身份政治、多元文化主义及其对美国秩序的冲击
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摘要
在过去的半个世纪中,欧美各国出现了以强调少数或者边缘化群体身份和文化为特征的身份政治和多元文化主义的社会思潮。这些思潮致力于捍卫边缘化群体独特的经历、语言、文化、宗教等,并谋求得到主流群体的承认,甚至要求与主流文化和宗教等具有平等地位。为了实现这样的目标,支持者要求通过"纠偏行动"等制度化手段,对少数或者边缘化群体优待或者进行补偿。身份政治和多元文化主义对美国社会秩序的影响和冲击是多方面的,包括对言论自由的压制、对主流文化的消解,以及造成社会巴尔干化等。身份政治和多元文化主义的产生不是偶然的,甚至主要不是晚近的因素造成的,而是可以追溯到启蒙运动以来的观念影响和社会变迁。
Identity politics and multiculturalism,which focus on identities and cultures of minority or marginalized groups,have been becoming increasingly influential in Europe and America in the past half century. The supporters of identity politics and multiculturalism aim at defending the distinctive experiences,languages,cultures,and religions of the marginalized groups,seeking recognition from mainstream groups,and claiming equal status with mainstream ones. For these aims,certain institutional arrangements,such as affirmative action,have been established to benefit or provide reparations for minority or marginalized groups. Identity politics and multiculturalism are having enormous impacts on the American social order,including threat to freedom of speech,disdain for mainstream culture,tribalism and balkanization of the society, and so on. The emergence of identity politics and multiculturalism can be dated back to the Enlightenment movement and the ensuing changes of ideas,institutions,and beliefs.
Identity politics and multiculturalism,which focus on identities and cultures of minority or marginalized groups,have been becoming increasingly influential in Europe and America in the past half century. The supporters of identity politics and multiculturalism aim at defending the distinctive experiences,languages,cultures,and religions of the marginalized groups,seeking recognition from mainstream groups,and claiming equal status with mainstream ones. For these aims,certain institutional arrangements,such as affirmative action,have been established to benefit or provide reparations for minority or marginalized groups. Identity politics and multiculturalism are having enormous impacts on the American social order,including threat to freedom of speech,disdain for mainstream culture,tribalism and balkanization of the society, and so on. The emergence of identity politics and multiculturalism can be dated back to the Enlightenment movement and the ensuing changes of ideas,institutions,and beliefs.
引文
(1)Francis Fukuyama,Identity:The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment(New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2018).
(2)该宣言参见https://americanstudies.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Keyword%20Coalition_Readings.pdf。
(3)Sonia Kruks,Retrieving Experience:Subjectivity and Recognition in Feminist Politics(Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2001),p.85.
(4)Francis Fukuyama,Identity:The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment.
(5)“Affirmative Action”也被译为“平权行动”“积极行动”“肯定性行动”等。
(6)Christopher Carbone,“Which Confederate Statues Were Removed?A Running List,” Fox News,August 21,2018,https://www..com/us/which-confederate-statues-were-removed-a-running-list.
(7)Dred Scott v.Sanford 60 U.S.393 (1857).
(8)Thomas Kaplan,“Call to Remove Confederate Statues from Capitol Divides Democrats,” New York Times,August 17,2017,https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/politics/pelosi-confederate-statues-capitol.html.
(9)United States Senate,“The Famous Five,” March 12,1959,https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Famous_Five.htm.
(10)Yale University,“Yale Changes Calhoun College’s Name to Honor Grace Murray Hopper,” YaleNews,February 11,2017,https://news.yale.edu/2017/02/11/yale-change-calhoun-college-s-name-honor-grace-murray-hopper-0.
(11)Brigit Katz,“At Least 110 Confederate Monuments and Symbols Have Been Removed since 2015,”Smithsonian Magazine,June 8,2018,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/least-110-confederate-monuments-and-symbols-have-been-removed-2015-180969254/.
(12)Julia Zorthian,“President Trump Says It’s ‘Sad’ to See Culture ‘Ripped Apart’ by Removing Confederate Statues,” Time,August 17,2017,http://time.com/4904510/donald-trump-twitter-confederate-statues/.
(13)Laura Krantz,“‘Bell Curve’ Author Attacked by Protesters at Middlebury College,” Boston Globe,March 4,2017,https://www2.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/03/04/middlebury/hAfpA1Hquh7DIS1doiKbhJ/story.html.
(14)James Queally et al.,“Violence by Far-Left Protesters in Berkeley Sparks Alarm,” Los Angeles Times,August 28,2017,https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-berkeley-protests-20170827-story.html.
