跨语言句法相似性对二语句法加工的影响——来自中国英语学习者的ERP证据
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摘要
本文以汉语为母语的英语学习者为受试,运用事件相关电位技术(Eventrelated Potentials,ERPs)和语法判断任务,通过考察跨语言相似的主谓语序、不相似的被动语态标记以及二语独特的否定副词部分倒装句的加工,探讨了跨语言句法相似性对二语句法加工的影响。实验结果发现,高水平和低水平学习者在加工英汉相似的句法结构时都诱发了P600,表明英汉句法相似性在较大程度上影响二语句法的加工。通过比较高、低水平组,我们发现了句法结构相似性与二语水平之间的交互作用。低水平组只在加工相似句法违反构式时才会诱发P600,而高水平组在加工不相似的句法违反构式时也诱发了P600,尽管它与加工相似句法违反构式中诱发的P600相比振幅和头皮分布范围都较小。依据本实验和相关研究,与高水平学习者相比,低水平学习者更多受跨语言句法相似性的影响。本实验结果与统一竞争模式解释是一致的。
The present study employed ERP and a grammaticality judgment task to explore the effect of cross-linguistic syntactic similarity on L2 syntactic processing by examining how native Chinese learners of English process three different syntactic constructions varying in degrees of syntactic similarity between English and Chinese: Subject-verb word order that is instantiated similarly in English and Chinese, passive voice marking that differs in English and Chinese, and ‘negative inversion' that is unique to English. The results indicated that late Chinese learners of English with high and low levels of proficiency could evoke the P600 for subject-verb word order violations, suggesting that cross-linguistic syntactic similarity affected syntactic processing in L2 to a large extent. By comparing groups of high and low levels of proficiency, we demonstrated that crosslinguistic syntactic similarity interacted with L2 proficiency levels. Low-proficiency L2 learners were only sensitive to violations of the similar constructions. The high-proficiency L2 learners, in contrast, showed sensitivity not only to similar constructions, but also to different constructions, though the P600 observed for the violations of the latter is smaller in amplitudes and distribution. Results of the present experiment are in accordance with explanations of Unified Competition Model.
The present study employed ERP and a grammaticality judgment task to explore the effect of cross-linguistic syntactic similarity on L2 syntactic processing by examining how native Chinese learners of English process three different syntactic constructions varying in degrees of syntactic similarity between English and Chinese: Subject-verb word order that is instantiated similarly in English and Chinese, passive voice marking that differs in English and Chinese, and ‘negative inversion' that is unique to English. The results indicated that late Chinese learners of English with high and low levels of proficiency could evoke the P600 for subject-verb word order violations, suggesting that cross-linguistic syntactic similarity affected syntactic processing in L2 to a large extent. By comparing groups of high and low levels of proficiency, we demonstrated that crosslinguistic syntactic similarity interacted with L2 proficiency levels. Low-proficiency L2 learners were only sensitive to violations of the similar constructions. The high-proficiency L2 learners, in contrast, showed sensitivity not only to similar constructions, but also to different constructions, though the P600 observed for the violations of the latter is smaller in amplitudes and distribution. Results of the present experiment are in accordance with explanations of Unified Competition Model.
引文
Chen,L.,H.Shu,Y.Liu,J.Zhao&P.Li.2007.ERP signatures of subject-verb agreement in L2learning[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition 10:161-174.
Foucart,A.&C.Franck-Mestre.2011.Can late L2 learners acquire new grammatical feature?Evidence from ERPs and eye-tracking[J].Journal of Memory and Language 66:226-248.
Hahne,A.&A.Friederici.2001.Processing a second language:Late learners’comprehension mechanisms as revealed by event-related brain potentials[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition 4:123-141.
Kotz,S.2009.A critical review of ERP and f MRI evidence on L2 syntactic processing[J].Brain and Language 109(2-3):68-74.
Li,P.,S.Sepanski&X.Zhao.2006.Language history questionnaire:A web-based interface for bilingual research[J].Behavior Research Methods 38:202-210.
Mac Whinney,B.1997.Second language acquisition and the competition model[A].In A.de Groot&J.Kroll(eds.).Tutorials in Bilingualism:Psycholinguistic Perspectives[C].Mahwah,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum.113-142.
Mac Whinney,B.2005.A unified model of language acquisition[A].In J.Kroll&A.de Groot(eds.).Handbook of Bilingualism:Psycholinguistic Approaches[C].Oxford:OUP.49-67.
Mc Laughlin,J.,D.Tanner,I.Pitk?nen,C.Frenck-Mestre,K.Inoue,G.Valentine&L.Osterhout.2010.Brain potentials reveal discrete stages of L2 grammatical learning[J].Language Learning 60(s2):123-150.
