基于区块链的分布式能源交易关键技术
|
摘要
分布式能源凭借能效高、运行灵活、经济性好等特点,逐渐成为发电的重要来源。区块链技术的去中心化、公开透明等特性与分布式能源的交易需求相吻合,探索基于区块链的分布式能源交易有助于消纳能源,降低信用成本。首先从双方的典型特征方面,分析了区块链技术与分布式交易的契合度;接着介绍了区块链技术在提高交易处理效率方面的新发展,以及结合了区块链技术的分布式能源交易理论研究与实际应用;然后,从点对点(P2P)交易、集合竞价以及连续双边拍卖3个方面,分析了国内外在区块链交易方面的研究现状;最后给出了中国在区块链参与消纳分布式能源、建设需求响应管理等方面的建议。
Distributed energy has gradually become an important source of power generation by virtue of its characteristics of high energy efficiency,flexible operation and economy.The decentralization,openness and transparency of blockchain technology are consistent with the transaction demand of distributed energy.Exploring the blockchain based distributed transaction mode can help to promote energy integration and reduce credit costs.Firstly,the fitness of combining blockchain technology and distributed transaction is analyzed from the typical characteristics,and the new development of blockchain technology in improving transaction processing efficiency and its theory and practical application in distributed energy transaction are introduced.Then,the research status of blockchain transaction is analyzed from three aspects of peer-to-peer transaction,call auction and continuous double auction.Finally,suggestions are given on how to promote distributed energy integration and the management of demand response by means of blockchain in China.
Distributed energy has gradually become an important source of power generation by virtue of its characteristics of high energy efficiency,flexible operation and economy.The decentralization,openness and transparency of blockchain technology are consistent with the transaction demand of distributed energy.Exploring the blockchain based distributed transaction mode can help to promote energy integration and reduce credit costs.Firstly,the fitness of combining blockchain technology and distributed transaction is analyzed from the typical characteristics,and the new development of blockchain technology in improving transaction processing efficiency and its theory and practical application in distributed energy transaction are introduced.Then,the research status of blockchain transaction is analyzed from three aspects of peer-to-peer transaction,call auction and continuous double auction.Finally,suggestions are given on how to promote distributed energy integration and the management of demand response by means of blockchain in China.
引文
[1] 国家发改委,国家能源局.关于开展分布式发电市场化交易试点的通知[EB/OL].[2017-10-31].http://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/auto87/201711/t20171113_3055.htm.National Development and Reform Commission,National Energy Administration.Notice on the pilot of distributed generation market trading[EB/OL].[2017-10-31].http://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/auto87/201711/t20171113_3055.htm.
[2] 张晓萱,薛松,杨素,等.售电侧市场放开国际经验及其启示[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(9):1-8.ZHANG Xiaoxuan,XUE Song,YANG Su,et al.International experience and lessons in power sales side market liberalization[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(9):1-8.
[3] 平健,陈思捷,张宁,等.基于智能合约的配电网去中心化交易机制[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3682-3690.PING Jian,CHEN Sijie,ZHANG Ning,et al.Decentralized transactive mechanism in distribution network based on smart contract[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3682-3690.
[4] CHEN Sijie,LIU C C.From demand response to transactive energy:state of the art[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2017,5(1):10-19.
[5] HARING T W,MATHIEU J L,ANDERSSON G.Comparing centralized and decentralized contract design enabling direct load control for reserves[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(3):2044-2054.
[6] DONG Zhaoyang,LUO Fengji,LIANG Gaoqi.Blockchain:a secure,decentralized,trusted cyber infrastructure solution for future energy systems[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(5):958-967.
[7] JOGUNOLA O,IKPEHAI A,ANOH K,et al.State-of-the-art and prospects for peer-to-peer transaction-based energy system[J].Energies,2017,10(12).
[8] BAHRAMI S,AMINI M H,SHAFIE K M,et al.A decentralized electricity market scheme enabling demand response deployment[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2017,33(4):4218-4227.
[9] 张宁,王毅,康重庆,等.能源互联网中的区块链技术:研究框架与典型应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(15):4011-4023.ZHANG Ning,WANG Yi,KANG Chongqing,et al.Blockchain technique in the energy internet:preliminary research framework and typical application[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(15):4011-4023.
[10] 邰雪,孙宏斌,郭庆来.能源互联网中基于区块链的电力交易和阻塞管理方法[J].电网技术,2016,40(12):3630-3638.TAI Xue,SUN Hongbin,GUO Qinglai.Electricity transactions and congestion management based on blockchain in energy internet power system technology[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(12):3630-3638.
[11] 佘维,胡跃,杨晓宇,等.基于能源区块链网络的虚拟电厂运行与调度模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3729-3736.SHE Wei,HU Yue,YANG Xiaoyu,et al.Virtual power plant operation and scheduling model based on energy blockchain network[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3729-3736.
