论明清“闺秀诗”的分类及其文学史意义
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摘要
闺秀诗可分为才女之诗、女史之诗、女士之诗三种基本文学类型。女史是能文之闺秀,女史之诗类似诗人之诗,"诗书名物,别有领会;山川花鸟,关我性情",为"风雅之正传",具有重要的文学价值。才女是能诗之闺秀,才女之诗类似才人之诗,凭借天赋而早慧,"角胜于当场",令闻之者"惊奇仰异"。才大者如叶小鸾,为才女中卓越者;才小者亦因早夭或风流韵事而为世人所知,其文化价值大于文学价值。"操行贤明"、"明敏有决断、能识大体"而有士行的能文闺秀则称为女士,女士之诗类似学人之诗,因操行贤明而作品"取境特高",特别是"兵乱中犹时以诗歌见志"而有令名。女士之诗承继了传统诗学的"诗以载道"的重任,使闺秀书写的正统性获得社会的认可,其社会价值大于文学价值。本文通过对闺秀诗三种基本文学类型的阐释,并以此为切入点进一步分析每种类型的文学内涵及诗学意义,可能对闺秀诗与闺秀诗学理论有一个新的认识。
Poetry by elegant ladies can be divided into three basic types, namely, Poetry by poetesses, by talented women, and by bluestockings. Poetry by poetesses is the most noteworthy group in the history of women's literature and has important literary value; Poetry by talented women is widely circulated in society because of authors' outstanding talent or legendary romance, making the cultural value of poems greater than the literary value; Poetry by bluestocking takes over the important task of traditional poetics, emphasizing that ‘poetry is for conveying the truth'. Therefore, the social value of this type of poems are greater than its literary value. By interpreting these three basic types, this article endeavors to further analyze the literary connotation and poetic meaning of Poetry by elegant ladies in order to form a new understanding of such poems and relevant theories.
Poetry by elegant ladies can be divided into three basic types, namely, Poetry by poetesses, by talented women, and by bluestockings. Poetry by poetesses is the most noteworthy group in the history of women's literature and has important literary value; Poetry by talented women is widely circulated in society because of authors' outstanding talent or legendary romance, making the cultural value of poems greater than the literary value; Poetry by bluestocking takes over the important task of traditional poetics, emphasizing that ‘poetry is for conveying the truth'. Therefore, the social value of this type of poems are greater than its literary value. By interpreting these three basic types, this article endeavors to further analyze the literary connotation and poetic meaning of Poetry by elegant ladies in order to form a new understanding of such poems and relevant theories.
引文
陈望南:《海虞二冯研究》。广州:中山大学出版社,2011年。[Chen,Wangnan.A Study of the Two Fengs of Hai Yu.Guangzhou:Sun Yat-sen University Press,2011.]
陈寅恪:《柳如是别传(中)》。北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2011年。[Chen,Yinke.A Biography of LiuRushi.Vol.2.Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company,2011.]
《江南女性别集》初编,胡晓明、彭国忠主编。合肥:黄山书社,2008年。[Collected Women’s Writings in Southern Yangtze Region.First Series.Eds.Hu Xiaoming and Peng Guozhong.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing House,2008.]
《江南女性别集》二编,胡晓明、彭国忠主编。合肥:黄山书社,2010年。[Collected Women’s Writings in Southern Yangtze Region.Second Series.Eds.Hu Xiaoming and Peng Guozhong.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing Honse,2010.]
《江南女性别集》三编,胡晓明、彭国忠主编。合肥:黄山书社,2012年。[Collected Women’s Writings in Southern Yangtze Region.Third Series.Eds.Hu Xiaoming and Peng Guozhong.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing Honse,2012.]
《江南女性别集》四编,胡晓明、彭国忠主编。合肥:黄山书社,2014年。[Collected Women’s Writings in Southern Yangtze Region.Fourth Series.Eds.Hu Xiaoming and Peng Guozhong.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing Honse,2014.]
方贞观:“辍锻录”,《清诗话续编》第4册,郭绍虞编。上海:上海古籍出版社,1983年。第1936页。[Fang,Zhen’guan.“Chuoduan Notes.” A Sequel to Collected Poetry Commentaries from the Qing Dynasty.Vol.4.Ed.Guo Shaoyu.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1983.1936.]
冯超:“研堂见闻杂记”,《明清史料汇编》七集第三册,台北:台北文海出版社,1967年。第59页。[Feng,Chao.“The Sketch Book in Yan Pavilion.” Compilation of Historical Materials of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Taipei:Taipei Wen Hai Press,1967.59.
傅瑛:《明清安徽妇女文学著述辑考》。合肥:黄山书社,2008年。[Fu,Ying.Collected Women’s Writings of Anhui in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing Honse,2008.]