(15)KoredeAjogbeje et al.,“Some Thoughts and Advice for All Students,” James Madison Program,August 29,2017,https://jmp.princeton.edu/think-for-yourself-statement.
(16)Thomas J.Espenshade,Alexandria Walton Radford,No Longer Separate,Not Yet Equal:Race and Class in Elite College Admission and Campus Life(Princeton:Princeton University Press,2009),pp.84-93.
(17)Shera S.Avi-Yonah,Molly C.Mccafferty,“Asian-American Harvard Applicants Saw Lowest Admit Rate of Any Racial Group from 1995 to 2013,” The Harvard Crimson,October 19,2018,https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/10/19/acceptance-rates-by-race/.
(18)Lawrence Harrison,Who Prospers?How Cultural Values Shape Economic and Political Success(New York:Basic Books,1992).
(19)Robert Hughes,Culture of Complaint:The Fraying of America(New York:Oxford University Press,1992),p.83.
(20)Ibid.,pp.150-151.
(21)Pierre Manent,“The Perils of Identity Politics,” Journal of Democracy,Vol.3,No.15,2004,pp.152-165,159.
(22)Alvin J.Schmidt,The Menace of Multiculturalism:Trojan Horse in America(Westport:Praeger,1997),p.40.
(23)Arthur M.Schlesinger,Jr.,The Disuniting of America:Reflections on a Multicultural Society,Rev.ed.(New York:W.W.Norton & Company,1998),pp.13-14.
(24)Arthur M.Schlesinger,Jr.,The Disuniting of America:Reflections on a Multicultural Society,pp.13-14.
(25)Ibid.,p.13.
(26)揭示这种悖论的近作参见Patrick J.Deneen,Why Liberalism Failed(New Haven:Yale University Press,2018)。
(27)2019年4月,几位民主党参议员提出了废除选举人团制度的宪法修正案,得到了不少民主党政治家(包括几位总统候选人)的支持。参见Andrew O’Reilly,“Senate Dems Introduce Measure to Abolish Electoral College,” Fox News,April 2,2019,https://www.foxnews.com/politics/senate-dems-introduce-bill-to-abolish-electoral-college。
(28)还有两次启蒙运动分别发生在英国(苏格兰)和美国,史称苏格兰启蒙运动和美国启蒙运动。这两场启蒙运动均拒绝了理性至上主义。对比分析这三次启蒙运动的著作参见Gertrude Himmelfarb,The Roads to Modernity:The British,French,and American Enlightenments(New York:Vintage Books,2004)。
(29)John Hector St.John de Crève?ur,Letters from An American Farmer(New York:Fox,Duffield & Company,1904),pp.54-55.
(30)Paul Leicester Ford,ed.,The Works of Thomas Jefferson(New York:G.P.Putnam’s Sons),Vol.3,pp.487-488.
(31)Henry Cabot Lodge,ed.,The Works of Alexander Hamilton(New York:G.P.Putnam’s Sons),Vol.8,p.289.
(32)Robert Hughes,Culture of Complaint:The Fraying of America(New York:Oxford University Press,1992),p.138.
(33)Ibid.,p.14.
(34)Ibid.,pp.13-14.
(35)Samuel Huntington,Who Are We?The Challenges to America’s National Identity(New York:Simon & Schuster,2004),pp.39-40.
(36)Ibid.,pp.40-41.
(37)Ibid.
(38)Ibid.,p.19.
(39)Alexis de Tocqueville,“Democracy in America,” in Philips Bradley,ed.,The Henry Reeve Text(New York:Vintage Books,1990).
(2)该宣言参见https://americanstudies.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Keyword%20Coalition_Readings.pdf。
(3)Sonia Kruks,Retrieving Experience:Subjectivity and Recognition in Feminist Politics(Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2001),p.85.
(4)Francis Fukuyama,Identity:The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment.
(5)“Affirmative Action”也被译为“平权行动”“积极行动”“肯定性行动”等。
(6)Christopher Carbone,“Which Confederate Statues Were Removed?A Running List,” Fox News,August 21,2018,https://www..com/us/which-confederate-statues-were-removed-a-running-list.
(7)Dred Scott v.Sanford 60 U.S.393 (1857).
(8)Thomas Kaplan,“Call to Remove Confederate Statues from Capitol Divides Democrats,” New York Times,August 17,2017,https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/politics/pelosi-confederate-statues-capitol.html.
(9)United States Senate,“The Famous Five,” March 12,1959,https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Famous_Five.htm.
(10)Yale University,“Yale Changes Calhoun College’s Name to Honor Grace Murray Hopper,” YaleNews,February 11,2017,https://news.yale.edu/2017/02/11/yale-change-calhoun-college-s-name-honor-grace-murray-hopper-0.