[12] 杨晓东,张有兵,卢俊杰,等.基于区块链技术的能源局域网储能系统自动需求响应[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3703-3716.YANG Xiaodong,ZHANG Youbing,LU Junjie,et al.Blockchain-based automated demand response method for energy storage system in an energy local network[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3703-3716.
[13] KANG J,YU R,HUANG X,et al.Enabling localized peer-to-peer electricity trading among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2017,13(6):3154-3164.
[14] 李彬,曹望璋,祁兵,等.区块链技术在电力辅助服务领域的应用综述[J].电网技术,2017,41(3):736-744.LI Bin,CAO Wangzhang,QI Bing,et al.Overview of application of block chain technology in ancillary service market[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(3):736-744.
[15] 欧阳旭,朱向前,叶伦,等.区块链技术在大用户直购电中的应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3737-3745.OUYANG Xu,ZHU Xiangqian,YE Lun,et al.Preliminary applications of blockchain technique in large consumers direct power trading[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3737-3745.
[16] 李彬,覃秋悦,祁兵,等.基于区块链的分布式能源交易方案设计综述[J].电网技术,2019,43(3):228-239.LI Bin,QIN Qiuyue,QI Bing,et al.Design of distributed energy trading scheme based on block chain[JL].Power System Technology,2019,43(3):228-239.
[17] 中国储能网新闻中心.基于区块链的分布式能源交易技术[EB/OL].[2019-02-27].http://www.escn.com.cn/news/show-527911.html.China Energy Storage Network News Center.Distributed energy trading technology based on blockchain[EB/OL].[2019-02-27].http://www.escn.com.cn/news/show-527911.html.
[18] 任晓明.分布式能源系统运营与区块链[EB/OL].[2019-02-28].http://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20180209/879988.shtml.REN Xiaoming.Operation of distributed energy system and blockchain[EB/OL].[2019-02-28].http://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20180209/879988.shtml.
[19] 袁勇,王飞跃.区块链技术发展现状与展望[J].自动化学报,2016,42(4):481-494.YUAN Yong,WANG Feiyue.Blockchain:the state of the art and future trends[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2016,42(4):481-494.
[20] 曾鸣,程俊,王雨晴,等.区块链框架下能源互联网多模块协同自治模式初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3672-3681.ZENG Ming,CHENG Jun,WANG Yuqing,et al.Primarily research for multi module cooperative autonomous mode of energy internet under blockchain framework[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3672-3681.
[21] 宁晓静,张毅,林湘宁,等.基于物理-信息-价值的能源区块链分析[J].电网技术,2018,42(7):2312-2323.NING Xiaojing,ZHANG Yi,LIN Xiangning,et al.Energy blockchain system based on integrated physical-cyber-value perspectives[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(7):2312-2323.
[22] FAN T,HE Q,NIE E,et al.A study of pricing and trading model of blockchain & big data-based energy-internet electricity[J].IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,2018,108(5).
[23] 丁伟,王国成,许爱东,等.能源区块链的关键技术及信息安全问题研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2018,38(4):1026-1034.DING Wei,WANG Guocheng,XU Aidong,et al.Research on key technologies and information security issues of energy blockchain[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2018,38(4):1026-1034.
[24] 李彬,卢超,曹望璋,等.基于区块链技术的自动需求响应系统应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3691-3702.LI Bin,LU Chao,CAO Wangzhang,et al.A preliminary study of block chain based automated demand response system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3691-3702.
[25] RED.Restart energy whitepaper[EB/OL].[2019-01-10].https://www.restartenergy.io/Restart_Energy_Whitepaper.pdf.
[26] EW-ORIGIN.Energy web foundation:certificate of origin (EWF CoO)[EB/OL].[2019-01-10].https://github.com/energywebfoundation/ew-origin.
[27] DAHLQUIST O,HAGSTROM L.Scaling blockchain for the energy sector[D].Uppsala,Sweden:University of Uppsala,2017.
[28] NAKAMOTO S.Bitcoin:a peer-to-peer electronic cash system[EB/OL].[2018-11-21].https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
[29] LI Z,KANG J,YU R,et al.Consortium blockchain for secure energy trading in industrial internet of things[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2018,14(8):3690-3700.
[30] ZHUMABEKULY A N,SVETINOVIC D.Privacy in decentralized energy trading through multi-signatures,blockchain and anonymous messaging streams[J].IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing,2018,15(5):840-852.
[31] 韩璇,袁勇,王飞跃.区块链安全问题:研究现状与展望[J].自动化学报,2019,45(1):206-225.HAN Xuan,YUAN Yong,WANG Feiyue.Security problems on blockchain:the state of the art and future trends[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2019,45(1):206-225.