葛秀英:《澹香楼诗草》。清刊本。[Ge,Xiuying.Collected Poetry from Danxiang House.Block-printed edition in the Qing Dynasty.]
胡文楷:《历代妇女著作考》。上海:上海古籍出版社,2008年。[Hu,Wenkai.Collected Women’s Writings Across Dynasties.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,2008.]
黄裳:《来燕榭文存》。北京:三联书店,2009年。[Huang,Shang.Anthology of Laiyan Water Pavilion.Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company,2011.]
梁启超:《饮冰室合集》。北京:中华书局,1989年。[Liang,Qichao.Corpus of Yinbing Library.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1989.]
龄文:“絮香诗稿序”,《北京市志稿》,吴廷燮编。北京:北京燕山出版社,1998年。第542页。[Ling,Wen.“Preface of Xuxiang Poems.” Chronicle of Beijing Beijing:Beijing Yanshan Press,1998.542.]
毛奇龄:“胜朝彤史拾遗记”,《西河文集》。北京:商务印书馆,1937年。第1601页。[Mao,Qiling.“A Record of the History of Talented Women of the Emperor.” Xihe Anthology.Beijing:The Commercial Press,1937.1601.]
钱谦益:“士女黄皆令集序”,《牧斋初学集》卷三十三。上海:上海古籍出版社,1985年。第967页。[Qian,Qianyi.“Preface of Huang Jieling’s Poems.” Beginner’s Collection of Muzhai.Vol.33.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publish House,1985.967.]
钱钟书:《谈艺录》。北京:中华书局,1984年。[Qian,Zhongshu.Notes on Literature and Art.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1984.]
孙诒让:《周礼正义》。北京:中华书局,1987年。[Sun,Yirang.The Interpretation of Zhouli.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1987.]
王英志编:《清代闺秀诗话丛刊》第3册。南京:凤凰出版社,2010年。[Wang,Yingzhi,ed.Collected Talented Women Poetry Commentaries in the Qing Dynasty.Vol.3.Nanjing:Phoenix Publishing House,2010.]
王蕴章:“然脂余韵”,《清代闺秀诗话丛刊》第1册,王英志编。南京:凤凰出版社,2010年。617—846。[Wang,Yunzhang.“Leftover Rhymes of Ranzhi” Commentaries of Talented Women in the Qing Dynasty.Vol.1.Ed Wang Yingzhi.Nanjing:Phoenix Publishing House,2010.617-846.]
汪启淑:《撷芳集》。清刊本。[Wang,Qishu.Collected Writings of Talented Women.Block-printed edition in the Qing Dynasty.]
王端淑:《名媛诗纬》。清康熙刊本。[Wang,Duanshu.Collected Writings of Famous Talented Women.Block-printed edition in the Reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty.]
王微:《名山记选》。清初刊本。[Wang,Wei.Collected Writings of Famous Mountains.Block-printed edition in the early Qing Dynasty.]
王秀琴:《历代名媛文苑简编》。北京:商务印书馆,1947年。[Wang,Xiuqin.Collected Women’s Essays across Dynasties.Beijing:The Commercial Press,1947.]
汪嫈:《雅安书屋诗文集》。道光二十四年刻本。[Wang Ying.A Collection of essays and poems from Ya’an study Block-primted edition in 1844.]
吴颢:《国朝杭郡诗辑》。同治十三年甲戌钱塘丁氏刻本。[Wu,Hao.The Poems of Hangzhou.Block-printed edition in 1875.]
吴绡:“啸雪庵集”,《清代闺阁诗集萃编》第1册,李雷编。北京:中华书局,2015年。第151页。[Wu,Xiao.“Collected Poetry from Xiaoxue Hut.” Collected Women’s Poems in the Qing Dynasty.Vol.1.Ed.Li Lei.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2015.151.]
肖亚南编:《清代闺秀集丛刊》。北京国家图书馆,2014年。[Xiao,Ya’nan,ed.Categorized Collection of Women’s Writings in the Qing Dynasty.Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House,2014.]
徐世昌:《晚晴簃诗汇》。北京:中华书局,1990年。[Xu,Shichang.Collected Poetry from Wanqing Hall.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1990.]
叶绍袁:《午梦堂集》。冀勤编。北京:中华书局,1998年。[Ye,Shaoyuan.Poetry from Wumeng Hall.Ed.Ji Qin.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1998.]
余英时:《士与中国文化》。上海:上海人民出版社,2003年。[Yu,Yingshi.Scholars and Chinese Culture.Shanghai:Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2003.]
俞樾:“春在堂杂文”三编,《续修四库全书》集部,第1550册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2002年,第352页。[Yu,Yue.“A Collection of Essays in the Chunzai Hall.”The Continuation of The Complete Collection of the Four Treasuries.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,2002.352.]
