美国公共图书馆老年服务:历史与启示
|
摘要
美国公共图书馆老年服务自20世纪40年代开始启动,至今已经历了70余年的发展。根据图书馆老年服务的历史发展重点和特点变化,可将其发展历程划分为四个阶段:起步阶段(1941年至1960年代末)、深入探索阶段(1970年代初至1980年代末)、服务转向阶段(1990年代初至2005年)、扩展和创新服务阶段(2005年至今)。面对老年人口不断增长的需求,在白宫老龄会议、经济技术环境变化的影响下,图书馆老年服务不断调整,服务理念逐渐从消极走向积极,服务方式不断更新,服务内容不断丰富,服务保障不断完善。借鉴美国图书馆老年服务发展的经验与教训,我国图书馆界应注意明确对老年服务特殊性的认识;积极参与老龄事务,寻求多方支持;构筑有效的制度体系;将服务立于实证调查基础之上;充分发挥行业组织作用。参考文献77。
American public library service to older adults has had over 70 years ' history since 1941 and its development and experience can be an important reference for public libraries in China. The paper aims to review the history,analyzes the characteristics and summarizes the insights for Chinese public libraries.According to the historical development focus and characteristics of library service to older adults,the history can be divided into four periods as follows: 1) Starting period( 1941-1960 s). The library service to older adults officially started in 1941 in the U.S. and gradually expanded from single-library-level to libraryassociation-level. National library service agencies for older people in ALA emerged and corresponding service policy was developed. 2) Deeply exploring period( 1970 s-1980 s). The library community conducted several large-scale national and regional surveys on service to older adults in order to examine the status quo of service. Older adults were gradually considered as a distinct group that needs special service design. Information & Referral service emerged.3) Service transforming period( 1990 s-2005). The service began to transform to Internet-based information service,and corresponding regulations were changed accordingly.4) Expanding and innovating service period( 2005-Present). Libraries extended service to older adults 50 and over,and emphasized the diversity,activity and creativity of the elderly and provided service accordingly Lifelong learning and creative aging were paid much attention to.In general,the following characteristics are clearly shown in the process of American library service to older adults: the service concept transformed from the passive to the active,the service measures constantly updated,the service content continuously enriched,and the service support system improved all the time.Through the analysis,insights for libraries in China were concluded: clarifying the understanding of specialty of older adults ' service,actively participating in the affairs of the elderly,seeking supports,building an effective system,establishing service on the basis of empirical investigation,and fully playing the leading role of a professional organization. 77 refs.
American public library service to older adults has had over 70 years ' history since 1941 and its development and experience can be an important reference for public libraries in China. The paper aims to review the history,analyzes the characteristics and summarizes the insights for Chinese public libraries.According to the historical development focus and characteristics of library service to older adults,the history can be divided into four periods as follows: 1) Starting period( 1941-1960 s). The library service to older adults officially started in 1941 in the U.S. and gradually expanded from single-library-level to libraryassociation-level. National library service agencies for older people in ALA emerged and corresponding service policy was developed. 2) Deeply exploring period( 1970 s-1980 s). The library community conducted several large-scale national and regional surveys on service to older adults in order to examine the status quo of service. Older adults were gradually considered as a distinct group that needs special service design. Information & Referral service emerged.3) Service transforming period( 1990 s-2005). The service began to transform to Internet-based information service,and corresponding regulations were changed accordingly.4) Expanding and innovating service period( 2005-Present). Libraries extended service to older adults 50 and over,and emphasized the diversity,activity and creativity of the elderly and provided service accordingly Lifelong learning and creative aging were paid much attention to.In general,the following characteristics are clearly shown in the process of American library service to older adults: the service concept transformed from the passive to the active,the service measures constantly updated,the service content continuously enriched,and the service support system improved all the time.Through the analysis,insights for libraries in China were concluded: clarifying the understanding of specialty of older adults ' service,actively participating in the affairs of the elderly,seeking supports,building an effective system,establishing service on the basis of empirical investigation,and fully playing the leading role of a professional organization. 77 refs.