[32] BUTERIN V.A next-generation smart contract & decentralized application platform[EB/OL].[2019-03-11].http://blockchainlab.com/pdf/Ethereum_white_paper-a_next_generation_smart_contract_and_decentralized_application_platform-vitalik-buterin.pdf.
[33] POON J,DRYJA T.The bitcoin lightning network:scalable off-chain instant payments[EB/OL].[2018-08-29].https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf.
[34] 邰雪,孙宏斌,郭庆来.能源互联网区块链应用的交易效率分析[J].电网技术,2017,41(10):3400-3406.TAI Xue,SUN Hongbin,GUO Qinglai.Transaction efficiency analysis of blockchain applied to energy internet[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(10):3400-3406.
[35] BACK A,CORALLO M,DASHJR L,et al.Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains[EB/OL].[2014-10-22].https://www.blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf.
[36] CROMAN K,DECKER C,EYAL I,et al.On scaling decentralized blockchains[C]// International Conference on Financial Cryptography & Data Security,February 22-26,2016,Barbados:106-125.
[37] MERLINDA A,VALENTIN R,DAVID F,et al.Blockchain technology in the energy sector:a systematic review of challenges and opportunities[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2019,100:143-174.
[38] 邵奇峰,金澈清,张召,等.区块链技术:架构及进展[J].计算机学报,2018,41(5):969-988.SHAO Qifeng,JIN Cheqing,ZHANG Zhao,et al.Blockchain:architecture and research progress[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2018,41(5):969-988.
[39] 孙毅,范灵俊,洪学海.区块链技术发展及应用:现状与挑战[J].中国工程科学,2018,20(2):27-32.SUN Yi,FAN Lingjun,HONG Xuehai.Technology development and application of blockchain:current status and challenges[J].Engineering Sciences,2018,20(2):27-32.
[40] STARK J.Making sense of Ethereum’s layer 2 scaling solutions:state channels,plasma,and truebit[EB/OL].[2018-07-23].https://medium.com/l4-media/making-sense-of-ethereums-layer-2-scaling-solutions-state-channels-plasma-and-truebit-22cb40dcc2f4.
[41] CHITCHYAN R,MURKIN J.Review of blockchain technology and its expectations:case of the energy sector[J/OL].Computers and Society[2018-03-09].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323694477_Review_of_Blockchain_Technology_and_its_Expectations_Case_of_the_Energy_Sector.
[42] 卫志农,余爽,孙国强,等.虚拟电厂的概念与发展[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(13):1-9.WEI Zhinong,YU Shuang,SUN Guoqiang,et al.Concept and development of virtual power plant[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(13):1-9.
[43] 谢畅,王蓓蓓,李然,等.基于信用等级的虚拟电厂需求响应效果后评估[J].电力建设,2017,38(9):67-72.XIE Chang,WANG Beibei,LI Ran,et al.Post-evaluation of demand response effects in virtual power plant based on credit rating[J].Electric Power Construction,2017,38(9):67-72.
[44] 何奇琳,艾芊.区块链技术在虚拟电厂中的应用前景[J].电器与能效管理技术,2017(3):14-18.HE Qilin,AI Qian.Application prospect of block chain technology in virtual power plant[J].Electrical & Energy Management Technology,2017(3):14-18.
[45] 邵炜晖,许维胜,徐志宇,等.基于区块链的虚拟电厂模型研究[J].计算机科学,2018,45(2):25-31.SHAO Weihui,XU Weisheng,XU Zhiyu,et al.Study on virtual power plant model based on blockchain[J].Computer Science,2018,45(2):25-31.
[46] 马天男,彭丽霖,杜英,等.区块链技术下局域多微电网市场竞争博弈模型及求解算法[J].电力自动化设备,2018,38(5):191-203.MA Tiannan,PENG Lilin,DU Ying,et al.Competition game model for local multi-microgrid market based on block chain technology and its solution algorithm[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2018,38(5):191-203.
[47] 王蓓蓓,李扬,高赐威.智能电网框架下的需求侧管理展望与思考[J].电力系统自动化,2009,33(20):17-22.WANG Beibei,LI Yang,GAO Ciwei.Demand side management outlook under smart grid infrastructure[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2009,33(20):17-22.
[48] 刘小聪,王蓓蓓,李扬,等.计及需求侧资源的大规模风电消纳随机机组组合模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(14):3714-3723.LIU Xiaocong,WANG Beibei,LI Yang,et al.Stochastic unit commitment model for high wind power integration considering demand side resources[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(14):3714-3723.
[49] 武赓,曾博,李冉,等.区块链技术在综合需求侧响应资源交易中的应用模式研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3717-3728.WU Geng,ZENG Bo,LI Ran,et al.Research on the application of blockchain in the integrated demand response resource transaction[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3717-3728.