袁枚:《随园诗话》。北京:人民文学出版社,1982年。[Yuan,Mei.Poetry Commentaries of Suiyuan.Beijing:People’s Literature Publishing House,1982.]
章学诚:《文史通义》。北京:中华书局,1985年。[Zhang,Xuecheng.General Meaning of Literature and History.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985.]
章楹:《谔崖脞说》。乾隆三十六年浣雪堂刻本。[Zhang,Ying.E Ya Cuo Shuo.Block-printed edition in 1772.]
周之标:《女中七才子兰咳集》。清初刊本。[Zhou,Zhibiao.Collected Poetry of Seven Talented Women.Block-printed edition in the early Qing Dynasty.]
① 具体论述参见宋清秀:“清代闺秀诗学话语分析”,《文学遗产》5(2014):114—23。
② 吴绡,字冰仙,又字素公,号片霞,江苏长洲人。汝宁通判吴水苍女,常熟进士许瑶妻。著有《啸雪庵诗集》《赠药编》。
③ 顾若璞,字和知,钱塘人,明上林丞友白女,参议黄汝亨子妇,副榜黄茂梧室,著有《卧月轩稿》。
④ 王力坚“《名媛诗话》的自我指涉及其内文本建构”,《中山大学学报》1(2008):17—26。
陈寅恪:《柳如是别传(中)》。北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2011年。[Chen,Yinke.A Biography of LiuRushi.Vol.2.Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company,2011.]
《江南女性别集》初编,胡晓明、彭国忠主编。合肥:黄山书社,2008年。[Collected Women’s Writings in Southern Yangtze Region.First Series.Eds.Hu Xiaoming and Peng Guozhong.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing House,2008.]
《江南女性别集》二编,胡晓明、彭国忠主编。合肥:黄山书社,2010年。[Collected Women’s Writings in Southern Yangtze Region.Second Series.Eds.Hu Xiaoming and Peng Guozhong.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing Honse,2010.]
《江南女性别集》三编,胡晓明、彭国忠主编。合肥:黄山书社,2012年。[Collected Women’s Writings in Southern Yangtze Region.Third Series.Eds.Hu Xiaoming and Peng Guozhong.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing Honse,2012.]
《江南女性别集》四编,胡晓明、彭国忠主编。合肥:黄山书社,2014年。[Collected Women’s Writings in Southern Yangtze Region.Fourth Series.Eds.Hu Xiaoming and Peng Guozhong.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing Honse,2014.]
方贞观:“辍锻录”,《清诗话续编》第4册,郭绍虞编。上海:上海古籍出版社,1983年。第1936页。[Fang,Zhen’guan.“Chuoduan Notes.” A Sequel to Collected Poetry Commentaries from the Qing Dynasty.Vol.4.Ed.Guo Shaoyu.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1983.1936.]
冯超:“研堂见闻杂记”,《明清史料汇编》七集第三册,台北:台北文海出版社,1967年。第59页。[Feng,Chao.“The Sketch Book in Yan Pavilion.” Compilation of Historical Materials of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Taipei:Taipei Wen Hai Press,1967.59.
傅瑛:《明清安徽妇女文学著述辑考》。合肥:黄山书社,2008年。[Fu,Ying.Collected Women’s Writings of Anhui in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing Honse,2008.]
葛秀英:《澹香楼诗草》。清刊本。[Ge,Xiuying.Collected Poetry from Danxiang House.Block-printed edition in the Qing Dynasty.]
胡文楷:《历代妇女著作考》。上海:上海古籍出版社,2008年。[Hu,Wenkai.Collected Women’s Writings Across Dynasties.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,2008.]
黄裳:《来燕榭文存》。北京:三联书店,2009年。[Huang,Shang.Anthology of Laiyan Water Pavilion.Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company,2011.]
梁启超:《饮冰室合集》。北京:中华书局,1989年。[Liang,Qichao.Corpus of Yinbing Library.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1989.]
龄文:“絮香诗稿序”,《北京市志稿》,吴廷燮编。北京:北京燕山出版社,1998年。第542页。[Ling,Wen.“Preface of Xuxiang Poems.” Chronicle of Beijing Beijing:Beijing Yanshan Press,1998.542.]
毛奇龄:“胜朝彤史拾遗记”,《西河文集》。北京:商务印书馆,1937年。第1601页。[Mao,Qiling.“A Record of the History of Talented Women of the Emperor.” Xihe Anthology.Beijing:The Commercial Press,1937.1601.]
钱谦益:“士女黄皆令集序”,《牧斋初学集》卷三十三。上海:上海古籍出版社,1985年。第967页。[Qian,Qianyi.“Preface of Huang Jieling’s Poems.” Beginner’s Collection of Muzhai.Vol.33.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publish House,1985.967.]
