新源野果林主要气象特征和人工更新集雨防草技术研究
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摘要
本试验在野果林原生境设置自动气象站,测定主要气象指标,分析温度、降雨和光照等主要气象特征;同时选择野果林原生境阳坡、阴坡和平地3种生境类型试验地,分别铺设园艺地布、黑色地膜和挖鱼鳞坑3种处理,研究其保水和抑制杂草效果。主要得出以下结论:试验区气温从4—7月上升,8月10日后开始逐渐下降,最高温出现在7月下旬—8月上旬;试验期间空气相对湿度呈现不均匀变化,极值出现频率较高;光照从4—6月底逐渐上升,且变化范围较大,7月开始下降;表层土壤温度从5—7月中旬逐渐上升,之后开始下降;降雨主要集中在4—6月,其降雨约占试验期降雨量的65.63%;铺膜和挖鱼鳞坑处理均能不同程度地提高土层0~60 cm的含水量,其中,铺园艺地布、铺黑色地膜、鱼鳞坑处理下0~60 cm平均土壤含水量较CK分别提高20.33%,13.45%,8.58%;3种处理对不同试验地的土壤含水量影响略有差别;阴坡和平地土壤含水量随土壤深度的增加而下降,阳坡则相反;土壤含水量与环境因子密切相关,阳坡与平地土壤含水量与气温、空气相对湿度、土壤温度和降雨量显著相关,阴坡仅与气温、空气相对湿度和降雨量显著相关;铺地布和地膜的防草效果极显著,均达到100%。
An automatic weather station was set up in the original habitat of the wild fruit forest to determine the main meteorological indexes and to analyze the main meteorological characteristics as temperature, rainfall and illumination. As the same time selected three habitat types in wild fruit forest as sunny slope, shady slope and flat ground. The three treatments were laying gardening cloth, black plastic film and digging fish-scale pit respectively to study the effects of water retention and weed control. Main conclusions were as follows: the air temperature in the test area increased from April to July, then decreased in August. The highest temperature appeared in late July to early August. During the test period, the air relative humidity changed unevenly and the extreme value appeared frequently. The illumination increased gradually from April to the end of June, of which the change range was bigger, but it began to decline in July. The surface soil temperature rose gradually from May to mid July, and then began to decline, The rainfall is concentrated from April to June, accounting for about 65.63% of the rainfall in the trial period. The laying film and digging fish-scale pit treatment improved soil moisture content, in which the mean soil moisture(0-60 cm) of laying gardening cloth, black plastic film and digging fish-scale pit were increased by 20.33%, 13.45%, 8.58%, respectively. The effects of three treatments on soil moisture content in different experimental area were slightly different; the moisture content of shady slop and flat ground decreased following with the increase of soil depth, while the sunny slope was the opposite. Soil water content was closely related to environmental factors. The soil water content of sunny slopes and flat ground was significantly correlated to air temperature, air relative humidity, soil temperature, and to rainfall, while the shady slopes were only significantly correlated to air temperature, air relative humidity, and to rainfall. The effect of laying gardening cloth and plastic film on the weeds control were very significant, all reached 100%.
An automatic weather station was set up in the original habitat of the wild fruit forest to determine the main meteorological indexes and to analyze the main meteorological characteristics as temperature, rainfall and illumination. As the same time selected three habitat types in wild fruit forest as sunny slope, shady slope and flat ground. The three treatments were laying gardening cloth, black plastic film and digging fish-scale pit respectively to study the effects of water retention and weed control. Main conclusions were as follows: the air temperature in the test area increased from April to July, then decreased in August. The highest temperature appeared in late July to early August. During the test period, the air relative humidity changed unevenly and the extreme value appeared frequently. The illumination increased gradually from April to the end of June, of which the change range was bigger, but it began to decline in July. The surface soil temperature rose gradually from May to mid July, and then began to decline, The rainfall is concentrated from April to June, accounting for about 65.63% of the rainfall in the trial period. The laying film and digging fish-scale pit treatment improved soil moisture content, in which the mean soil moisture(0-60 cm) of laying gardening cloth, black plastic film and digging fish-scale pit were increased by 20.33%, 13.45%, 8.58%, respectively. The effects of three treatments on soil moisture content in different experimental area were slightly different; the moisture content of shady slop and flat ground decreased following with the increase of soil depth, while the sunny slope was the opposite. Soil water content was closely related to environmental factors. The soil water content of sunny slopes and flat ground was significantly correlated to air temperature, air relative humidity, soil temperature, and to rainfall, while the shady slopes were only significantly correlated to air temperature, air relative humidity, and to rainfall. The effect of laying gardening cloth and plastic film on the weeds control were very significant, all reached 100%.