[50] NOOR S,YANG Wentao,GUO Miao,et al.Energy demand side management within micro-grid networks enhanced by blockchain[J].Applied Energy,2018,228:1385-1398.
[51] 李彬,曹望璋,张洁,等.基于异构区块链的多能系统交易体系及关键技术[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.LI Bin,CAO Wangzhang,ZHANG Jie,et al.Transaction system and key technologies of multi-energy system based on heterogeneous blockchain[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.
[52] BAHGA A,MADISETTI V K.Blockchain platform for industrial internet of things[J].Journal of Software Engineering & Applications,2016,9(10):533-546.
[53] HUANG Xiaohong,XU Cheng,WANG Pengfei,et al.LNSC:a security model for electric vehicle and charging pile management based on blockchain ecosystem[J].IEEE Access,2018,6(6):13565-13574.
[54] LIU Chao,CHAI K K,ZHANG Xiaoshuai,et al.Adaptive blockchain-based electric vehicle participation scheme in smart grid platform[J].IEEE Access,2018,6:25657-25665.
[55] Lo3energy.The USA’s first consumer energy transaction begins ‘power to the people’ revolution in New York[EB/OL].[2016-04-12].https://lo3energy.com/usas-first-consumer-energy-transaction-begins-power-people-revolution-new-york/.
[56] Power Ledger white paper[EB/OL].[2018-08-12].https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/4519667/Documents%20/Power%20Ledger%20Whitepaper.pdf.
[57] 窦爽.全球首个能源区块链公益项目在深圳蛇口落地[EB/OL].[2018-11-10].http://hk.zijing.org/2018/0329/754148.shtml.DOU Shuang.The world’s first public welfare project of energy blockchain was launched in Shekou,Shenzhen[EB/OL].[2018-11-10].http://hk.zijing.org/2018/0329/754148.shtml.
[58] Share & Charge.The share & charge solution[EB/OL].[2019-03-11].http://shareandcharge.com/solution.
[59] 郑磊,蒋榕烽.区块链+时代:从区块链1.0到3.0[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2018.ZHENG Lei,JIANG Rongfeng.Blockchain+era:from blockchain 1.0 to 3.0[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2018.
[60] WALLET G E.Blockchain-powered energy management[EB/OL].[2019-03-11].http://www.greenenergywallet.com/GEW_WhitePaper.pdf.
[61] SIMON G.Starting signal for redispatch with home-storage and blockchain[EB/OL].[2017-11-08].https://blog.energybrainpool.com/en/starting-signal-for-redispatch-with-home-storage-and-blockchain/.
[62] KOUNELIS I,STERI G,GIULIANI R,et al.Fostering consumers’ energy market through smart contracts[C]// Energy and Sustainability in Small Developing Economies,July 10-12,2017,Funchal,Portugal.
[63] HAHN A,SINGH R,LIU C C,et al.Smart contract-based campus demonstration of decentralized transactive energy auctions[C]// Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference,April 23-26,2017,Washington DC,USA.
[64] TANAKA K,NAGAKUBO K,ABE R.Blockchain-based electricity trading with digital grid router[C]// IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Taiwan,June 12-14,2017,Taiwan,China.
[65] NEHAI Z,GUéRARD G.Integration of the blockchain in a smart grid model[C]// Conference of Young Scientists on Energy Issues (CYSENI),May,2017.
[66] 杨德昌,赵肖余,徐梓潇,等.区块链在能源互联网中应用现状分析和前景展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3664-3671.YANG Dechang,ZHAO Xiaoyu,XU Zixiao,et al.Developing status and prospect analysis of blockchain in energy internet[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3664-3671.
[67] MENGELKAMP E,NOTHEISEN B,BEER C,et al.A blockchain-based smart grid:towards sustainable local energy markets[J].Computer Science-Research and Development,2018,33(1):207-214.
[68] THOMAS L,LONG C,BURNAP P,et al.Automation of the supplier role in the GB power system using blockchain-based smart contracts[J].CIRED-Open Access Proceedings Journal,2017(1):2619-2623.
[69] 王健,周念成,王强钢,等.基于区块链和连续双向拍卖机制的微电网直接交易模式及策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2018,38(17):5072-5084.WANG Jian,ZHOU Niancheng,WANG Qianggang,et al.Electricity direct transaction mode and strategy in microgrid based on blockchain and continuous double auction mechanism[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2018,38(17):5072-5084.
[70] ZHAO Shengnan,WANG Beibei,LI Yachao,et al.Integrated energy transaction mechanisms based on blockchain technology[J].Energies,2018,11(9):2412.
[71] KHAQQI K N,SIKORSKI J J,HADINOTO K A.Incorporating seller/buyer reputation-based system in blockchain-enabled emission trading application[J].Applied Energy,2018,209:8-19.
