基于“源-汇”理论的生态型市域景观生态安全格局构建
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摘要
生态型市域是随着我国生态文明建设不断深入而产生的一批以生态输出为己任,支撑区域乃至全国生态安全的重要生态型区域,该类区域景观生态安全格局的构建是协调域内社会经济与生态环境保护的基础。选取典型生态型市域张家口市,基于"源-汇"理论构建景观生态安全格局,划定不同保护重点的五大生态功能区,识别重点生态保护区、重点生态修复区和廊道系统,以此作为保障城市生态安全的基础,逐步形成"点-线-面"三位一体的立体保护体系,同时提出了生态安全格局构建的优先次序,为张家口市生态安全格局分步骤建设提供依据。研究结果表明,张家口市景观生态安全格局重点保护区缺失严重,缺失区域总面积达1555.77 km~2,占生态保护核心区面积的75.60%,重点生态修复区域比例较大,占全区面积的24.27%,生态廊道存在3个主要缺失区域,针对张家口市生态安全格局建设任务艰巨的现状,提出了分步骤建设的构建思路,即优先进行重点生态修复、重点生态保护缺失区域和生态廊道缺失区域建设,针对重点生态修复区域面积比例较大提出了分步修复的优先次序,即水域修复区>林草水修复区>林草修复区>林水修复区>水草修复区>林地修复区>草地修复区,并提出了优先建设冬奥会场及沿途生态廊道的思路,此外,为实现张家口区域生态系统的支撑作用,需在完成重点区域建设的基础上不断扩大生态保护范围。研究为欠发达生态型市域景观生态安全格局构建及生态环境保护体系建设提供了范例。
With the growth of ecological civilization in China, a city in an ecozone takes the ecological protection as the main responsibility and affords the ecological security of the region and even the whole country. The landscape ecological security pattern of this kind of region is the basis for the protection of the social economy and the ecological environment in a coordination domain. This study selected Zhangjiakou, which is a typical ecozone city, as the research area. Based on source-sink theory, five major ecological functional areas with different protection key points were identified to construct the landscape ecological security pattern, while the key ecological protection areas, ecological restoration areas, and corridor system were located, which are the basis for ensuring urban ecological security. With these areas, the three-dimensional protection system, with a "point-line-polygon", were constructed. Additionally, the priority on the structure of ecological security pattern was put forward, which provides the basis for the construction of the ecological security pattern for Zhangjiakou. The results showed that the key protection areas for the landscape ecological security pattern of Zhangjiakou were missing, and the total area of the missing area was 1555.77 km~2, which accounted for 75.60% of the area of the ecological protection core. The proportion of the key ecological restoration area was larger, accounting for 24.27% of the whole area, and there were three main missing areas in the ecological corridor. In addition, to realize the supporting role of the regional ecology of Zhangjiakou, the ecological protection scope should be continuously expanded until the completion of the construction of the key area. This study provides an example of the construction of an ecological security pattern for an underdeveloped eco-city and the construction of an ecological environment protection system.
With the growth of ecological civilization in China, a city in an ecozone takes the ecological protection as the main responsibility and affords the ecological security of the region and even the whole country. The landscape ecological security pattern of this kind of region is the basis for the protection of the social economy and the ecological environment in a coordination domain. This study selected Zhangjiakou, which is a typical ecozone city, as the research area. Based on source-sink theory, five major ecological functional areas with different protection key points were identified to construct the landscape ecological security pattern, while the key ecological protection areas, ecological restoration areas, and corridor system were located, which are the basis for ensuring urban ecological security. With these areas, the three-dimensional protection system, with a "point-line-polygon", were constructed. Additionally, the priority on the structure of ecological security pattern was put forward, which provides the basis for the construction of the ecological security pattern for Zhangjiakou. The results showed that the key protection areas for the landscape ecological security pattern of Zhangjiakou were missing, and the total area of the missing area was 1555.77 km~2, which accounted for 75.60% of the area of the ecological protection core. The proportion of the key ecological restoration area was larger, accounting for 24.27% of the whole area, and there were three main missing areas in the ecological corridor. In addition, to realize the supporting role of the regional ecology of Zhangjiakou, the ecological protection scope should be continuously expanded until the completion of the construction of the key area. This study provides an example of the construction of an ecological security pattern for an underdeveloped eco-city and the construction of an ecological environment protection system.
引文
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[6] 王金亮,谢德体,邵景安,倪九派,雷平.基于最小累积阻力模型的三峡库区耕地面源污染源-汇风险识别.农业工程学报,2016,32(16):206- 215.
[7] 黄宁,王红映,吝涛,刘启明,黄云凤,李剑雄.基于“源-汇”理论的流域非点源污染控制景观格局调控框架——以厦门市马銮湾流域为例.应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3325- 3334.
