工业区户外儿童游乐场地表灰尘重金属污染的磁学响应
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摘要
以南京一个工业区为例,采集户外儿童游乐场地表灰尘样品,并对其进行环境磁学测量以及重金属总量和酸可提取态测定,以探究磁学参数对工业区该类环境介质重金属污染的指示作用.结果表明,地表灰尘样品中磁性矿物以亚铁磁性矿物为主,主要以假单畴-多畴颗粒存在;样品低频磁化率和饱和等温剩磁的平均值分别为939.31×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)和16 618.74×10~(-5)A·m~2·kg~(-1),与城市非工业区相比磁性矿物含量较高.地表灰尘样品平均受到中度到高度的重金属污染,部分磁学参数与重金属总量和酸可提取态占比均显著相关,且与总量的相关性较强,其中,Mn、Ni、Cr总量以及污染负荷指数与非磁滞磁化率和饱和等温剩磁的相关性较高(0.69≤r≤0.86,P<0.01),并具有一致的空间变化特征,且主成分分析结果表明重金属和磁性矿物均主要来自工业活动.因此,部分磁学参数可作为指示工业区户外儿童游乐场地表灰尘重金属污染状况的有效指标.
The use of mineral magnetic measurements as a potential pollution proxy is explored as an alternative means of monitoring heavy metal pollution in playground dust in industrial areas. Dust samples were collected from playgrounds in an industrial area in Nanjing. The magnetic properties of the samples were analyzed,and the total and acid-extractable concentrations of heavy metals were measured. Mineral magnetic concentration parameters [mean magnetic susceptibility( χlf) 939. 31 × 10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization( SIRM) 16 618. 74 × 10~(-5) A·m~2·kg~(-1)]indicate that the dust samples contain high concentrations of magnetic minerals when compared to the non-industrial zone of the city. High and stable S-ratio values( mean 0. 97,standard deviation 0. 01) indicate the prominence of ferromagnetic minerals. Low values of anhysteretic remanent magnetization( χARM)/χlf( 2. 35) and χARM/SIRM( 0. 12 × 10~(-3) m·A~(-1)) indicate predominantly coarse pseudo single domain( PSD) and multi-domain( MD)magnetic grain size assemblages. The playground dust is considered moderately to highly polluted,and the enrichment factor values for Cd,Zn,Cu,and Pb indicate extremely high contamination levels in the playground dust. Mineral magnetic parameters [χlf,SIRM,hard isothermal remanent magnetization( HIRM),χARM,and χARM/SIRM]reveal significant correlations with total and acid-extractable concentrations of the trace metals,and the correlations with total concentrations are stronger. The most significant correlations were found with mineral magnetic concentrations( χARMand SIRM) and total concentrations of the elements Mn,Ni,and Cr and the Tomlinson pollution load index( PLI)( 0. 69≤r≤0. 86,P < 0. 01). Consistent spatial characteristics between them were also found,showing that the total concentrations of heavy metals and magnetic parameter values are higher in the playgrounds near and downwind of the power plant. Results of a principal component analysis indicate that anthropogenic activities( mainly from coal consumption by power plants) are the main sources for both heavy metals and magnetic minerals. In summary,significant correlations and consistent spatial characteristics between heavy metal contents and magnetic parameters and the same anthropogenic source for heavy metals and magnetic minerals confirm that magnetic parameters could be considered as efficient indicators for heavy metal contamination in the playground dust in industrial areas.
The use of mineral magnetic measurements as a potential pollution proxy is explored as an alternative means of monitoring heavy metal pollution in playground dust in industrial areas. Dust samples were collected from playgrounds in an industrial area in Nanjing. The magnetic properties of the samples were analyzed,and the total and acid-extractable concentrations of heavy metals were measured. Mineral magnetic concentration parameters [mean magnetic susceptibility( χlf) 939. 31 × 10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization( SIRM) 16 618. 74 × 10~(-5) A·m~2·kg~(-1)]indicate that the dust samples contain high concentrations of magnetic minerals when compared to the non-industrial zone of the city. High and stable S-ratio values( mean 0. 97,standard deviation 0. 01) indicate the prominence of ferromagnetic minerals. Low values of anhysteretic remanent magnetization( χARM)/χlf( 2. 35) and χARM/SIRM( 0. 12 × 10~(-3) m·A~(-1)) indicate predominantly coarse pseudo single domain( PSD) and multi-domain( MD)magnetic grain size assemblages. The playground dust is considered moderately to highly polluted,and the enrichment factor values for Cd,Zn,Cu,and Pb indicate extremely high contamination levels in the playground dust. Mineral magnetic parameters [χlf,SIRM,hard isothermal remanent magnetization( HIRM),χARM,and χARM/SIRM]reveal significant correlations with total and acid-extractable concentrations of the trace metals,and the correlations with total concentrations are stronger. The most significant correlations were found with mineral magnetic concentrations( χARMand SIRM) and total concentrations of the elements Mn,Ni,and Cr and the Tomlinson pollution load index( PLI)( 0. 69≤r≤0. 86,P < 0. 01). Consistent spatial characteristics between them were also found,showing that the total concentrations of heavy metals and magnetic parameter values are higher in the playgrounds near and downwind of the power plant. Results of a principal component analysis indicate that anthropogenic activities( mainly from coal consumption by power plants) are the main sources for both heavy metals and magnetic minerals. In summary,significant correlations and consistent spatial characteristics between heavy metal contents and magnetic parameters and the same anthropogenic source for heavy metals and magnetic minerals confirm that magnetic parameters could be considered as efficient indicators for heavy metal contamination in the playground dust in industrial areas.