[72] 输配电联盟.国网要建“泛在电力物联网”干什么?[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://www.itdia.org.cn/Client/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=1014&sid=45&fid=11.The Alliance of Transmission and Distribution.Why does State Grid build “ubiquitous power internet of things”?[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://www.itdia.org.cn/Client/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=1014&sid=45&fid=11.
[73] 实现“三流合一”推动坚强智能电网与泛在电力物联网融合发展[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://211.160.252.154/lb/att/201901/23/1e9af002-3012-4666-b624-783356d03d5a.pdf.To realize the “integration of the three streams” and promote the integration of the strong smart power grid and the ubiquitous power internet of things[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://211.160.252.154/lb/att/201901/23/1e9af002-3012-4666-b624-783356d03d5a.pdf.
[74] MENGELKAMP E,GAERTTNER J,ROCK K A,et al.Designing microgrid energy markets:a case study:the Brooklyn microgrid[J].Applied Energy,2018(210):870-880.
[75] 王毅,张宁,康重庆.能源互联网中能量枢纽的优化规划与运行研究综述及展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(22):5669-5681.WANG Yi,ZHANG Ning,KANG Chongqing.Review and prospect of optimal planning and operation of energy hub in energy internet[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(22):5669-5681.
[2] 张晓萱,薛松,杨素,等.售电侧市场放开国际经验及其启示[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(9):1-8.ZHANG Xiaoxuan,XUE Song,YANG Su,et al.International experience and lessons in power sales side market liberalization[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(9):1-8.
[3] 平健,陈思捷,张宁,等.基于智能合约的配电网去中心化交易机制[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3682-3690.PING Jian,CHEN Sijie,ZHANG Ning,et al.Decentralized transactive mechanism in distribution network based on smart contract[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3682-3690.
[4] CHEN Sijie,LIU C C.From demand response to transactive energy:state of the art[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2017,5(1):10-19.
[5] HARING T W,MATHIEU J L,ANDERSSON G.Comparing centralized and decentralized contract design enabling direct load control for reserves[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(3):2044-2054.
[6] DONG Zhaoyang,LUO Fengji,LIANG Gaoqi.Blockchain:a secure,decentralized,trusted cyber infrastructure solution for future energy systems[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(5):958-967.
[7] JOGUNOLA O,IKPEHAI A,ANOH K,et al.State-of-the-art and prospects for peer-to-peer transaction-based energy system[J].Energies,2017,10(12).
[8] BAHRAMI S,AMINI M H,SHAFIE K M,et al.A decentralized electricity market scheme enabling demand response deployment[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2017,33(4):4218-4227.
[9] 张宁,王毅,康重庆,等.能源互联网中的区块链技术:研究框架与典型应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(15):4011-4023.ZHANG Ning,WANG Yi,KANG Chongqing,et al.Blockchain technique in the energy internet:preliminary research framework and typical application[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(15):4011-4023.
[10] 邰雪,孙宏斌,郭庆来.能源互联网中基于区块链的电力交易和阻塞管理方法[J].电网技术,2016,40(12):3630-3638.TAI Xue,SUN Hongbin,GUO Qinglai.Electricity transactions and congestion management based on blockchain in energy internet power system technology[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(12):3630-3638.
[11] 佘维,胡跃,杨晓宇,等.基于能源区块链网络的虚拟电厂运行与调度模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3729-3736.SHE Wei,HU Yue,YANG Xiaoyu,et al.Virtual power plant operation and scheduling model based on energy blockchain network[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3729-3736.
[12] 杨晓东,张有兵,卢俊杰,等.基于区块链技术的能源局域网储能系统自动需求响应[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3703-3716.YANG Xiaodong,ZHANG Youbing,LU Junjie,et al.Blockchain-based automated demand response method for energy storage system in an energy local network[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3703-3716.
[13] KANG J,YU R,HUANG X,et al.Enabling localized peer-to-peer electricity trading among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2017,13(6):3154-3164.
[14] 李彬,曹望璋,祁兵,等.区块链技术在电力辅助服务领域的应用综述[J].电网技术,2017,41(3):736-744.LI Bin,CAO Wangzhang,QI Bing,et al.Overview of application of block chain technology in ancillary service market[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(3):736-744.
[15] 欧阳旭,朱向前,叶伦,等.区块链技术在大用户直购电中的应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3737-3745.OUYANG Xu,ZHU Xiangqian,YE Lun,et al.Preliminary applications of blockchain technique in large consumers direct power trading[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3737-3745.
[16] 李彬,覃秋悦,祁兵,等.基于区块链的分布式能源交易方案设计综述[J].电网技术,2019,43(3):228-239.LI Bin,QIN Qiuyue,QI Bing,et al.Design of distributed energy trading scheme based on block chain[JL].Power System Technology,2019,43(3):228-239.