引文
[1] United States Census Bureau. A look at the 1940 census[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/cspan/1940census/CSPAN_1940slides.pdf.
[2] Javelin M C. How library service to the aging has developed[J].Library Trends,1973,21(3):367-389.
[3] Administration for Community Living, Administration on Aging. 2017 profile of older Americans[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2017OlderAmericansProfile.pdf.
[4] United States Census Bureau. Quickfacts United States[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/dashboard/US/AGE775217.
[5] The World Bank. Life expectancy at birth, total(years) [EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=US.
[6] National Center for Education Statistics. Literacy and older adults in the United States: results from the national adult literacy survey[R/OL].Philadelphia: national center on adult literacy,1995[2017-06-17].https://nces.ed.gov/pubs97/97576.pdf.
[7] California Commission on Aging. White House conference on aging[EB/OL].[2018-05-08].https://www.ccoa.ca.gov/docs/WHCoA/WHCoA_History.pdf.
[8] Special committee on aging, United States senate.The 1961 White House Conference on Aging: basic policy statements and recommendations[EB/OL].[2018-05-08]. https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/reports/rpt261.pdf.
[9] Bramley G. Outreach: library services for the institutionalized, the elderly, and the physically handicapped[M].London:C.Bingley,1978.
[10] 1995 White House Conference on Aging. The road to an aging policy for the 21st century: executive summary[R].Washington D C:White House Conference on Aging,1996.
[11] White House Conference on Aging. Final agenda for the 1995 White House Conference on Aging[J].Federal Register,1995,60(22):6598-6599.
[12] California Commission on Aging. 2005 White House Conference on Aging fact sheet[EB/OL].[2018-05-08].https://www.ccoa.ca.gov/Initiatives/WHCoA/FactSheet/.
[13] 2015 White House Conference on Aging. Final report[EB/OL].[2018-05-08].https://whitehouseconferenceonaging.gov/2015-WHCOA-Final-Report.pdf.
[14] Long F. Research in the field of aging and its relation to public library services[J].Library Trends,1973,21(3):431-440.
[15] Malhotra Y. National information infrastructure: myths, metaphors and realities[EB/OL].[2018-11-02].http://www.brint.com/papers/nii/index.htm#contents.
[16] Kalil T. Public policy and the national information infrastructure[J].Business Economics, 1995,20(4):15-20.
[17] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Section 508 quick reference guide[EB/OL].[2018-01-02].https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-09/documents/section-508-brochure.pdf.
[18] Statista. Adults internet usage penetration in the United States from 2000 to 2018, by age group[EB/OL].[2018-12-21]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/184389/adult-internet-users-in-the-us-by-age-since-2000/.
[19] Long F. The live long and like it library club-the Cleveland public library[J]. Library Trends,1968(17):68-71.
[20] McCook K, Barber P. Chronology of milestones for libraries and adult lifelong learning and literacy[EB/OL].[2018-12-20]. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED458888.pdf.
[21] Blackshear O T. Governor’s conference on aging recommendations: implications for public libraries[J].Wisconsin Library Bulletin,1956(52):195-196.
[22] Phinney E. Library service to an aging population: report on a post card survey[J].ALA bulletin,1957(8):607-609.
[23] Phinney E. A study of current practices in public library service to an aging population: an evaluative report[EB/OL].[2017-09-25].http://hdl.handle.net/2142/3804.
[24] Daniels B E. On my mind: in defense of LSCA[J].American Libraries,1989,20(8):741-743.
[25] Romani D. Reading interests and needs of older people[J].Library Trends,1973,21(3):390-403.
[26] American Library Association Adult Services Division. The library’s responsibility to the aging[R].Chicago: American Library Association,1964.
[27] 89th Congress. Public Law 89-522[EB/OL].[2017-12-23].https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/laws-regulations/public-law-89-522/.
[28] National Library Service for the blind and physically handicapped. Overview[EB/OL].[2017-12-23]. https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/overview/.