引文
[1]Cao S Z,Duan X L,Zhao X G,et al.Health risks of children's cumulative and aggregative exposure to metals and metalloids in a typical urban environment in China[J].Chemosphere,2016,147:404-411.
[2]Mohmand J,Eqani S A M A S,Fasola M,et al.Human exposure to toxic metals via contaminated dust:bio-accumulation trends and their potential risk estimation[J].Chemosphere,2015,132:142-151.
[3]Wang J H,Li S W,Cui X Y,et al.Bioaccessibility,sources and health risk assessment of trace metals in urban park dust in Nanjing,southeast China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,128:161-170.
[4]Liu Q S,Roberts A P,Larrasoa1a J C,et al.Environmental magnetism:principles and applications[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2012,50(4):RG4002.
[5]Botsou F,Sungur A,Kelepertzis E,et al.Insights into the chemical partitioning of trace metals in roadside and off-road agricultural soils along two major highways in Attica's region,Greece[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,132:101-110.
[6]Bourliva A,Papadopoulou L,Aidona E.Study of road dust magnetic phases as the main carrier of potentially harmful trace elements[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,553:380-391.
[7]Bourliva A,Papadopoulou L,Aidona E,et al.Characterization and geochemistry of technogenic magnetic particles(TMPs)in contaminated industrial soils:assessing health risk via ingestion[J].Geoderma,2017,295:86-97.
[8]Jordanova D,Jordanova N,Petrov P.Magnetic susceptibility of road deposited sediments at a national scale-Relation to population size and urban pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,189:239-251.
[9]刘飞,褚慧敏,郑祥民.上海市公园绿地树叶对大气重金属污染的磁学响应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4374-4380.Liu F,Chu H M,Zheng X M.Magnetic Response of dust-loaded leaves in parks of shanghai to atmospheric heavy metal pollution[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4374-4380.
[10]Liu D X,Ma J H,Sun Y L,et al.Spatial distribution of soil magnetic susceptibility and correlation with heavy metal pollution in Kaifeng City,China[J].CATENA,2016,139:53-60.
[11]Mu1oz D,Aguilar B,Fuentealba R,et al.Environmental studies in two communes of Santiago de Chile by the analysis of magnetic properties of particulate matter deposited on leaves of roadside trees[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,152:617-627.
[12]Szuszkiewicz M,ukasik A,Magiera T,et al.Combination of geo-pedo-and technogenic magnetic and geochemical signals in soil profiles-diversification and its interpretation:a new approach[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:464-477.
[13]Xia D S,Wang B,Yu Y,et al.Combination of magnetic parameters and heavy metals to discriminate soil-contamination sources in Yinchuan-a typical oasis city of northwestern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,485-486:83-92.
[14]许淑婧,夏敦胜,春喜,等.呼和浩特市大气降尘磁学特征及其环境意义[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(4):1004-1011.Xu S J,Xia D S,Chun X,et al.Magnetic properties of dustfall in Hohhot and their environmental implications[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(4):1004-1011.
[15]Dearing J.Environmental magnetic susceptibility:using the bartington MS2 system[M].Kenilworth:Chi Publishing,1999.
[16]Crosby C J,Fullen M A,Booth C A,et al.A dynamic approach to urban road deposited sediment pollution monitoring(Marylebone Road,London,UK)[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2014,105:10-20.
[17]房妮,张俊辉,王瑾,等.西安城市不同功能区街道灰尘磁学特征及环境污染分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):924-935.Fang N,Zhang J H,Wang J,et al.Magnetic characteristics and environmental pollution analysis of street dust in different functional zones of Xi'an city[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):924-935.