[17] 中国储能网新闻中心.基于区块链的分布式能源交易技术[EB/OL].[2019-02-27].http://www.escn.com.cn/news/show-527911.html.China Energy Storage Network News Center.Distributed energy trading technology based on blockchain[EB/OL].[2019-02-27].http://www.escn.com.cn/news/show-527911.html.
[18] 任晓明.分布式能源系统运营与区块链[EB/OL].[2019-02-28].http://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20180209/879988.shtml.REN Xiaoming.Operation of distributed energy system and blockchain[EB/OL].[2019-02-28].http://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20180209/879988.shtml.
[19] 袁勇,王飞跃.区块链技术发展现状与展望[J].自动化学报,2016,42(4):481-494.YUAN Yong,WANG Feiyue.Blockchain:the state of the art and future trends[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2016,42(4):481-494.
[20] 曾鸣,程俊,王雨晴,等.区块链框架下能源互联网多模块协同自治模式初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3672-3681.ZENG Ming,CHENG Jun,WANG Yuqing,et al.Primarily research for multi module cooperative autonomous mode of energy internet under blockchain framework[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3672-3681.
[21] 宁晓静,张毅,林湘宁,等.基于物理-信息-价值的能源区块链分析[J].电网技术,2018,42(7):2312-2323.NING Xiaojing,ZHANG Yi,LIN Xiangning,et al.Energy blockchain system based on integrated physical-cyber-value perspectives[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(7):2312-2323.
[22] FAN T,HE Q,NIE E,et al.A study of pricing and trading model of blockchain & big data-based energy-internet electricity[J].IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,2018,108(5).
[23] 丁伟,王国成,许爱东,等.能源区块链的关键技术及信息安全问题研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2018,38(4):1026-1034.DING Wei,WANG Guocheng,XU Aidong,et al.Research on key technologies and information security issues of energy blockchain[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2018,38(4):1026-1034.
[24] 李彬,卢超,曹望璋,等.基于区块链技术的自动需求响应系统应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3691-3702.LI Bin,LU Chao,CAO Wangzhang,et al.A preliminary study of block chain based automated demand response system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3691-3702.
[25] RED.Restart energy whitepaper[EB/OL].[2019-01-10].https://www.restartenergy.io/Restart_Energy_Whitepaper.pdf.
[26] EW-ORIGIN.Energy web foundation:certificate of origin (EWF CoO)[EB/OL].[2019-01-10].https://github.com/energywebfoundation/ew-origin.
[27] DAHLQUIST O,HAGSTROM L.Scaling blockchain for the energy sector[D].Uppsala,Sweden:University of Uppsala,2017.
[28] NAKAMOTO S.Bitcoin:a peer-to-peer electronic cash system[EB/OL].[2018-11-21].https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
[29] LI Z,KANG J,YU R,et al.Consortium blockchain for secure energy trading in industrial internet of things[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2018,14(8):3690-3700.
[30] ZHUMABEKULY A N,SVETINOVIC D.Privacy in decentralized energy trading through multi-signatures,blockchain and anonymous messaging streams[J].IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing,2018,15(5):840-852.
[31] 韩璇,袁勇,王飞跃.区块链安全问题:研究现状与展望[J].自动化学报,2019,45(1):206-225.HAN Xuan,YUAN Yong,WANG Feiyue.Security problems on blockchain:the state of the art and future trends[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2019,45(1):206-225.
[32] BUTERIN V.A next-generation smart contract & decentralized application platform[EB/OL].[2019-03-11].http://blockchainlab.com/pdf/Ethereum_white_paper-a_next_generation_smart_contract_and_decentralized_application_platform-vitalik-buterin.pdf.
[33] POON J,DRYJA T.The bitcoin lightning network:scalable off-chain instant payments[EB/OL].[2018-08-29].https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf.
[34] 邰雪,孙宏斌,郭庆来.能源互联网区块链应用的交易效率分析[J].电网技术,2017,41(10):3400-3406.TAI Xue,SUN Hongbin,GUO Qinglai.Transaction efficiency analysis of blockchain applied to energy internet[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(10):3400-3406.
[35] BACK A,CORALLO M,DASHJR L,et al.Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains[EB/OL].[2014-10-22].https://www.blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf.
[36] CROMAN K,DECKER C,EYAL I,et al.On scaling decentralized blockchains[C]// International Conference on Financial Cryptography & Data Security,February 22-26,2016,Barbados:106-125.
[37] MERLINDA A,VALENTIN R,DAVID F,et al.Blockchain technology in the energy sector:a systematic review of challenges and opportunities[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2019,100:143-174.