[29] Library of Congress, Nelson Associates. A survey of reader characteristics, reading interests, and equipment p a study of circulation systems in selected regional libraries[EB/OL].[2018-01-13].http://www.archive.org/stream/divisionforblind00nels#page/n1/mode/2up.
[30] Casey G M. Staffing library services to the aging[J].Library Trends,1973,21(3):413-430.
[31] Cleveland Public Library. National survey of library services to the aging final report[R].Washington D C: Bureau of Libraries and Educational Technology,1971.
[32] Cleveland Public Library. National survey of library services to the aging final report[R].Washington D C:Bureau of Libraries and Educational Technology,1972.
[33] Turock B. Public library service for older adults: update 1986. Final report[R].Washington: Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1987.
[34] Turock B J. Public library service for older adults: update 1984[J].Library Quarterly,1987,57(2):137-170.
[35] American Library Association Adult Services Division. The library’s responsibility to the aging[R].Chicago:American Library Association,1971.
[36] Coleman B W. Keeping the faith: the public library's commitment to adult education, 1950-2006[D].Hattiesburg:University of Southern Mississippi,2008.
[37] American Library Association Reference and Adult Services Division. The library’s responsibility to the aging[R].Chicago:American Library Association,1981.
[38] American Library Association. 1971 White House Conference on Aging: a guide to library cooperation[J].American Library Association. Adult Services Division. Newsletter,1970(8):9-12.
[39] American Library Association Reference and Adult Services Division. Guidelines for library services to an aging population[J].RQ.1975(3):237-239.
[40] American Library Association Reference and Adult Services Division. Guidelines for library service to older adults[J].RQ,1987(26):444-447.
[41] American Library Association.101 ideas for serving the impaired elderly[M]. Chicago : American Library Association, 1989.
[42] Kanner E E. The impact of gerontological concepts on principles of librarianship[D]. Madison: University of Wisconsin,1972.
[43] Poe J. Information and referral services: a brief history[J]. The Southeastern Librarian, 2006,54(1):36-41.
[44] Turock B J. Public library services for aging in the eighties: a 1981 White House Conference on the Aging background paper[M].Washington D C:White House Conference on Aging,1981.
[45] National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, American Library Association, National Library Services for the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress. Toward the 1995 White House Conference on Aging: priorities and policies for library and information services for older adults[M].Washington D C:U.S. National Commission on Libraries & Information Science,1995.
[46] Kleiman A M. Global greying: successful strategies for bridging information gaps with the elderly population[EB/OL].[2018-01-25].http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla63/63klea.htm.
[47] Maher K. Quick history of the museum and library services act[EB/OL].[2018-05-15]. https://www.districtdispatch.org/2017/10/museum-and-library-services-act-history/.
[48] Congress. Museum and library services act[EB/OL].[2018-12-15]. https://www.imls.gov/sites/default/files/1996.pdf.
[49] Congress. Museum and library services act[EB/OL].[2018-05-15]. https://www.imls.gov/sites/default/files/2003.pdf.
[50] American Library Association. Library services to older adults guidelines[EB/OL].[2018-05-15].http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=adultlibrary&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=26943.
[51] ALA “SeniorServ” Discussion List. Quick tips for serving older adults[EB/OL].[2017-08-14].http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/olos/outreachresource/quicktipsolderadults.cfm.
[52] Reference and User Services Association. Library services to an aging population: 21 ideas for the 21st century[EB/OL].[2018-04-05].http://www.ala.org/rusa/sections/rss/rsssection/rsscomm/libraryservage/ideas21stcentury.
[53] Rubin R J, McGovern G. Working with older adults: a handbook for libraries[M].Sacramento: California State Library Foundation,1990.
[54] Kleiman A M. Top 20 ways of serving older adults[EB/OL].[2018-05-05].http://infopeople.org/training/past/2007/older/5_20_Ways_of_Serving_Older_Adults.pdf.
[55] Blunt M, Parker S. Serving seniors: a resource manual for Missouri libraries[M].Jefferson: Missouri State Library,2002.