[8] 彭建,赵会娟,刘焱序,杜悦悦.区域水安全格局构建:研究进展及概念框架.生态学报,2016,36(11):3137- 3145.
[9] 钟式玉,吴箐,李宇,程金屏.基于最小累积阻力模型的城镇土地空间重构——以广州市新塘镇为例.应用生态学报,2012,23(11):3173- 3179.
[10] 张继平,乔青,刘春兰,王海华,裴厦.基于最小累积阻力模型的北京市生态用地规划研究.生态学报,2017,37(19):6313- 6321.
[11] 程迎轩,王红梅,刘光盛,郑标,王海云,刘翠霞.基于最小累计阻力模型的生态用地空间布局优化.农业工程学报,2016,32(16):248- 257.
[12] Yu Q,Yue D P,Wang J P,Zhang Q B,Li Y T,Yu Y,Chen J X,Li N.The optimization of urban ecological infrastructure network based on the changes of county landscape patterns:a typical case study of ecological fragile zone located at Deng Kou (Inner Mongolia).Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,163(S):S54-S67.
[13] 李健飞,李林,郭泺,杜世宏.基于最小累积阻力模型的珠海市生态适宜性评价.应用生态学报,2016,27(1):225- 232.
[14] 吴春华,胡远满,黄培泉,刘淼,任东风.基于最小阻力模型阜新市城市及农村居民点适宜性评价研究.资源科学,2013,35(12):2405- 2411.
[15] 刘孝富,舒俭民,张林波.最小累积阻力模型在城市土地生态适宜性评价中的应用——以厦门为例.生态学报,2010,30(2):421- 428.
[16] 王琦,付梦娣,魏来,韩煜,史娜娜,李俊生,全占军.基于源-汇理论和最小累积阻力模型的城市生态安全格局构建——以安徽省宁国市为例.环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4546- 4554.
[17] 李晶,蒙吉军,毛熙彦.基于最小累积阻力模型的农牧交错带土地利用生态安全格局构建——以鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗为例.北京大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(4):707- 715.
[18] 蒙吉军,王雅,王晓东,周朕,孙宁.基于最小累积阻力模型的贵阳市景观生态安全格局构建.长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(7):1052- 1061.
[19] Peng J,Pan Y J,Liu Y X,Zhao H J,Wang Y L.Linking ecological degradation risk to identify ecological security patterns in a rapidly urbanizing landscape.Habitat International,2018,71:110- 124.
[20] 彭建,郭小楠,胡熠娜,刘焱序.基于地质灾害敏感性的山地生态安全格局构建——以云南省玉溪市为例.应用生态学报,2017,28(2):627- 635.
[21] 张云路,李雄,田野.基于景观生态学“源-汇”理论的市域尺度生态功能分区——以内蒙古通辽市为例.生态学报,2018,38(1):65- 72.
[22] 潘竟虎,杨旺明,刘莹.兰州市景观生态功能评价和格局优化.西北师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,47(5):96- 103.
[23] 尹发能,王学雷.基于最小累计阻力模型的四湖流域景观生态规划研究.华中农业大学学报,2010,29(2):231- 235.
[24] 俞孔坚,游鸿,许立言,袁弘.北京市住宅用地开发压力与城市扩张预景——基于阻力面的分析.地理研究,2012,31(7):1173- 1184.
[25] 俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理.中国园林,2001(6):3- 10.
[26] 熊繁,邵景安.不同土地利用情景下农村景观生态格局优化.中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(2):11- 21.
[27] 唐丽,罗亦殷,罗改改,李军,刘沁楚,李金钊.基于粒度反推法和MCR模型的海南省东方市景观格局优化.生态学杂志,2016,35(12):3393- 3403.
[28] 王旭熙,彭立,苏春江,徐定德,陈田田.基于景观生态安全格局的低丘缓坡土地资源开发利用——以四川省泸县为例.生态学报,2016,36(12):3646- 3654.
[29] Zhang L Q,Peng J,Liu Y X,Wu J S.Coupling ecosystem services supply and human ecological demand to identify landscape ecological security pattern:A case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China.Urban Ecosystems,2017,20(3):701- 714.
[30] 张远景,俞滨洋.城市生态网络空间评价及其格局优化.生态学报,2016,36(21):6969- 6984.
[31] Franklin J F,Forman R T T.Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting:Ecological consequences and principles.Landscape Ecology,1987,1(1):5- 18.
[2] 陈利顶,傅伯杰,赵文武.“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义.生态学报,2006,26(5):1444- 1449.
[3] 陈利顶,孙然好,刘海莲.城市景观格局演变的生态环境效应研究进展.生态学报,2013,33(4):1042- 1050.
[4] 史振华,程婕,王百田.天津市城镇扩展生态安全格局初探.干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(5):11- 14.
[5] 俞孔坚.生物保护的景观生态安全格局.生态学报,1999,19(1):8- 15.