[18]Li H M,Qian X,Wei H T,et al.Magnetic properties as proxies for the evaluation of heavy metal contamination in urban street dusts of Nanjing,southeast China[J].Geophysical Journal International,2014,199(3):1354-1366.
[19]聂燕,王新,王博,等.西北典型工矿型城市街道尘埃重金属污染的环境磁学响应[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3438-3446.Nie Y,Wang X,Wang B,et al.Magnetic responses of heavy metals in street dust of typical mine-based city,northwest China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3438-3446.
[20]Wang G,Oldfield F,Xia D S,et al.Magnetic properties and correlation with heavy metals in urban street dust:a case study from the city of Lanzhou,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,46:289-298.
[21]Jrup L.Hazards of heavy metal contamination[J].British Medical Bulletin,2003,68(1):167-182.
[22]Chen H,Lu X W,Li L Y.Spatial distribution and risk assessment of metals in dust based on samples from nursery and primary schools of Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,88:172-182.
[23]Lu X W,Zhang X L,Li L Y,et al.Assessment of metals pollution and health risk in dust from nursery schools in Xi'an,China[J].Environmental Research,2014,128:27-34.
[24]Zhu Z M,Sun G Y,Bi X Y,et al.Identification of trace metal pollution in urban dust from kindergartens using magnetic,geochemical and lead isotopic analyses[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,77:9-15.
[25]Ng S L,Chan L S,Lam K C,et al.Heavy metal contents and magnetic properties of playground dust in Hong Kong[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2003,89(3):221-232.
[26]Pe1a-Fernández A,Lobo-Bedmar M C,González-Mu1oz M J.Annual and seasonal variability of metals and metalloids in urban and industrial soils in Alcaláde Henares(Spain)[J].Environmental Research,2015,136:40-46.
[27]Li H M,Qian X,Hu W,et al.Chemical speciation and human health risk of trace metals in urban street dusts from a metropolitan city,Nanjing,SE China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,456-457:212-221.
[28]Angulo E.The Tomlinson pollution load index applied to heavy metal‘Mussel-Watch’data:a useful index to assess coastal pollution[J].Science of the Total Environment,1996,187(1):19-56.
[29]Chabukdhara M,Nema A K.Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments:a chemometric and geochemical approach[J].Chemosphere,2012,87(8):945-953.
[30]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[31]方宏达,陈锦芳,段金明,等.厦门市郊区PM2.5和PM10中重金属的形态特征及生物可利用性研究[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(11):1872-1877.Fang H D,Chen J F,Duan J M,et al.Speciation characteristics and bioavailability of heavy metal elements in PM2.5and PM10in the suburbs of Xiamen[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(11):1872-1877.
[32]Keshavarzi B,Tazarvi Z,Rajabzadeh M A,et al.Chemical speciation,human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz,Iran[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,119:1-10.
[33]Yldrm G,Tokaloglu.Heavy metal speciation in various grain sizes of industrially contaminated street dust using multivariate statistical analysis[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,124:369-376.
[34]Perin G,Craboledda L,Lucchese M,et al.Heavy metal speciation in the sediments of northern Adriatic Sea:a new approach for environmental toxicity determination[A].In:Lakkas TD(ed.).Heavy Metals in the Environment,Vol 2.Edinburgh:CEP Consultants,1985.454-456.
[35]Yang J,Chen L,Liu L Z,et al.Comprehensive risk assessment of heavy metals in lake sediment from public parks in Shanghai[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,102:129-135.
[36]张卫国,俞立中.长江口潮滩沉积物的磁学性质及其与粒度的关系[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(9):783-792.
[37]薛勇,周倩,李远,等.曹妃甸围填海土壤重金属积累的磁化率指示研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1306-1312.Xue Y,Zhou Q,Li Y,et al.Heavy metals accumulation in the Caofeidian reclamation soils:indicated by soil magnetic susceptibility[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1306-1312.
[38]Sipos P,Márton M,May Z,et al.Geochemical,mineralogical and magnetic characteristics of vertical dust deposition in urban environment[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72(3):905-914.
[39]Botsou F,Karageorgis AP,Dassenakis E,et al.Assessment of heavy metal contamination and mineral magnetic characterization of the Asopos River sediments(Central Greece)[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(3):547-563.
[40]Tian H Z,Zhu C Y,Gao J J,et al.Quantitative assessment of atmospheric emissions of toxic heavy metals from anthropogenic sources in China:historical trend,spatial distribution,uncertainties,and control policies[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(17):12107-12166.