[56] Tuckwiller M. Assistive technology collection: serving people with disabilities[M]//Osbome R, American Library Association. Office for Literacy and Outreach Services.Chicago: American Library Association,2003.
[57] Mates B T. 5-Star programming and services for your 55+ library customers[M].Chicago: American Library Association,2003.
[58] Schull D D. 50+ library service: innovation in action[M].Chicago: American Library Association,2013.
[59] Zeisel W. Designs for change: libraries and productive aging. report on the National Library Leaders Forum[EB/OL].[2017-11-12].https://www.imls.gov/sites/default/files/publications/documents/designsforchange_0.pdf.
[60] California State Library. What is transforming life after 50 [EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://transforminglifeafter50.org/about.
[61] Institute of Museum and Library Services. Transforming life after 50: public libraries and baby boomers[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://www.imls.gov/blog/2011/10/transforming-life-after-50-public-libraries-and-baby-boomers.
[62] California State Library. About the fellowship[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://transforminglifeafter50.org/innovators/imls-fellowship/about-the-fellowship.
[63] Idaho Commission for Libraries. Library services and technology act Idaho State plan FY 2013-2017[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. http://libraries.idaho.gov/files/2013-2017LSTAPLan20120612Mhoo_0.pdf.
[64] Dempsey B. What boomers want: they’re changing old age and library service with it[J].Library Journal,2007,132(12):36-39.
[65] Flint S. Transforming life after 50: public libraries & baby boomers[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://transforminglifeafter50.org/files/ALA2013OlderAdults_Flint_FINAL_0.pdf.
[66] Thornhill M. Understanding today’s boomer consumer: who, what, why & how[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://transforminglifeafter50.org/files/handout-pdfs/TLAFThornhilloneppt.pdf.
[67] Mayo K. The challenges and opportunities of serving America’s elders[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/olos/olosprograms/jeanecoleman/index2.
[68] Martin R, Blalock L, Wells G. Engaging your community: libraries as place[R]//Bernhardt B R, Daniels T, Steinle K. Charleston Conference Proceedings 2005. Westport: Libraries Unlimited,2006.
[69] IMLS‐funded programs and services for older adults[EB/OL].[2017-11-12].http://transforminglifeafter50.org/files/Older_Adults_-IMLS-funded_projects_and_services_29May2012.pdf.
[70] Perry C A. Information service to older adults: initial findings from a survey of suburban libraries[J].Library Quarterly, 2014,84(3):348-386.
[71] Hughes C. Rural libraries services for older adults: summary of findings[EB/OL].[2017-12-05].https://www.webjunction.org/news/webjunction/rural-libraries-older-adults-survey.html.
[72] Bennett-Kapusniak R. Public library programs and services for midlife and beyond: expanding opportunities for a growing population[M].Santa Barbara: Libraries Unlimited,2018.
[73] ALA/OLOS/RUSA White House Conference on Aging Task Force. Final report to White House Conference on Aging[J].Reference and User Services Quarterly,2005(2):130-132.
[74] Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Toward equality of access the role of public libraries in addressing the digital divide[EB/OL].[2017-12-05].https://www.imls.gov/assets/1/AssetManager/Equality.pdf.
[75] Bennett-Kapusniak R. Older adults and the public library: the impact of the boomer generation[J]. Public Library Quarterly, 2013(32):204-222.
[76] American Library Association. Keys to engaging older adults @your library(2010)[EB/OL].[2018-01-12].http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/olos/toolkits/olderadults.
[77] Decker E. Baby boomers and the United States public library system[J]. Library Hi Tech,2010,28(4):64-70.
(1)代际项目指为促进不同世代群体之间的合作、互动或交流而开展的活动,在此指在老年群体与其他年龄群体之间进行的知识、经验和技能的交流和分享活动。
(2)图书馆界对这一群体有多种称谓,包括older adults、active older adults、older person、50 plusers、adults 50+、55+、60+、65+、boomers、boomers and beyond、midlife adults、mature adults、the silver/greying generation等。在图书馆语境下,elderly、the aged、senior往往暗指身体虚弱、需要照顾的老年人,但并未达成共识,因此在实践中以上这些称谓都在使用。
[2] Javelin M C. How library service to the aging has developed[J].Library Trends,1973,21(3):367-389.