[6] 王金亮,谢德体,邵景安,倪九派,雷平.基于最小累积阻力模型的三峡库区耕地面源污染源-汇风险识别.农业工程学报,2016,32(16):206- 215.
[7] 黄宁,王红映,吝涛,刘启明,黄云凤,李剑雄.基于“源-汇”理论的流域非点源污染控制景观格局调控框架——以厦门市马銮湾流域为例.应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3325- 3334.
[8] 彭建,赵会娟,刘焱序,杜悦悦.区域水安全格局构建:研究进展及概念框架.生态学报,2016,36(11):3137- 3145.
[9] 钟式玉,吴箐,李宇,程金屏.基于最小累积阻力模型的城镇土地空间重构——以广州市新塘镇为例.应用生态学报,2012,23(11):3173- 3179.
[10] 张继平,乔青,刘春兰,王海华,裴厦.基于最小累积阻力模型的北京市生态用地规划研究.生态学报,2017,37(19):6313- 6321.
[11] 程迎轩,王红梅,刘光盛,郑标,王海云,刘翠霞.基于最小累计阻力模型的生态用地空间布局优化.农业工程学报,2016,32(16):248- 257.
[12] Yu Q,Yue D P,Wang J P,Zhang Q B,Li Y T,Yu Y,Chen J X,Li N.The optimization of urban ecological infrastructure network based on the changes of county landscape patterns:a typical case study of ecological fragile zone located at Deng Kou (Inner Mongolia).Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,163(S):S54-S67.
[13] 李健飞,李林,郭泺,杜世宏.基于最小累积阻力模型的珠海市生态适宜性评价.应用生态学报,2016,27(1):225- 232.
[14] 吴春华,胡远满,黄培泉,刘淼,任东风.基于最小阻力模型阜新市城市及农村居民点适宜性评价研究.资源科学,2013,35(12):2405- 2411.
[15] 刘孝富,舒俭民,张林波.最小累积阻力模型在城市土地生态适宜性评价中的应用——以厦门为例.生态学报,2010,30(2):421- 428.
[16] 王琦,付梦娣,魏来,韩煜,史娜娜,李俊生,全占军.基于源-汇理论和最小累积阻力模型的城市生态安全格局构建——以安徽省宁国市为例.环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4546- 4554.
[17] 李晶,蒙吉军,毛熙彦.基于最小累积阻力模型的农牧交错带土地利用生态安全格局构建——以鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗为例.北京大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(4):707- 715.
[18] 蒙吉军,王雅,王晓东,周朕,孙宁.基于最小累积阻力模型的贵阳市景观生态安全格局构建.长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(7):1052- 1061.
[19] Peng J,Pan Y J,Liu Y X,Zhao H J,Wang Y L.Linking ecological degradation risk to identify ecological security patterns in a rapidly urbanizing landscape.Habitat International,2018,71:110- 124.
[20] 彭建,郭小楠,胡熠娜,刘焱序.基于地质灾害敏感性的山地生态安全格局构建——以云南省玉溪市为例.应用生态学报,2017,28(2):627- 635.
[21] 张云路,李雄,田野.基于景观生态学“源-汇”理论的市域尺度生态功能分区——以内蒙古通辽市为例.生态学报,2018,38(1):65- 72.
[22] 潘竟虎,杨旺明,刘莹.兰州市景观生态功能评价和格局优化.西北师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,47(5):96- 103.
[23] 尹发能,王学雷.基于最小累计阻力模型的四湖流域景观生态规划研究.华中农业大学学报,2010,29(2):231- 235.
[24] 俞孔坚,游鸿,许立言,袁弘.北京市住宅用地开发压力与城市扩张预景——基于阻力面的分析.地理研究,2012,31(7):1173- 1184.
[25] 俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理.中国园林,2001(6):3- 10.
[26] 熊繁,邵景安.不同土地利用情景下农村景观生态格局优化.中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(2):11- 21.
[27] 唐丽,罗亦殷,罗改改,李军,刘沁楚,李金钊.基于粒度反推法和MCR模型的海南省东方市景观格局优化.生态学杂志,2016,35(12):3393- 3403.
[28] 王旭熙,彭立,苏春江,徐定德,陈田田.基于景观生态安全格局的低丘缓坡土地资源开发利用——以四川省泸县为例.生态学报,2016,36(12):3646- 3654.
[29] Zhang L Q,Peng J,Liu Y X,Wu J S.Coupling ecosystem services supply and human ecological demand to identify landscape ecological security pattern:A case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China.Urban Ecosystems,2017,20(3):701- 714.
[30] 张远景,俞滨洋.城市生态网络空间评价及其格局优化.生态学报,2016,36(21):6969- 6984.
[31] Franklin J F,Forman R T T.Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting:Ecological consequences and principles.Landscape Ecology,1987,1(1):5- 18.