[41]Wang J,Hu Z M,Chen Y Y,et al.Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10and PM2.5in different functional areas of Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:221-229.
[42]Hansard R,Maher B A,Kinnersley R.Biomagnetic monitoring of industry-derived particulate pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(6):1673-1681.
[43]Magiera T,Parzentny H,ukasik A.The influence of the wind direction and plants on the variability of topsoil magnetic susceptibility in industrial and urban areas of southern Poland[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:213.
[44]Sarris A,Kokinou E,Aidona E,et al.Environmental study for pollution in the area of Megalopolis power plant(Peloponnesos,Greece)[J].Environmental Geology,2009,58(8):1769-1783.
[2]Mohmand J,Eqani S A M A S,Fasola M,et al.Human exposure to toxic metals via contaminated dust:bio-accumulation trends and their potential risk estimation[J].Chemosphere,2015,132:142-151.
[3]Wang J H,Li S W,Cui X Y,et al.Bioaccessibility,sources and health risk assessment of trace metals in urban park dust in Nanjing,southeast China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,128:161-170.
[4]Liu Q S,Roberts A P,Larrasoa1a J C,et al.Environmental magnetism:principles and applications[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2012,50(4):RG4002.
[5]Botsou F,Sungur A,Kelepertzis E,et al.Insights into the chemical partitioning of trace metals in roadside and off-road agricultural soils along two major highways in Attica's region,Greece[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,132:101-110.
[6]Bourliva A,Papadopoulou L,Aidona E.Study of road dust magnetic phases as the main carrier of potentially harmful trace elements[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,553:380-391.
[7]Bourliva A,Papadopoulou L,Aidona E,et al.Characterization and geochemistry of technogenic magnetic particles(TMPs)in contaminated industrial soils:assessing health risk via ingestion[J].Geoderma,2017,295:86-97.
[8]Jordanova D,Jordanova N,Petrov P.Magnetic susceptibility of road deposited sediments at a national scale-Relation to population size and urban pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,189:239-251.
[9]刘飞,褚慧敏,郑祥民.上海市公园绿地树叶对大气重金属污染的磁学响应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4374-4380.Liu F,Chu H M,Zheng X M.Magnetic Response of dust-loaded leaves in parks of shanghai to atmospheric heavy metal pollution[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4374-4380.
[10]Liu D X,Ma J H,Sun Y L,et al.Spatial distribution of soil magnetic susceptibility and correlation with heavy metal pollution in Kaifeng City,China[J].CATENA,2016,139:53-60.
[11]Mu1oz D,Aguilar B,Fuentealba R,et al.Environmental studies in two communes of Santiago de Chile by the analysis of magnetic properties of particulate matter deposited on leaves of roadside trees[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,152:617-627.
[12]Szuszkiewicz M,ukasik A,Magiera T,et al.Combination of geo-pedo-and technogenic magnetic and geochemical signals in soil profiles-diversification and its interpretation:a new approach[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:464-477.
[13]Xia D S,Wang B,Yu Y,et al.Combination of magnetic parameters and heavy metals to discriminate soil-contamination sources in Yinchuan-a typical oasis city of northwestern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,485-486:83-92.
[14]许淑婧,夏敦胜,春喜,等.呼和浩特市大气降尘磁学特征及其环境意义[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(4):1004-1011.Xu S J,Xia D S,Chun X,et al.Magnetic properties of dustfall in Hohhot and their environmental implications[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(4):1004-1011.
[15]Dearing J.Environmental magnetic susceptibility:using the bartington MS2 system[M].Kenilworth:Chi Publishing,1999.
[16]Crosby C J,Fullen M A,Booth C A,et al.A dynamic approach to urban road deposited sediment pollution monitoring(Marylebone Road,London,UK)[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2014,105:10-20.
[17]房妮,张俊辉,王瑾,等.西安城市不同功能区街道灰尘磁学特征及环境污染分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):924-935.Fang N,Zhang J H,Wang J,et al.Magnetic characteristics and environmental pollution analysis of street dust in different functional zones of Xi'an city[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):924-935.
[18]Li H M,Qian X,Wei H T,et al.Magnetic properties as proxies for the evaluation of heavy metal contamination in urban street dusts of Nanjing,southeast China[J].Geophysical Journal International,2014,199(3):1354-1366.
[19]聂燕,王新,王博,等.西北典型工矿型城市街道尘埃重金属污染的环境磁学响应[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3438-3446.Nie Y,Wang X,Wang B,et al.Magnetic responses of heavy metals in street dust of typical mine-based city,northwest China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3438-3446.