(11)Brigit Katz,“At Least 110 Confederate Monuments and Symbols Have Been Removed since 2015,”Smithsonian Magazine,June 8,2018,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/least-110-confederate-monuments-and-symbols-have-been-removed-2015-180969254/.
(12)Julia Zorthian,“President Trump Says It’s ‘Sad’ to See Culture ‘Ripped Apart’ by Removing Confederate Statues,” Time,August 17,2017,http://time.com/4904510/donald-trump-twitter-confederate-statues/.
(13)Laura Krantz,“‘Bell Curve’ Author Attacked by Protesters at Middlebury College,” Boston Globe,March 4,2017,https://www2.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/03/04/middlebury/hAfpA1Hquh7DIS1doiKbhJ/story.html.
(14)James Queally et al.,“Violence by Far-Left Protesters in Berkeley Sparks Alarm,” Los Angeles Times,August 28,2017,https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-berkeley-protests-20170827-story.html.
(15)KoredeAjogbeje et al.,“Some Thoughts and Advice for All Students,” James Madison Program,August 29,2017,https://jmp.princeton.edu/think-for-yourself-statement.
(16)Thomas J.Espenshade,Alexandria Walton Radford,No Longer Separate,Not Yet Equal:Race and Class in Elite College Admission and Campus Life(Princeton:Princeton University Press,2009),pp.84-93.
(17)Shera S.Avi-Yonah,Molly C.Mccafferty,“Asian-American Harvard Applicants Saw Lowest Admit Rate of Any Racial Group from 1995 to 2013,” The Harvard Crimson,October 19,2018,https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/10/19/acceptance-rates-by-race/.
(18)Lawrence Harrison,Who Prospers?How Cultural Values Shape Economic and Political Success(New York:Basic Books,1992).
(19)Robert Hughes,Culture of Complaint:The Fraying of America(New York:Oxford University Press,1992),p.83.
(20)Ibid.,pp.150-151.
(21)Pierre Manent,“The Perils of Identity Politics,” Journal of Democracy,Vol.3,No.15,2004,pp.152-165,159.
(22)Alvin J.Schmidt,The Menace of Multiculturalism:Trojan Horse in America(Westport:Praeger,1997),p.40.
(23)Arthur M.Schlesinger,Jr.,The Disuniting of America:Reflections on a Multicultural Society,Rev.ed.(New York:W.W.Norton & Company,1998),pp.13-14.
(24)Arthur M.Schlesinger,Jr.,The Disuniting of America:Reflections on a Multicultural Society,pp.13-14.
(25)Ibid.,p.13.
(26)揭示这种悖论的近作参见Patrick J.Deneen,Why Liberalism Failed(New Haven:Yale University Press,2018)。
(27)2019年4月,几位民主党参议员提出了废除选举人团制度的宪法修正案,得到了不少民主党政治家(包括几位总统候选人)的支持。参见Andrew O’Reilly,“Senate Dems Introduce Measure to Abolish Electoral College,” Fox News,April 2,2019,https://www.foxnews.com/politics/senate-dems-introduce-bill-to-abolish-electoral-college。
(28)还有两次启蒙运动分别发生在英国(苏格兰)和美国,史称苏格兰启蒙运动和美国启蒙运动。这两场启蒙运动均拒绝了理性至上主义。对比分析这三次启蒙运动的著作参见Gertrude Himmelfarb,The Roads to Modernity:The British,French,and American Enlightenments(New York:Vintage Books,2004)。
(29)John Hector St.John de Crève?ur,Letters from An American Farmer(New York:Fox,Duffield & Company,1904),pp.54-55.
(30)Paul Leicester Ford,ed.,The Works of Thomas Jefferson(New York:G.P.Putnam’s Sons),Vol.3,pp.487-488.
(31)Henry Cabot Lodge,ed.,The Works of Alexander Hamilton(New York:G.P.Putnam’s Sons),Vol.8,p.289.
(32)Robert Hughes,Culture of Complaint:The Fraying of America(New York:Oxford University Press,1992),p.138.
(33)Ibid.,p.14.
(34)Ibid.,pp.13-14.
(35)Samuel Huntington,Who Are We?The Challenges to America’s National Identity(New York:Simon & Schuster,2004),pp.39-40.
(36)Ibid.,pp.40-41.
(37)Ibid.
(38)Ibid.,p.19.
(39)Alexis de Tocqueville,“Democracy in America,” in Philips Bradley,ed.,The Henry Reeve Text(New York:Vintage Books,1990).