持续观看3D电视对视功能的影响（英文）
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摘要
目的:研究持续观看3D电视对视功能的影响,以及探索不同视功能参数之间的关系。方法:本研究录入19位受试者,每位受试者观看90分钟的2D电视或90分钟的3D电视,两部电视观看间隔时间为一周,顺序随机。每次观看电视前及观看后15min内都做相关视功能检查,检查包括以下四种视功能参数:调节功能(调节反应、调节微波动、调节灵敏度、正相对调节、负相对调节、AC/A),融像性聚散功能(远距负融像性聚散功能、远距正融像性聚散功能、近距负融像性聚散功能、近距正融像性聚散功能),隐斜量(远距隐斜量、近距隐斜量),立体视。结果:无论是与观看前的基础值比较,还是与观看2D电视后的数据比较,观看3D电视后近距离调节反应增加,汇聚减少,远距隐斜量向外隐斜改变(P<0.05)。结论:持续观看3D电视会对人们的视功能有一定影响,主要是打破了调节和聚散系统的平衡。厂家和公众应该引起重视,将调节功能、融像性聚散功能、隐斜量等参数作为评估3D电视安全性的指标。
AIM:To comprehensively identify the effects of persistent viewing of 3D TV on visual function and find out the relationship between different visual functional parameters.METHODS:The following four visual functional parameters;accommodation(accommodative response;accommodative microfluctuation;accommodative facility;PRA,positive relative accommodation;NRA,negative relative accommodation;gradient AC/A,the gradient accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio),vergence(DBI,distance base-in;DBO,distance baseout;NBI,near base-in;NBO,near base-out),phoria(distance and near lateral phoria),and stereopsis were measured for nineteen health participants before and after viewed 2D TV for 90 min and 3D TV for 90 min.RESULTS:Both compared with the baseline data and the data after 2D viewing,increased near accommodative responses,decreased convergence,changed phoria(more exophoric) at distance were detected after 3D TV viewing(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Prolonged viewing of 3D TV will influence human visual function,especially the disruption of the natural relationship between binocular convergence and accommodation induced by conflicting stimulus.Manufacturers and the public should consider the parameters of accommodation,vergence,and phoria as main indicators for detecting the safety of 3D TV.
AIM:To comprehensively identify the effects of persistent viewing of 3D TV on visual function and find out the relationship between different visual functional parameters.METHODS:The following four visual functional parameters;accommodation(accommodative response;accommodative microfluctuation;accommodative facility;PRA,positive relative accommodation;NRA,negative relative accommodation;gradient AC/A,the gradient accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio),vergence(DBI,distance base-in;DBO,distance baseout;NBI,near base-in;NBO,near base-out),phoria(distance and near lateral phoria),and stereopsis were measured for nineteen health participants before and after viewed 2D TV for 90 min and 3D TV for 90 min.RESULTS:Both compared with the baseline data and the data after 2D viewing,increased near accommodative responses,decreased convergence,changed phoria(more exophoric) at distance were detected after 3D TV viewing(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Prolonged viewing of 3D TV will influence human visual function,especially the disruption of the natural relationship between binocular convergence and accommodation induced by conflicting stimulus.Manufacturers and the public should consider the parameters of accommodation,vergence,and phoria as main indicators for detecting the safety of 3D TV.
引文
1 Read JC,Bohr I.User experience while viewing stereoscopic 3D television.Ergonomics 2014;57(8):1140-1153
2 Lambooij MTM,Usselsteijn WA,Heynderickx I.Visual discomfort in stereoscopic displays;a review.Proc.SPIE Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIV 2007;6490
3 Ukai K,Howarth PA.Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic motion images;Background,theories,and observations.Displays 2008;29(2):106-116
4 Maeda F,Tabuchi A,Kani K,Kawamoto K,Yoneda T,Yamashita T.Influence of three-dimensional image viewing on visual function.Jpn J Ophthalmol 2011;55(3):175-182
5 Yano S,Emoto M,Mitsuhashi T.Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images.Displays 2004;25(4):141-150
6 Patterson R.Human factors of 3-D displays.J Soc Inf Disp 2012,15(11):861-871.
7 Ukai K.Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic images and mechanism of accommodation.Proceedings of the First International Symposium on University Communication 2007;1:176-179.