钱钟书:《谈艺录》。北京:中华书局,1984年。[Qian,Zhongshu.Notes on Literature and Art.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1984.]
孙诒让:《周礼正义》。北京:中华书局,1987年。[Sun,Yirang.The Interpretation of Zhouli.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1987.]
王英志编:《清代闺秀诗话丛刊》第3册。南京:凤凰出版社,2010年。[Wang,Yingzhi,ed.Collected Talented Women Poetry Commentaries in the Qing Dynasty.Vol.3.Nanjing:Phoenix Publishing House,2010.]
王蕴章:“然脂余韵”,《清代闺秀诗话丛刊》第1册,王英志编。南京:凤凰出版社,2010年。617—846。[Wang,Yunzhang.“Leftover Rhymes of Ranzhi” Commentaries of Talented Women in the Qing Dynasty.Vol.1.Ed Wang Yingzhi.Nanjing:Phoenix Publishing House,2010.617-846.]
汪启淑:《撷芳集》。清刊本。[Wang,Qishu.Collected Writings of Talented Women.Block-printed edition in the Qing Dynasty.]
王端淑:《名媛诗纬》。清康熙刊本。[Wang,Duanshu.Collected Writings of Famous Talented Women.Block-printed edition in the Reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty.]
王微:《名山记选》。清初刊本。[Wang,Wei.Collected Writings of Famous Mountains.Block-printed edition in the early Qing Dynasty.]
王秀琴:《历代名媛文苑简编》。北京:商务印书馆,1947年。[Wang,Xiuqin.Collected Women’s Essays across Dynasties.Beijing:The Commercial Press,1947.]
汪嫈:《雅安书屋诗文集》。道光二十四年刻本。[Wang Ying.A Collection of essays and poems from Ya’an study Block-primted edition in 1844.]
吴颢:《国朝杭郡诗辑》。同治十三年甲戌钱塘丁氏刻本。[Wu,Hao.The Poems of Hangzhou.Block-printed edition in 1875.]
吴绡:“啸雪庵集”,《清代闺阁诗集萃编》第1册,李雷编。北京:中华书局,2015年。第151页。[Wu,Xiao.“Collected Poetry from Xiaoxue Hut.” Collected Women’s Poems in the Qing Dynasty.Vol.1.Ed.Li Lei.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2015.151.]
肖亚南编:《清代闺秀集丛刊》。北京国家图书馆,2014年。[Xiao,Ya’nan,ed.Categorized Collection of Women’s Writings in the Qing Dynasty.Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House,2014.]
徐世昌:《晚晴簃诗汇》。北京:中华书局,1990年。[Xu,Shichang.Collected Poetry from Wanqing Hall.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1990.]
叶绍袁:《午梦堂集》。冀勤编。北京:中华书局,1998年。[Ye,Shaoyuan.Poetry from Wumeng Hall.Ed.Ji Qin.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1998.]
余英时:《士与中国文化》。上海:上海人民出版社,2003年。[Yu,Yingshi.Scholars and Chinese Culture.Shanghai:Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2003.]
俞樾:“春在堂杂文”三编,《续修四库全书》集部,第1550册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2002年,第352页。[Yu,Yue.“A Collection of Essays in the Chunzai Hall.”The Continuation of The Complete Collection of the Four Treasuries.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,2002.352.]
袁枚:《随园诗话》。北京:人民文学出版社,1982年。[Yuan,Mei.Poetry Commentaries of Suiyuan.Beijing:People’s Literature Publishing House,1982.]
章学诚:《文史通义》。北京:中华书局,1985年。[Zhang,Xuecheng.General Meaning of Literature and History.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985.]
章楹:《谔崖脞说》。乾隆三十六年浣雪堂刻本。[Zhang,Ying.E Ya Cuo Shuo.Block-printed edition in 1772.]
周之标:《女中七才子兰咳集》。清初刊本。[Zhou,Zhibiao.Collected Poetry of Seven Talented Women.Block-printed edition in the early Qing Dynasty.]
① 具体论述参见宋清秀:“清代闺秀诗学话语分析”,《文学遗产》5(2014):114—23。
② 吴绡,字冰仙,又字素公,号片霞,江苏长洲人。汝宁通判吴水苍女,常熟进士许瑶妻。著有《啸雪庵诗集》《赠药编》。
③ 顾若璞,字和知,钱塘人,明上林丞友白女,参议黄汝亨子妇,副榜黄茂梧室,著有《卧月轩稿》。
④ 王力坚“《名媛诗话》的自我指涉及其内文本建构”,《中山大学学报》1(2008):17—26。