Morgan-Short,K.2014.Electrophysiological approaches to understanding second language acquisition:A field reaching its potential[J].Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 34:15-36.
Ojima,S.,H.Nakata&R.Kakigi.2005.An ERP study of second language learning after childhood:Effects of proficiency[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17:1212-1228.
Sabourin,L.&L.Stowe.2008.Second language processing:When are L1 and L2 processed similarly[J].Second Language Research 24:397-430.
Slabakova,R.2016.Second Language Acquisition[M].Cambridge:CUP.
Steinhauer,K.,E.White&J.Drury.2009.Temporal dynamics of late second language acquisition:Evidence from event-related brain potentials[J].Second Language Research 25:13-41.
Tokowicz,N.&B.Mac Whinney.2005.Implicit and explicit measures of sensitivity to violations in second language grammar[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27:173-204.
Tolentino,L.&N.Tokowicz.2011.Across languages,space,and time:A review of the role of cross-language similarity in L2(morpho)syntactic processing as revealed by f MRI and ERPmethods[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33:91-125.
Tolentino,L.&N.Tokowicz.2014.Cross-language similarity modulates effectiveness of second language grammar instruction[J].Language Learning 64:279-309.
张辉,2014,中国英语学习者句法加工的ERP研究[J],《解放军外国语学院学报》(1):88-99。
张辉,2017,运用神经科学的方法探寻二语的影响因素和瓶颈效应[J],《中国外语》(1):1-5。
张辉、卞京、王茜,2017,中国英语学习者英语过去时加工的ERP研究[J],《外语教学》(2):12-19。
1我们只选规则动词及其过去时形式,因为不规则动词过去时会引起N400成分,具有明显的语义作用。
Foucart,A.&C.Franck-Mestre.2011.Can late L2 learners acquire new grammatical feature?Evidence from ERPs and eye-tracking[J].Journal of Memory and Language 66:226-248.
Hahne,A.&A.Friederici.2001.Processing a second language:Late learners’comprehension mechanisms as revealed by event-related brain potentials[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition 4:123-141.
Kotz,S.2009.A critical review of ERP and f MRI evidence on L2 syntactic processing[J].Brain and Language 109(2-3):68-74.
Li,P.,S.Sepanski&X.Zhao.2006.Language history questionnaire:A web-based interface for bilingual research[J].Behavior Research Methods 38:202-210.
Mac Whinney,B.1997.Second language acquisition and the competition model[A].In A.de Groot&J.Kroll(eds.).Tutorials in Bilingualism:Psycholinguistic Perspectives[C].Mahwah,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum.113-142.
Mac Whinney,B.2005.A unified model of language acquisition[A].In J.Kroll&A.de Groot(eds.).Handbook of Bilingualism:Psycholinguistic Approaches[C].Oxford:OUP.49-67.
Mc Laughlin,J.,D.Tanner,I.Pitk?nen,C.Frenck-Mestre,K.Inoue,G.Valentine&L.Osterhout.2010.Brain potentials reveal discrete stages of L2 grammatical learning[J].Language Learning 60(s2):123-150.
Morgan-Short,K.2014.Electrophysiological approaches to understanding second language acquisition:A field reaching its potential[J].Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 34:15-36.
Ojima,S.,H.Nakata&R.Kakigi.2005.An ERP study of second language learning after childhood:Effects of proficiency[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17:1212-1228.
Sabourin,L.&L.Stowe.2008.Second language processing:When are L1 and L2 processed similarly[J].Second Language Research 24:397-430.
Slabakova,R.2016.Second Language Acquisition[M].Cambridge:CUP.
Steinhauer,K.,E.White&J.Drury.2009.Temporal dynamics of late second language acquisition:Evidence from event-related brain potentials[J].Second Language Research 25:13-41.
Tokowicz,N.&B.Mac Whinney.2005.Implicit and explicit measures of sensitivity to violations in second language grammar[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27:173-204.
Tolentino,L.&N.Tokowicz.2011.Across languages,space,and time:A review of the role of cross-language similarity in L2(morpho)syntactic processing as revealed by f MRI and ERPmethods[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33:91-125.
Tolentino,L.&N.Tokowicz.2014.Cross-language similarity modulates effectiveness of second language grammar instruction[J].Language Learning 64:279-309.
张辉,2014,中国英语学习者句法加工的ERP研究[J],《解放军外国语学院学报》(1):88-99。
张辉,2017,运用神经科学的方法探寻二语的影响因素和瓶颈效应[J],《中国外语》(1):1-5。
张辉、卞京、王茜,2017,中国英语学习者英语过去时加工的ERP研究[J],《外语教学》(2):12-19。
1我们只选规则动词及其过去时形式,因为不规则动词过去时会引起N400成分,具有明显的语义作用。