[3] Administration for Community Living, Administration on Aging. 2017 profile of older Americans[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2017OlderAmericansProfile.pdf.
[4] United States Census Bureau. Quickfacts United States[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/dashboard/US/AGE775217.
[5] The World Bank. Life expectancy at birth, total(years) [EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=US.
[6] National Center for Education Statistics. Literacy and older adults in the United States: results from the national adult literacy survey[R/OL].Philadelphia: national center on adult literacy,1995[2017-06-17].https://nces.ed.gov/pubs97/97576.pdf.
[7] California Commission on Aging. White House conference on aging[EB/OL].[2018-05-08].https://www.ccoa.ca.gov/docs/WHCoA/WHCoA_History.pdf.
[8] Special committee on aging, United States senate.The 1961 White House Conference on Aging: basic policy statements and recommendations[EB/OL].[2018-05-08]. https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/reports/rpt261.pdf.
[9] Bramley G. Outreach: library services for the institutionalized, the elderly, and the physically handicapped[M].London:C.Bingley,1978.
[10] 1995 White House Conference on Aging. The road to an aging policy for the 21st century: executive summary[R].Washington D C:White House Conference on Aging,1996.
[11] White House Conference on Aging. Final agenda for the 1995 White House Conference on Aging[J].Federal Register,1995,60(22):6598-6599.
[12] California Commission on Aging. 2005 White House Conference on Aging fact sheet[EB/OL].[2018-05-08].https://www.ccoa.ca.gov/Initiatives/WHCoA/FactSheet/.
[13] 2015 White House Conference on Aging. Final report[EB/OL].[2018-05-08].https://whitehouseconferenceonaging.gov/2015-WHCOA-Final-Report.pdf.
[14] Long F. Research in the field of aging and its relation to public library services[J].Library Trends,1973,21(3):431-440.
[15] Malhotra Y. National information infrastructure: myths, metaphors and realities[EB/OL].[2018-11-02].http://www.brint.com/papers/nii/index.htm#contents.
[16] Kalil T. Public policy and the national information infrastructure[J].Business Economics, 1995,20(4):15-20.
[17] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Section 508 quick reference guide[EB/OL].[2018-01-02].https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-09/documents/section-508-brochure.pdf.
[18] Statista. Adults internet usage penetration in the United States from 2000 to 2018, by age group[EB/OL].[2018-12-21]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/184389/adult-internet-users-in-the-us-by-age-since-2000/.
[19] Long F. The live long and like it library club-the Cleveland public library[J]. Library Trends,1968(17):68-71.
[20] McCook K, Barber P. Chronology of milestones for libraries and adult lifelong learning and literacy[EB/OL].[2018-12-20]. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED458888.pdf.
[21] Blackshear O T. Governor’s conference on aging recommendations: implications for public libraries[J].Wisconsin Library Bulletin,1956(52):195-196.
[22] Phinney E. Library service to an aging population: report on a post card survey[J].ALA bulletin,1957(8):607-609.
[23] Phinney E. A study of current practices in public library service to an aging population: an evaluative report[EB/OL].[2017-09-25].http://hdl.handle.net/2142/3804.
[24] Daniels B E. On my mind: in defense of LSCA[J].American Libraries,1989,20(8):741-743.
[25] Romani D. Reading interests and needs of older people[J].Library Trends,1973,21(3):390-403.
[26] American Library Association Adult Services Division. The library’s responsibility to the aging[R].Chicago: American Library Association,1964.
[27] 89th Congress. Public Law 89-522[EB/OL].[2017-12-23].https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/laws-regulations/public-law-89-522/.
[28] National Library Service for the blind and physically handicapped. Overview[EB/OL].[2017-12-23]. https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/overview/.
[29] Library of Congress, Nelson Associates. A survey of reader characteristics, reading interests, and equipment p a study of circulation systems in selected regional libraries[EB/OL].[2018-01-13].http://www.archive.org/stream/divisionforblind00nels#page/n1/mode/2up.