8 Howarth PA.Potential hazards of viewing 3-D stereoscopic television,cinema and computer games:a review.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011;31(2):111-122
9 Hoffman DM,Girshick AR,Akeley K,Banks MS.Vergenceaccommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue.J Vis 2008;8(3):33-31
10 Kim J,Kane D,Banks MS.Visual Discomfort and the Temporal Properties of the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict.Proc SP1E Int Soc Opt Eng 2012;8288:828811
11 Banks MS,Kim J,Shibata T.Insight into Vergence-Accommodation Mismatch.Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2013;8735
12 Torii M,Okada Y,Ukai K,Wolffsohn JS,Gilmartin B.Dynamic measurement of accommodative responses while viewing stereoscopic images.J Mod Opt 2008;55(4-5):557-567
13 Trotter Y,Celebrini S,Stricanne B,Thorpe S,Imbert M.Modulation of neural stereoscopic processing in primate area VI by the viewing distance.Science 1992;257(5074):1279-1281
14 Ying SH,Zee DS.Phoria adaptation after sustained symmetrical convergence;Influence of saccades.Exp Brain Res 2006;171(3);297-305
15 Kim EH,Granger-Donetti B,Vicci VR,Alvarez TL.The relationship between phoria and the ratio of convergence peak velocity to divergence peak velocity.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51(8):4017-4027
16 Lee YY,Granger-Donetti B,Chang C,Alvarez TL.Sustained convergence induced changes in phoria and divergence dynamics.Vision Res 2009;49(24):2960-2972
17 Gage J.A comparison of AC/A ratio measurement using the gradient method at near and distance fixation.Brit Orthoptic J 1996;53:25-28
18 Gilbert,Luther C.Speed of processing visual stimuli and its relation to reading.J Educ Psychol 1959;50(1):8-14
19 Forster KI.Visual perception of rapidly presented word sequences of varying complexity.Attention,Perception&Psychophysics 1970;8(4):215-221
20 Ren F,Bao J,Le R,Lu F.The differences in accommodative responses during RSVP reading in groups with different refractive errors.Chinese Journal of Optometry&Ophthalmology 2008;10s(2):81-83,88
21 Fujikado T.Asthenopia from the viewpoint of visual Information processing-effect of watching 3D images.Eye 1997;14s:1295-1300
22 Le R,Bao J,Chen D,He JC,Lu F.The effect of blur adaptation on accommodative response and pupil sizeduring reading.J Vis 2010;10(14):1
23 Schor C,Wood I,Ogawa J.Binocular sensory fusion is limited by spatial resolution.Vision Res 1984;24(7):661-665
24 Emoto M,Nojiri Y,Okano F.Changes in fusional vergence limit and its hysteresis after viewing stereoscopic TV.Displays 2004;25(2):67-76
25 Emoto M,Niida T,Okano F.Repeated vergence adaptation causes the decline of visual functions in viewing stereoscopic television.J Disp Technol 2005;1(2):328-340
26 Zhang L,Zhang YQ,Zhang JS,Xu L,Jonas JB.Visual fatigue and discomfort after stereoscopic display viewing.Acta Ophthalmol 2013;91(2):e149-e153
27 Wee SW,Moon NJ,Lee WK,Jeon S.Ophthalmological factors influencing visual asthenopia as a result of viewing 3D displays.Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96(11):1391-1394
28 Karpicka E,Howarth PA.Heterophoria adaptation during the viewing of 3D stereoscopic stimuli.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013;33(5):604-610
29 Sreenivasan V,Bobier WR,Irving EL,Lakshminarayanan V.Effect of vergence adaptation on convergence-accommodation;model simulations.IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009;56(10):2389-2395
30 Eadie AS,Gray LS,Carlin P,Mon-Williams M.Modelling adaptation effects in vergence and accommodation after exposure to a simulated virtual reality stimulus.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2000;20(3):242-251
2 Lambooij MTM,Usselsteijn WA,Heynderickx I.Visual discomfort in stereoscopic displays;a review.Proc.SPIE Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIV 2007;6490
3 Ukai K,Howarth PA.Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic motion images;Background,theories,and observations.Displays 2008;29(2):106-116
4 Maeda F,Tabuchi A,Kani K,Kawamoto K,Yoneda T,Yamashita T.Influence of three-dimensional image viewing on visual function.Jpn J Ophthalmol 2011;55(3):175-182
5 Yano S,Emoto M,Mitsuhashi T.Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images.Displays 2004;25(4):141-150
6 Patterson R.Human factors of 3-D displays.J Soc Inf Disp 2012,15(11):861-871.
7 Ukai K.Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic images and mechanism of accommodation.Proceedings of the First International Symposium on University Communication 2007;1:176-179.