[20]Wang G,Oldfield F,Xia D S,et al.Magnetic properties and correlation with heavy metals in urban street dust:a case study from the city of Lanzhou,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,46:289-298.
[21]Jrup L.Hazards of heavy metal contamination[J].British Medical Bulletin,2003,68(1):167-182.
[22]Chen H,Lu X W,Li L Y.Spatial distribution and risk assessment of metals in dust based on samples from nursery and primary schools of Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,88:172-182.
[23]Lu X W,Zhang X L,Li L Y,et al.Assessment of metals pollution and health risk in dust from nursery schools in Xi'an,China[J].Environmental Research,2014,128:27-34.
[24]Zhu Z M,Sun G Y,Bi X Y,et al.Identification of trace metal pollution in urban dust from kindergartens using magnetic,geochemical and lead isotopic analyses[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,77:9-15.
[25]Ng S L,Chan L S,Lam K C,et al.Heavy metal contents and magnetic properties of playground dust in Hong Kong[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2003,89(3):221-232.
[26]Pe1a-Fernández A,Lobo-Bedmar M C,González-Mu1oz M J.Annual and seasonal variability of metals and metalloids in urban and industrial soils in Alcaláde Henares(Spain)[J].Environmental Research,2015,136:40-46.
[27]Li H M,Qian X,Hu W,et al.Chemical speciation and human health risk of trace metals in urban street dusts from a metropolitan city,Nanjing,SE China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,456-457:212-221.
[28]Angulo E.The Tomlinson pollution load index applied to heavy metal‘Mussel-Watch’data:a useful index to assess coastal pollution[J].Science of the Total Environment,1996,187(1):19-56.
[29]Chabukdhara M,Nema A K.Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments:a chemometric and geochemical approach[J].Chemosphere,2012,87(8):945-953.
[30]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[31]方宏达,陈锦芳,段金明,等.厦门市郊区PM2.5和PM10中重金属的形态特征及生物可利用性研究[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(11):1872-1877.Fang H D,Chen J F,Duan J M,et al.Speciation characteristics and bioavailability of heavy metal elements in PM2.5and PM10in the suburbs of Xiamen[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(11):1872-1877.
[32]Keshavarzi B,Tazarvi Z,Rajabzadeh M A,et al.Chemical speciation,human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz,Iran[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,119:1-10.
[33]Yldrm G,Tokaloglu.Heavy metal speciation in various grain sizes of industrially contaminated street dust using multivariate statistical analysis[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,124:369-376.
[34]Perin G,Craboledda L,Lucchese M,et al.Heavy metal speciation in the sediments of northern Adriatic Sea:a new approach for environmental toxicity determination[A].In:Lakkas TD(ed.).Heavy Metals in the Environment,Vol 2.Edinburgh:CEP Consultants,1985.454-456.
[35]Yang J,Chen L,Liu L Z,et al.Comprehensive risk assessment of heavy metals in lake sediment from public parks in Shanghai[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,102:129-135.
[36]张卫国,俞立中.长江口潮滩沉积物的磁学性质及其与粒度的关系[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(9):783-792.
[37]薛勇,周倩,李远,等.曹妃甸围填海土壤重金属积累的磁化率指示研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1306-1312.Xue Y,Zhou Q,Li Y,et al.Heavy metals accumulation in the Caofeidian reclamation soils:indicated by soil magnetic susceptibility[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1306-1312.
[38]Sipos P,Márton M,May Z,et al.Geochemical,mineralogical and magnetic characteristics of vertical dust deposition in urban environment[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72(3):905-914.
[39]Botsou F,Karageorgis AP,Dassenakis E,et al.Assessment of heavy metal contamination and mineral magnetic characterization of the Asopos River sediments(Central Greece)[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(3):547-563.
[40]Tian H Z,Zhu C Y,Gao J J,et al.Quantitative assessment of atmospheric emissions of toxic heavy metals from anthropogenic sources in China:historical trend,spatial distribution,uncertainties,and control policies[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(17):12107-12166.
[41]Wang J,Hu Z M,Chen Y Y,et al.Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10and PM2.5in different functional areas of Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:221-229.
[42]Hansard R,Maher B A,Kinnersley R.Biomagnetic monitoring of industry-derived particulate pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(6):1673-1681.
[43]Magiera T,Parzentny H,ukasik A.The influence of the wind direction and plants on the variability of topsoil magnetic susceptibility in industrial and urban areas of southern Poland[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:213.
[44]Sarris A,Kokinou E,Aidona E,et al.Environmental study for pollution in the area of Megalopolis power plant(Peloponnesos,Greece)[J].Environmental Geology,2009,58(8):1769-1783.