[30] Casey G M. Staffing library services to the aging[J].Library Trends,1973,21(3):413-430.
[31] Cleveland Public Library. National survey of library services to the aging final report[R].Washington D C: Bureau of Libraries and Educational Technology,1971.
[32] Cleveland Public Library. National survey of library services to the aging final report[R].Washington D C:Bureau of Libraries and Educational Technology,1972.
[33] Turock B. Public library service for older adults: update 1986. Final report[R].Washington: Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1987.
[34] Turock B J. Public library service for older adults: update 1984[J].Library Quarterly,1987,57(2):137-170.
[35] American Library Association Adult Services Division. The library’s responsibility to the aging[R].Chicago:American Library Association,1971.
[36] Coleman B W. Keeping the faith: the public library's commitment to adult education, 1950-2006[D].Hattiesburg:University of Southern Mississippi,2008.
[37] American Library Association Reference and Adult Services Division. The library’s responsibility to the aging[R].Chicago:American Library Association,1981.
[38] American Library Association. 1971 White House Conference on Aging: a guide to library cooperation[J].American Library Association. Adult Services Division. Newsletter,1970(8):9-12.
[39] American Library Association Reference and Adult Services Division. Guidelines for library services to an aging population[J].RQ.1975(3):237-239.
[40] American Library Association Reference and Adult Services Division. Guidelines for library service to older adults[J].RQ,1987(26):444-447.
[41] American Library Association.101 ideas for serving the impaired elderly[M]. Chicago : American Library Association, 1989.
[42] Kanner E E. The impact of gerontological concepts on principles of librarianship[D]. Madison: University of Wisconsin,1972.
[43] Poe J. Information and referral services: a brief history[J]. The Southeastern Librarian, 2006,54(1):36-41.
[44] Turock B J. Public library services for aging in the eighties: a 1981 White House Conference on the Aging background paper[M].Washington D C:White House Conference on Aging,1981.
[45] National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, American Library Association, National Library Services for the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress. Toward the 1995 White House Conference on Aging: priorities and policies for library and information services for older adults[M].Washington D C:U.S. National Commission on Libraries & Information Science,1995.
[46] Kleiman A M. Global greying: successful strategies for bridging information gaps with the elderly population[EB/OL].[2018-01-25].http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla63/63klea.htm.
[47] Maher K. Quick history of the museum and library services act[EB/OL].[2018-05-15]. https://www.districtdispatch.org/2017/10/museum-and-library-services-act-history/.
[48] Congress. Museum and library services act[EB/OL].[2018-12-15]. https://www.imls.gov/sites/default/files/1996.pdf.
[49] Congress. Museum and library services act[EB/OL].[2018-05-15]. https://www.imls.gov/sites/default/files/2003.pdf.
[50] American Library Association. Library services to older adults guidelines[EB/OL].[2018-05-15].http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=adultlibrary&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=26943.
[51] ALA “SeniorServ” Discussion List. Quick tips for serving older adults[EB/OL].[2017-08-14].http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/olos/outreachresource/quicktipsolderadults.cfm.
[52] Reference and User Services Association. Library services to an aging population: 21 ideas for the 21st century[EB/OL].[2018-04-05].http://www.ala.org/rusa/sections/rss/rsssection/rsscomm/libraryservage/ideas21stcentury.
[53] Rubin R J, McGovern G. Working with older adults: a handbook for libraries[M].Sacramento: California State Library Foundation,1990.
[54] Kleiman A M. Top 20 ways of serving older adults[EB/OL].[2018-05-05].http://infopeople.org/training/past/2007/older/5_20_Ways_of_Serving_Older_Adults.pdf.
[55] Blunt M, Parker S. Serving seniors: a resource manual for Missouri libraries[M].Jefferson: Missouri State Library,2002.
[56] Tuckwiller M. Assistive technology collection: serving people with disabilities[M]//Osbome R, American Library Association. Office for Literacy and Outreach Services.Chicago: American Library Association,2003.
