慢慢,白学军.藏-汉双语者语义与词汇表征特点研究[J].心理与行为研究,2015,(6):737-743.
[9]黎明,蒲茂华.双语心理词汇语义表征——0-MinLCLASP区间多点测试实证研究[J].外国语文,2014,(4):76-80.
[10]李黎.中国英语学习者心理词汇的连接模式研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2016.
[11]李利,莫雷,王瑞明.熟练中-英双语者三语词汇的语义通达[J].心理学报,2008,(5):523-530.
[12]麦穗妍,陈俊.非熟练潮-粤双言者的语义通达:来自听觉词加工的证据[J].心理学报,2014,(2):227-237.
[13]热比古丽·白克力,闻素霞,雷志明.维-汉-英三语者三种语言语义通达模型的实验研究[J].心理科学,2012,(2):287-293.
[14]宋娟,吕勇.任务定势对自动语义激活过程调节作用的ERP研究[J].心理科学,2012,(1):30-37.
[15]宋娟,吕勇.自上而下的因素对掩蔽启动中自动加工过程的影响[J].心理科学进展,2015,(5):766-773.
[16]宋娟,吕勇,沈德立.任务目的对自动语义激活过程的调节作用:ERPs研究[J].心理学探新,2013,(2):134-140.
[17]孙鑫,李伟.不同三语学习者的语义通达机制对比研究[J].外语与外语教学,2014,(3):49-54.
[18]王春茂,彭聃龄.合成词加工中的词频、词素频率及语义透明度[J].心理学报,1999,(3):266-273.
[19]王沛,蔡李平.汉英双语语义表征的事件相关电位研究[J].外语教学与研究,2010,(4):282-288.
[20]王瑞明,邓汉深,李俊杰,李利,范梦.中-英双语者语言理解中非加工语言的自动激活[J].心理学报,2011,(7):771-783.
[21]王瑞明,张洁婷,李利,莫雷.二语词汇在双语者三语词汇语义通达中的作用[J].心理科学,2010,(4):853-856.
[22]魏景汉,罗跃嘉.事件相关电位原理与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[23]药盼盼,李妮,陈宝国.词根频率对汉语母语者英语屈折词和派生词表征方式的影响[J].外语教学与研究,2012,(5):694-705.
[24]Chen,C.Y.,J.X.Zhang,L.Li & R.Wang.Bilingual memory representations in less fluent bilinguals:An event-related potential study[J].Psychological Reports,2015,116(1):230-241.
[25]Dong,Y.P.,S.C.Gui & B.Macwhinney.Shared and separate meanings in the bilingual mental lexicon[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,2005,8(3):221-238.
[26]Duňabeitia,J.A.,M.Dimitropoulou,O.Uribe-Etxebarria,I.Laka & M.Carreiras.Electrophysiological correlates of the masked translation priming effect with highly proficient simultaneous bilinguals[J].Brain Research,2010,1359:142-154.
[27]Geyer,A.,P.J.Holcomb,K.J.Midgley & J.Grainger.Processing words in two languages:An event-related brain potential study of proficient bilinguals[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,2011,24(3):338-351.
[28]Grainger,J.& C.Beauvillain.Associative priming in bilinguals:Some limits of interlingual facilitation effects[J].Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie,1988,42(3):261-273.
[29]Keatley,C.W.,J.A.Spinks & B.De Gelder.Asymmetrical cross-language priming effects[J].Memory & Cognition,1994,22(1):70-84.
[30]Kiefer,M.Top-down modulation of unconscious “automatic” processes:A gating framework[J].Advances in Cognitive Psychology,2007,3(1):289-306.
[31]Kiran,S.& K.R.Lebel.Crosslinguistic semantic and translation priming in normal bilingual individuals and bilingual aphasia[J].Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics,2007,21(4):277-303.
[32]Kroll,J.F.& E.Stewart.Category interference in translation and picture naming:Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations[J].Journal of Memory & Language,1994,33(2):149-174.
[33]Kuper,K.& M.Heil.Electrophysiology reveals semantic priming at a short SOA irrespective of depth of prime processing[J].Neuroscience Letters,2009,453(2):107-111.
[34]Leonard,M.K.,C.Torres,K.E.Travis,T.T.Brown,D.J.Hagler,Jr.,A.M.Dale.,J.L.Elman & E.Halgren.Language proficiency modulates the recruitment of nonclassical language areas in bilinguals[J/OL].PLoS One,2011,6(3):e18240.
[35]Liu,H.,Z.Hu,D.Peng,Y.Yang & K.Li.Common and segregated neural substrates for automatic conceptual and affective priming as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging[J].Brain and Language,2010,112(2):121-128.
[36]Ma,F.-Y.,P.-Y.Chen,T.-M.Guo & J.F.Kroll.When late second language learners access the meaning of L2 words:Using ERPs to investigate the role of the L1 translation equivalent[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,2017,41:50-69.
[37]Pu,H.,P.J.Holcomb & K.J.Midgley.Neural changes underlying early stages of L2 vocabulary acquisition[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,2016,40:55-65.
[38]Rastle,K.,M.H.Davis,W.D.Marslen-Wilson & L.K.Tyler.Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition:A time-course study[J].Language and Cognitive Processes,2000,15(4):507-537.
[39]Schoonbaert,S.,P.J.Holcomb,J.Grainger & R.J.Hartsuiker.Testing asymmetries in noncognate translation priming:Evidence from RTs and ERPs[J].Psychophysiology,2011,48(1):74-81.
[40]Schoonbaert,S.,W.Duyck,M.Brysbaert,R.Holloway & R.J.Hartsuiker.Semantic and translation priming from a first language to a second and back:Making sense of the findings[J].Memory & Cognition,2009,37(5):569-586.
[41]Schwanenflugel,P.J.& M.Rey.Interlingual semantic facilitation:Evidence for a common representational system in the bilingual lexicon[J].Journal of Memory & Language,1986,25(5):605-618.
[42]Storbeck,J.& M.D.Robinson.Preferences and inferences in encoding visual objects:A systematic comparison of semantic and affective priming[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2004,30(1):81-93.