引文
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[8]郭米娟,余成群,钟华平,等.覆膜对青饲玉米生长发育及杂草的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(7):19975-19976.
[9]吴菊香,许婷婷,许曼琳,等.不同除草地膜对花生田杂草和花生产量的影响[J].花生学报,2015(2):58-60.
[10]普宗朝,张山清,徐文修,等.气候变化对伊犁河谷冬小麦产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(15):173-182.
[11]戚大伟.9种苹果矮化中间砧栽培抗旱性比较[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[12]徐颖.海棠幼苗对干旱复水和Na Cl胁迫的反应及其抗性评价[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2016.
[13]木斯塔帕·海比布,吾木提汗·卡克木,加帕尔·卡迪尔,等.干旱胁迫下不同类型野生杏光合作用比较[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(11):2047-2054.
[14]尹晓宁,马明,张坤,等.不同覆盖条件对陇东旱塬苹果园土壤水分及果实品质的影响[J].经济林研究,2012,30(1):34-39.
[15]刘球,李志辉,吴际友,等.不同地表覆盖处理对湿地松二代种子园土壤温湿度的影响研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(12):48-54.
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[17]李永闲,廖康,王国州,等.氮磷钾配比施肥对轮台白杏枝叶生长的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2012,49(2):216-222.
[18]李智平,韩玉侠,党志明,等.3个品种苹果新梢和果实生长发育规律调查[J].落叶果树,2014,46(5):51-53.
[19]徐巧.黄土高原丘陵区干旱山地苹果树需水规律研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[20]刘婷,贾志宽,张睿,等.秸秆覆盖对旱地土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(7):68-76.
[21]李虹辰,赵西宁,高晓东,等.鱼鳞坑与覆盖组合措施对陕北旱作枣园土壤水分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2297-2303.
[22]路海东,薛吉全,郝引川,等.黑色地膜覆盖对旱地玉米土壤环境和植株生长的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(7):1997-2004.
[23]江燕,史春余,王振振,等.地膜覆盖对耕层土壤温度水分和甘薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(6):627-634.
[24]刘小勇,孔芬,韩富军,等.甘肃山地核桃园土壤水热和养分的变化特征[J].经济林研究,2018,36(1):79-86.
[25]李婷.林地覆盖对油茶果实生长的影响[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2016.
[26]周景春,苏玉杰,张怀念,等.0~50 cm土壤含水量与降水和蒸发的关系分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(6):23-27.
[27]刘海艳.大兴安岭落叶松林土壤水分变化特征及影响因素分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2006.
[28]陈媛媛.杉木人工林土壤水分与环境因子关系研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2013.
[29]赵琛,张兰慧,李金麟,等.黑河上游土壤含水量的空间分布与环境因子的关系[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(3):338-347.
[30]朱华德.五龙池小流域土壤水分时空变异及其与主要影响因子的关系[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.
[31]范新瑞.典型喀斯特石漠化地区土壤含水量变化的初步分析——以普定县陈家寨石漠化基地为例[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2009.
[32]白天路,杨勤科,申佳.黄土高原丘陵沟壑小流域土壤水分垂直分布变异特征及影响因子[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(12):2508-2514.
[33]刘锦波,殷鸣放,王大琦,等.人工红松幼林抚育中的省力化育林控草试验[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(9):38-42.
[34]陈刚,赵致,王华磊,等.地膜覆盖对何首乌生长及其田间杂草防控效果的影响[J].山地农业生物学报,2013,32(1):92-94.
[35]吴治国,闫军明,魏晖.黑色地膜对设施疏菜防草、控草、降温作用与机理研究[J].农业科技通讯,2013(10):150-152.
[36]韩世栋.地膜覆盖防除夏玉米田杂草效果研究简介[J].潍坊高等职业教育,2009(3):62-64.
[37]原华,杨淑华,杨占玲.除草地膜覆盖圆葱防草的试验[J].北京农业,2007(15):26-28.
[2]周龙,廖康,许正,等.新疆野生樱桃李种质资源研究进展[J].经济林研究,2010,28(2):142-145.
[3]廖康.新疆野生果树资源研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版总社,2013:1-3.
[4]柴守玺,杨长刚,张淑芳,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(5):787-796.