[38] 邵奇峰,金澈清,张召,等.区块链技术:架构及进展[J].计算机学报,2018,41(5):969-988.SHAO Qifeng,JIN Cheqing,ZHANG Zhao,et al.Blockchain:architecture and research progress[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2018,41(5):969-988.
[39] 孙毅,范灵俊,洪学海.区块链技术发展及应用:现状与挑战[J].中国工程科学,2018,20(2):27-32.SUN Yi,FAN Lingjun,HONG Xuehai.Technology development and application of blockchain:current status and challenges[J].Engineering Sciences,2018,20(2):27-32.
[40] STARK J.Making sense of Ethereum’s layer 2 scaling solutions:state channels,plasma,and truebit[EB/OL].[2018-07-23].https://medium.com/l4-media/making-sense-of-ethereums-layer-2-scaling-solutions-state-channels-plasma-and-truebit-22cb40dcc2f4.
[41] CHITCHYAN R,MURKIN J.Review of blockchain technology and its expectations:case of the energy sector[J/OL].Computers and Society[2018-03-09].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323694477_Review_of_Blockchain_Technology_and_its_Expectations_Case_of_the_Energy_Sector.
[42] 卫志农,余爽,孙国强,等.虚拟电厂的概念与发展[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(13):1-9.WEI Zhinong,YU Shuang,SUN Guoqiang,et al.Concept and development of virtual power plant[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(13):1-9.
[43] 谢畅,王蓓蓓,李然,等.基于信用等级的虚拟电厂需求响应效果后评估[J].电力建设,2017,38(9):67-72.XIE Chang,WANG Beibei,LI Ran,et al.Post-evaluation of demand response effects in virtual power plant based on credit rating[J].Electric Power Construction,2017,38(9):67-72.
[44] 何奇琳,艾芊.区块链技术在虚拟电厂中的应用前景[J].电器与能效管理技术,2017(3):14-18.HE Qilin,AI Qian.Application prospect of block chain technology in virtual power plant[J].Electrical & Energy Management Technology,2017(3):14-18.
[45] 邵炜晖,许维胜,徐志宇,等.基于区块链的虚拟电厂模型研究[J].计算机科学,2018,45(2):25-31.SHAO Weihui,XU Weisheng,XU Zhiyu,et al.Study on virtual power plant model based on blockchain[J].Computer Science,2018,45(2):25-31.
[46] 马天男,彭丽霖,杜英,等.区块链技术下局域多微电网市场竞争博弈模型及求解算法[J].电力自动化设备,2018,38(5):191-203.MA Tiannan,PENG Lilin,DU Ying,et al.Competition game model for local multi-microgrid market based on block chain technology and its solution algorithm[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2018,38(5):191-203.
[47] 王蓓蓓,李扬,高赐威.智能电网框架下的需求侧管理展望与思考[J].电力系统自动化,2009,33(20):17-22.WANG Beibei,LI Yang,GAO Ciwei.Demand side management outlook under smart grid infrastructure[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2009,33(20):17-22.
[48] 刘小聪,王蓓蓓,李扬,等.计及需求侧资源的大规模风电消纳随机机组组合模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(14):3714-3723.LIU Xiaocong,WANG Beibei,LI Yang,et al.Stochastic unit commitment model for high wind power integration considering demand side resources[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(14):3714-3723.
[49] 武赓,曾博,李冉,等.区块链技术在综合需求侧响应资源交易中的应用模式研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3717-3728.WU Geng,ZENG Bo,LI Ran,et al.Research on the application of blockchain in the integrated demand response resource transaction[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3717-3728.
[50] NOOR S,YANG Wentao,GUO Miao,et al.Energy demand side management within micro-grid networks enhanced by blockchain[J].Applied Energy,2018,228:1385-1398.
[51] 李彬,曹望璋,张洁,等.基于异构区块链的多能系统交易体系及关键技术[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.LI Bin,CAO Wangzhang,ZHANG Jie,et al.Transaction system and key technologies of multi-energy system based on heterogeneous blockchain[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.
[52] BAHGA A,MADISETTI V K.Blockchain platform for industrial internet of things[J].Journal of Software Engineering & Applications,2016,9(10):533-546.
[53] HUANG Xiaohong,XU Cheng,WANG Pengfei,et al.LNSC:a security model for electric vehicle and charging pile management based on blockchain ecosystem[J].IEEE Access,2018,6(6):13565-13574.
[54] LIU Chao,CHAI K K,ZHANG Xiaoshuai,et al.Adaptive blockchain-based electric vehicle participation scheme in smart grid platform[J].IEEE Access,2018,6:25657-25665.
[55] Lo3energy.The USA’s first consumer energy transaction begins ‘power to the people’ revolution in New York[EB/OL].[2016-04-12].https://lo3energy.com/usas-first-consumer-energy-transaction-begins-power-people-revolution-new-york/.