[57] Mates B T. 5-Star programming and services for your 55+ library customers[M].Chicago: American Library Association,2003.
[58] Schull D D. 50+ library service: innovation in action[M].Chicago: American Library Association,2013.
[59] Zeisel W. Designs for change: libraries and productive aging. report on the National Library Leaders Forum[EB/OL].[2017-11-12].https://www.imls.gov/sites/default/files/publications/documents/designsforchange_0.pdf.
[60] California State Library. What is transforming life after 50 [EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://transforminglifeafter50.org/about.
[61] Institute of Museum and Library Services. Transforming life after 50: public libraries and baby boomers[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://www.imls.gov/blog/2011/10/transforming-life-after-50-public-libraries-and-baby-boomers.
[62] California State Library. About the fellowship[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://transforminglifeafter50.org/innovators/imls-fellowship/about-the-fellowship.
[63] Idaho Commission for Libraries. Library services and technology act Idaho State plan FY 2013-2017[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. http://libraries.idaho.gov/files/2013-2017LSTAPLan20120612Mhoo_0.pdf.
[64] Dempsey B. What boomers want: they’re changing old age and library service with it[J].Library Journal,2007,132(12):36-39.
[65] Flint S. Transforming life after 50: public libraries & baby boomers[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://transforminglifeafter50.org/files/ALA2013OlderAdults_Flint_FINAL_0.pdf.
[66] Thornhill M. Understanding today’s boomer consumer: who, what, why & how[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. https://transforminglifeafter50.org/files/handout-pdfs/TLAFThornhilloneppt.pdf.
[67] Mayo K. The challenges and opportunities of serving America’s elders[EB/OL].[2018-11-12]. http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/olos/olosprograms/jeanecoleman/index2.
[68] Martin R, Blalock L, Wells G. Engaging your community: libraries as place[R]//Bernhardt B R, Daniels T, Steinle K. Charleston Conference Proceedings 2005. Westport: Libraries Unlimited,2006.
[69] IMLS‐funded programs and services for older adults[EB/OL].[2017-11-12].http://transforminglifeafter50.org/files/Older_Adults_-IMLS-funded_projects_and_services_29May2012.pdf.
[70] Perry C A. Information service to older adults: initial findings from a survey of suburban libraries[J].Library Quarterly, 2014,84(3):348-386.
[71] Hughes C. Rural libraries services for older adults: summary of findings[EB/OL].[2017-12-05].https://www.webjunction.org/news/webjunction/rural-libraries-older-adults-survey.html.
[72] Bennett-Kapusniak R. Public library programs and services for midlife and beyond: expanding opportunities for a growing population[M].Santa Barbara: Libraries Unlimited,2018.
[73] ALA/OLOS/RUSA White House Conference on Aging Task Force. Final report to White House Conference on Aging[J].Reference and User Services Quarterly,2005(2):130-132.
[74] Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Toward equality of access the role of public libraries in addressing the digital divide[EB/OL].[2017-12-05].https://www.imls.gov/assets/1/AssetManager/Equality.pdf.
[75] Bennett-Kapusniak R. Older adults and the public library: the impact of the boomer generation[J]. Public Library Quarterly, 2013(32):204-222.
[76] American Library Association. Keys to engaging older adults @your library(2010)[EB/OL].[2018-01-12].http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/olos/toolkits/olderadults.
[77] Decker E. Baby boomers and the United States public library system[J]. Library Hi Tech,2010,28(4):64-70.
(1)代际项目指为促进不同世代群体之间的合作、互动或交流而开展的活动,在此指在老年群体与其他年龄群体之间进行的知识、经验和技能的交流和分享活动。
(2)图书馆界对这一群体有多种称谓,包括older adults、active older adults、older person、50 plusers、adults 50+、55+、60+、65+、boomers、boomers and beyond、midlife adults、mature adults、the silver/greying generation等。在图书馆语境下,elderly、the aged、senior往往暗指身体虚弱、需要照顾的老年人,但并未达成共识,因此在实践中以上这些称谓都在使用。