8 Howarth PA.Potential hazards of viewing 3-D stereoscopic television,cinema and computer games:a review.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011;31(2):111-122
9 Hoffman DM,Girshick AR,Akeley K,Banks MS.Vergenceaccommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue.J Vis 2008;8(3):33-31
10 Kim J,Kane D,Banks MS.Visual Discomfort and the Temporal Properties of the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict.Proc SP1E Int Soc Opt Eng 2012;8288:828811
11 Banks MS,Kim J,Shibata T.Insight into Vergence-Accommodation Mismatch.Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2013;8735
12 Torii M,Okada Y,Ukai K,Wolffsohn JS,Gilmartin B.Dynamic measurement of accommodative responses while viewing stereoscopic images.J Mod Opt 2008;55(4-5):557-567
13 Trotter Y,Celebrini S,Stricanne B,Thorpe S,Imbert M.Modulation of neural stereoscopic processing in primate area VI by the viewing distance.Science 1992;257(5074):1279-1281
14 Ying SH,Zee DS.Phoria adaptation after sustained symmetrical convergence;Influence of saccades.Exp Brain Res 2006;171(3);297-305
15 Kim EH,Granger-Donetti B,Vicci VR,Alvarez TL.The relationship between phoria and the ratio of convergence peak velocity to divergence peak velocity.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51(8):4017-4027
16 Lee YY,Granger-Donetti B,Chang C,Alvarez TL.Sustained convergence induced changes in phoria and divergence dynamics.Vision Res 2009;49(24):2960-2972
17 Gage J.A comparison of AC/A ratio measurement using the gradient method at near and distance fixation.Brit Orthoptic J 1996;53:25-28
18 Gilbert,Luther C.Speed of processing visual stimuli and its relation to reading.J Educ Psychol 1959;50(1):8-14
19 Forster KI.Visual perception of rapidly presented word sequences of varying complexity.Attention,Perception&Psychophysics 1970;8(4):215-221
20 Ren F,Bao J,Le R,Lu F.The differences in accommodative responses during RSVP reading in groups with different refractive errors.Chinese Journal of Optometry&Ophthalmology 2008;10s(2):81-83,88
21 Fujikado T.Asthenopia from the viewpoint of visual Information processing-effect of watching 3D images.Eye 1997;14s:1295-1300
22 Le R,Bao J,Chen D,He JC,Lu F.The effect of blur adaptation on accommodative response and pupil sizeduring reading.J Vis 2010;10(14):1
23 Schor C,Wood I,Ogawa J.Binocular sensory fusion is limited by spatial resolution.Vision Res 1984;24(7):661-665
24 Emoto M,Nojiri Y,Okano F.Changes in fusional vergence limit and its hysteresis after viewing stereoscopic TV.Displays 2004;25(2):67-76
25 Emoto M,Niida T,Okano F.Repeated vergence adaptation causes the decline of visual functions in viewing stereoscopic television.J Disp Technol 2005;1(2):328-340
26 Zhang L,Zhang YQ,Zhang JS,Xu L,Jonas JB.Visual fatigue and discomfort after stereoscopic display viewing.Acta Ophthalmol 2013;91(2):e149-e153
27 Wee SW,Moon NJ,Lee WK,Jeon S.Ophthalmological factors influencing visual asthenopia as a result of viewing 3D displays.Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96(11):1391-1394
28 Karpicka E,Howarth PA.Heterophoria adaptation during the viewing of 3D stereoscopic stimuli.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013;33(5):604-610
29 Sreenivasan V,Bobier WR,Irving EL,Lakshminarayanan V.Effect of vergence adaptation on convergence-accommodation;model simulations.IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009;56(10):2389-2395
30 Eadie AS,Gray LS,Carlin P,Mon-Williams M.Modelling adaptation effects in vergence and accommodation after exposure to a simulated virtual reality stimulus.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2000;20(3):242-251