[56] Power Ledger white paper[EB/OL].[2018-08-12].https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/4519667/Documents%20/Power%20Ledger%20Whitepaper.pdf.
[57] 窦爽.全球首个能源区块链公益项目在深圳蛇口落地[EB/OL].[2018-11-10].http://hk.zijing.org/2018/0329/754148.shtml.DOU Shuang.The world’s first public welfare project of energy blockchain was launched in Shekou,Shenzhen[EB/OL].[2018-11-10].http://hk.zijing.org/2018/0329/754148.shtml.
[58] Share & Charge.The share & charge solution[EB/OL].[2019-03-11].http://shareandcharge.com/solution.
[59] 郑磊,蒋榕烽.区块链+时代:从区块链1.0到3.0[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2018.ZHENG Lei,JIANG Rongfeng.Blockchain+era:from blockchain 1.0 to 3.0[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2018.
[60] WALLET G E.Blockchain-powered energy management[EB/OL].[2019-03-11].http://www.greenenergywallet.com/GEW_WhitePaper.pdf.
[61] SIMON G.Starting signal for redispatch with home-storage and blockchain[EB/OL].[2017-11-08].https://blog.energybrainpool.com/en/starting-signal-for-redispatch-with-home-storage-and-blockchain/.
[62] KOUNELIS I,STERI G,GIULIANI R,et al.Fostering consumers’ energy market through smart contracts[C]// Energy and Sustainability in Small Developing Economies,July 10-12,2017,Funchal,Portugal.
[63] HAHN A,SINGH R,LIU C C,et al.Smart contract-based campus demonstration of decentralized transactive energy auctions[C]// Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference,April 23-26,2017,Washington DC,USA.
[64] TANAKA K,NAGAKUBO K,ABE R.Blockchain-based electricity trading with digital grid router[C]// IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Taiwan,June 12-14,2017,Taiwan,China.
[65] NEHAI Z,GUéRARD G.Integration of the blockchain in a smart grid model[C]// Conference of Young Scientists on Energy Issues (CYSENI),May,2017.
[66] 杨德昌,赵肖余,徐梓潇,等.区块链在能源互联网中应用现状分析和前景展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3664-3671.YANG Dechang,ZHAO Xiaoyu,XU Zixiao,et al.Developing status and prospect analysis of blockchain in energy internet[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3664-3671.
[67] MENGELKAMP E,NOTHEISEN B,BEER C,et al.A blockchain-based smart grid:towards sustainable local energy markets[J].Computer Science-Research and Development,2018,33(1):207-214.
[68] THOMAS L,LONG C,BURNAP P,et al.Automation of the supplier role in the GB power system using blockchain-based smart contracts[J].CIRED-Open Access Proceedings Journal,2017(1):2619-2623.
[69] 王健,周念成,王强钢,等.基于区块链和连续双向拍卖机制的微电网直接交易模式及策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2018,38(17):5072-5084.WANG Jian,ZHOU Niancheng,WANG Qianggang,et al.Electricity direct transaction mode and strategy in microgrid based on blockchain and continuous double auction mechanism[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2018,38(17):5072-5084.
[70] ZHAO Shengnan,WANG Beibei,LI Yachao,et al.Integrated energy transaction mechanisms based on blockchain technology[J].Energies,2018,11(9):2412.
[71] KHAQQI K N,SIKORSKI J J,HADINOTO K A.Incorporating seller/buyer reputation-based system in blockchain-enabled emission trading application[J].Applied Energy,2018,209:8-19.
[72] 输配电联盟.国网要建“泛在电力物联网”干什么?[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://www.itdia.org.cn/Client/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=1014&sid=45&fid=11.The Alliance of Transmission and Distribution.Why does State Grid build “ubiquitous power internet of things”?[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://www.itdia.org.cn/Client/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=1014&sid=45&fid=11.
[73] 实现“三流合一”推动坚强智能电网与泛在电力物联网融合发展[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://211.160.252.154/lb/att/201901/23/1e9af002-3012-4666-b624-783356d03d5a.pdf.To realize the “integration of the three streams” and promote the integration of the strong smart power grid and the ubiquitous power internet of things[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://211.160.252.154/lb/att/201901/23/1e9af002-3012-4666-b624-783356d03d5a.pdf.
[74] MENGELKAMP E,GAERTTNER J,ROCK K A,et al.Designing microgrid energy markets:a case study:the Brooklyn microgrid[J].Applied Energy,2018(210):870-880.
[75] 王毅,张宁,康重庆.能源互联网中能量枢纽的优化规划与运行研究综述及展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(22):5669-5681.WANG Yi,ZHANG Ning,KANG Chongqing.Review and prospect of optimal planning and operation of energy hub in energy internet[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(22):5669-5681.