在风景园林研究中定义“城市中的自然”
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摘要
本文有关自然和城市关系的成果,可供学界和业界参考。其中的研究例如:城市热岛效应加剧带来的影响;当前城市水管理面临的挑战;以及与城市景观和福祉相关的健康问题研究;景观的无形社会价值等。研究表明,当下正值风景园林研究范式的转变时期,有关城市和自然的思考从对立转变为并置,知识体系也通过将实践和学术研究并行而得以构建。在这种范式转变过程中,"设计驱动型研究"(Research-through-Designing)应该扮演越来越重要的角色。
This contribution presents findings from studies on nature and city relationships that inform both academics and practitioners. Examples include research studying the effects of urban heat island intensification and current urban water management challenges, also health related research pertaining to landscape and well-being in cities, and research responding to societal relevance of intangible landscape values. Findings from these studies suggest that it is time for a paradigm shift in landscape architecture, away from thinking in dichotomies and towards thinking city and nature together and towards building the body of knowledge through practice and academic research together. In this paradigm shift, Research-through-Designing should play an increasingly important role.
This contribution presents findings from studies on nature and city relationships that inform both academics and practitioners. Examples include research studying the effects of urban heat island intensification and current urban water management challenges, also health related research pertaining to landscape and well-being in cities, and research responding to societal relevance of intangible landscape values. Findings from these studies suggest that it is time for a paradigm shift in landscape architecture, away from thinking in dichotomies and towards thinking city and nature together and towards building the body of knowledge through practice and academic research together. In this paradigm shift, Research-through-Designing should play an increasingly important role.
引文
[1] European Science Foundation. Landscape in A Changing World:Bridging Divides, Integrating Disciplines, Serving Society[R]. Strasbourg, Brussels:European Science Foundation, 2010.
[2] VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D. Strategies for Enhancing Landscape Architecture Research[J]. Landscape Research,2014, 39(1):7–20.
[3] MEIJERING J, TOBI H, VAN DEN BRINK A, et al.Assessing Research Priorities and Quality[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:85-102.
[4] VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology[M].London, New York:Routledge, 2017.
[5] BACKHAUS A, FRYD O, DAM T. The Urban Water Challenge[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H,et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:285-306.
[6] BROWN R D, GILLESPIE T J. Thermally Comfortable Urban Environments[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D,TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:263-284.
[7] WARD THOMPSON C. Landscape and Health[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London,New York:Routledge, 2017:235-267.
[8] TAYLOR K. Cultural landscape meanings and values[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology.London, New York:Routledge, 2017:211-234.
[9] LENZHOLZER S, DUCHHART I, KOH J.“Research through designing” in Landscape Architecture[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2013, 113(0):120–127.
[10] BRUNS D, VAN DEN BRINK A, TOBI H, et al. Advancing Landscape Architecture research[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:11-23.
[11] LENZHOLZER S. Weather in the City:How Design Shapes the Urban Climate., Rotterdam:Nai010 Publishers,2015.
[12] LENZHOLZER S, DUCHHART I, VAN DEN BRINK A.Research in Landscape Architecture and the Special Role of Designing[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H,et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:54-64.
[13] STEINITZ C. A Framework for Theory Applicable to The Education of Landscape Architects(and other Environmental Design Professionals)[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990:9(2):136-143.
[14] STEINITZ C. A Framework for Geodesign:Changing Geography by Design[M]. Redlands, CA:Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2012.
[15] INAM A. From Dichotomy to Dialectic:Practising Theory in Urban Design[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 2011,16(2):257-277.
[16] SWAFFIELD S, PRIMDAHL J, HOVERSTEN M.Discursive Relationships between Landscape Science,Policy and Management Practice:Concepts, Issues and Examples[M]//FU Bojie, JONES K B. Landscape Ecology for Sustainable Environment and Culture. Dordrecht:Springer,2013:225-248.
[17] PROMINSKI M. Design Guidelines[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:194-208.
[18] HEHL-LANGE S, LANGE E. Virtual Environments[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology.London, New York:Routledge, 2017:161-178.
(1)本文为作者在2017世界风景园林师高峰讲坛上的发言稿。
(2)所有图片版权归作者所有。感谢Franziska Bernstein对图纸绘制的技术支持。图3根据参考文献[5]、[12]、[13]绘制。
[2] VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D. Strategies for Enhancing Landscape Architecture Research[J]. Landscape Research,2014, 39(1):7–20.
[3] MEIJERING J, TOBI H, VAN DEN BRINK A, et al.Assessing Research Priorities and Quality[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:85-102.
[4] VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology[M].London, New York:Routledge, 2017.
[5] BACKHAUS A, FRYD O, DAM T. The Urban Water Challenge[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H,et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:285-306.
[6] BROWN R D, GILLESPIE T J. Thermally Comfortable Urban Environments[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D,TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:263-284.
[7] WARD THOMPSON C. Landscape and Health[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London,New York:Routledge, 2017:235-267.
[8] TAYLOR K. Cultural landscape meanings and values[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology.London, New York:Routledge, 2017:211-234.
[9] LENZHOLZER S, DUCHHART I, KOH J.“Research through designing” in Landscape Architecture[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2013, 113(0):120–127.
[10] BRUNS D, VAN DEN BRINK A, TOBI H, et al. Advancing Landscape Architecture research[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:11-23.
[11] LENZHOLZER S. Weather in the City:How Design Shapes the Urban Climate., Rotterdam:Nai010 Publishers,2015.
[12] LENZHOLZER S, DUCHHART I, VAN DEN BRINK A.Research in Landscape Architecture and the Special Role of Designing[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H,et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:54-64.
[13] STEINITZ C. A Framework for Theory Applicable to The Education of Landscape Architects(and other Environmental Design Professionals)[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990:9(2):136-143.
[14] STEINITZ C. A Framework for Geodesign:Changing Geography by Design[M]. Redlands, CA:Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2012.
[15] INAM A. From Dichotomy to Dialectic:Practising Theory in Urban Design[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 2011,16(2):257-277.
[16] SWAFFIELD S, PRIMDAHL J, HOVERSTEN M.Discursive Relationships between Landscape Science,Policy and Management Practice:Concepts, Issues and Examples[M]//FU Bojie, JONES K B. Landscape Ecology for Sustainable Environment and Culture. Dordrecht:Springer,2013:225-248.
[17] PROMINSKI M. Design Guidelines[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology. London, New York:Routledge, 2017:194-208.
[18] HEHL-LANGE S, LANGE E. Virtual Environments[M]//VAN DEN BRINK A, BRUNS D, TOBI H, et al. Research in Landscape Architecture. Methods and Methodology.London, New York:Routledge, 2017:161-178.
(1)本文为作者在2017世界风景园林师高峰讲坛上的发言稿。
(2)所有图片版权归作者所有。感谢Franziska Bernstein对图纸绘制的技术支持。图3根据参考文献[5]、[12]、[13]绘制。