[5]李晓芳,张化生,杨永岗.不同覆膜方式对土壤含水量及甜脆豆部分农艺性状的影响[J].北方园艺,2014(18):58-60.
[6]郭青范,杨志谟,赵万千,等.不同覆膜方式对膜下土壤温湿度及春蚕豆产量构成影响的评价[J].农业科技通讯,2013(7):78-81.
[7]刘祥臣,赵海英,卢兆成,等.覆膜处理对稻田主要杂草的防效研究[J].河南农业科学,2011,40(8):138-141.
[8]郭米娟,余成群,钟华平,等.覆膜对青饲玉米生长发育及杂草的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(7):19975-19976.
[9]吴菊香,许婷婷,许曼琳,等.不同除草地膜对花生田杂草和花生产量的影响[J].花生学报,2015(2):58-60.
[10]普宗朝,张山清,徐文修,等.气候变化对伊犁河谷冬小麦产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(15):173-182.
[11]戚大伟.9种苹果矮化中间砧栽培抗旱性比较[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[12]徐颖.海棠幼苗对干旱复水和Na Cl胁迫的反应及其抗性评价[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2016.
[13]木斯塔帕·海比布,吾木提汗·卡克木,加帕尔·卡迪尔,等.干旱胁迫下不同类型野生杏光合作用比较[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(11):2047-2054.
[14]尹晓宁,马明,张坤,等.不同覆盖条件对陇东旱塬苹果园土壤水分及果实品质的影响[J].经济林研究,2012,30(1):34-39.
[15]刘球,李志辉,吴际友,等.不同地表覆盖处理对湿地松二代种子园土壤温湿度的影响研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(12):48-54.
[16]武利玉.半干旱地区城市绿化带集雨模式及植物生长效应研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.
[17]李永闲,廖康,王国州,等.氮磷钾配比施肥对轮台白杏枝叶生长的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2012,49(2):216-222.
[18]李智平,韩玉侠,党志明,等.3个品种苹果新梢和果实生长发育规律调查[J].落叶果树,2014,46(5):51-53.
[19]徐巧.黄土高原丘陵区干旱山地苹果树需水规律研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[20]刘婷,贾志宽,张睿,等.秸秆覆盖对旱地土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(7):68-76.
[21]李虹辰,赵西宁,高晓东,等.鱼鳞坑与覆盖组合措施对陕北旱作枣园土壤水分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2297-2303.
[22]路海东,薛吉全,郝引川,等.黑色地膜覆盖对旱地玉米土壤环境和植株生长的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(7):1997-2004.
[23]江燕,史春余,王振振,等.地膜覆盖对耕层土壤温度水分和甘薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(6):627-634.
[24]刘小勇,孔芬,韩富军,等.甘肃山地核桃园土壤水热和养分的变化特征[J].经济林研究,2018,36(1):79-86.
[25]李婷.林地覆盖对油茶果实生长的影响[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2016.
[26]周景春,苏玉杰,张怀念,等.0~50 cm土壤含水量与降水和蒸发的关系分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(6):23-27.
[27]刘海艳.大兴安岭落叶松林土壤水分变化特征及影响因素分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2006.
[28]陈媛媛.杉木人工林土壤水分与环境因子关系研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2013.
[29]赵琛,张兰慧,李金麟,等.黑河上游土壤含水量的空间分布与环境因子的关系[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(3):338-347.
[30]朱华德.五龙池小流域土壤水分时空变异及其与主要影响因子的关系[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.
[31]范新瑞.典型喀斯特石漠化地区土壤含水量变化的初步分析——以普定县陈家寨石漠化基地为例[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2009.
[32]白天路,杨勤科,申佳.黄土高原丘陵沟壑小流域土壤水分垂直分布变异特征及影响因子[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(12):2508-2514.
[33]刘锦波,殷鸣放,王大琦,等.人工红松幼林抚育中的省力化育林控草试验[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(9):38-42.
[34]陈刚,赵致,王华磊,等.地膜覆盖对何首乌生长及其田间杂草防控效果的影响[J].山地农业生物学报,2013,32(1):92-94.
[35]吴治国,闫军明,魏晖.黑色地膜对设施疏菜防草、控草、降温作用与机理研究[J].农业科技通讯,2013(10):150-152.
[36]韩世栋.地膜覆盖防除夏玉米田杂草效果研究简介[J].潍坊高等职业教育,2009(3):62-64.
[37]原华,杨淑华,杨占玲.除草地膜覆盖圆葱防草的试验[J].北京农业,2007(15):26-28.