汉字阅读的语义神经回路及其与语音回路的协作机制
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摘要
从神经网络的角度研究词汇阅读的大脑神经机制,需要揭示语义和语音神经回路的动态协作机制,而语义加工神经回路是探讨该问题的一个亟待解决的瓶颈问题。利用汉字表义的独特性,以形旁语义作用的神经机制为切入点,计划开展的4个fMRI实验拟探讨汉字阅读的语义神经回路及其与语音回路的动态协作机制。实验1利用多参数相关分析技术,识别与汉字语义和语音属性相关的功能脑区;实验2和实验3集中考察形旁语义加工的大脑神经机制,深入探讨形旁语义作用的实质,揭示汉字阅读中语义加工的神经回路;实验4通过建构汉字阅读的动态因果模型,考察在刺激驱动和任务调节下,阅读相关脑区联结模式的动态变化,阐明语义和语音神经回路的相互协作机制。研究结果将从跨语言的角度,阐明阅读神经网络的内部动态机制,为联结主义理论提供神经生理方面的直接证据;并为基于脑科学的教育教学和阅读障碍矫治等实践应用提供理论依据。
An increasing interest has focused on unifying the cognitive and neurobiological models of language processing with mounting evidence reported in recent years. A bottleneck problem emerged out to reveal the neural circuit of semantic processing. However, this issue remains unresolved because of the limitation of alphabetic languages. Taking the advantage of systematic mapping from orthography to meaning in Chinese characters, the proposed project aims to investigate the neural circuit of semantic processing and its cooperative division of labor with the neural circuit of phonological processing in reading Chinese characters. Study 1 is designed to identify the function regions involved in Chinese character reading by correlating the BOLD signal with the time series coding of stimulus properties. Study 2 focuses on the neural circuit of semantic processing. The first step is to examine the neural mechanism for the processing of semantic components and its influence on the processing of whole characters' meaning. The further analysis is to investigate the nature of the involving of prior semantic related brain regions in the processing of semantic components. Study 3 adapts the Dynamic Causal Model(DCM) to examine the patterns of the connectivity among regions of reading network driven both by the stimulus properties and task demands. The expected findings will reveal the dynamic of the cooperation between the neural circuits of semantic and phonological processing. The results can provide evidence in unifying the cognitive and neurobiological models of language processing. Also, the results will provide theoretical guidance for empirical studies and applications, such as language teaching, treatment of reading disorders and clinical diagnoses.
An increasing interest has focused on unifying the cognitive and neurobiological models of language processing with mounting evidence reported in recent years. A bottleneck problem emerged out to reveal the neural circuit of semantic processing. However, this issue remains unresolved because of the limitation of alphabetic languages. Taking the advantage of systematic mapping from orthography to meaning in Chinese characters, the proposed project aims to investigate the neural circuit of semantic processing and its cooperative division of labor with the neural circuit of phonological processing in reading Chinese characters. Study 1 is designed to identify the function regions involved in Chinese character reading by correlating the BOLD signal with the time series coding of stimulus properties. Study 2 focuses on the neural circuit of semantic processing. The first step is to examine the neural mechanism for the processing of semantic components and its influence on the processing of whole characters' meaning. The further analysis is to investigate the nature of the involving of prior semantic related brain regions in the processing of semantic components. Study 3 adapts the Dynamic Causal Model(DCM) to examine the patterns of the connectivity among regions of reading network driven both by the stimulus properties and task demands. The expected findings will reveal the dynamic of the cooperation between the neural circuits of semantic and phonological processing. The results can provide evidence in unifying the cognitive and neurobiological models of language processing. Also, the results will provide theoretical guidance for empirical studies and applications, such as language teaching, treatment of reading disorders and clinical diagnoses.
引文
刘燕妮,舒华,轩月.(2002).汉字识别中形旁亚词汇加工的发展研究.应用心理学,8(1),3-7.
王协顺,吴岩,赵思敏,倪超,张明.(2016).形旁和声旁在形声字识别中的作用.心理学报,48(2),130-140.
张积家,彭聃龄.(1993).汉字词特征语义提取的实验研究.心理学报,25(2),30-37.
张积家,王娟,陈新葵.(2014).义符研究20年:理论探讨、实验证据和加工模型.心理科学进展,22(3),381-399.
张积家,王娟,印丛.(2014).声符和义符在形声字语音、语义提取中的作用――来自部件知觉眼动研究的证据.心理学报,46(7),885-900.
Bi,Y.C.,Han,Z.Z.,Weekes,B.,&Shu,H.(2007).The interaction between semantic and the nonsemantic systems in reading:Evidence from Chinese.Neuropsychologia,45(12),2660-2673.
Binder,J.R.,&Desai,R.H.(2011).The neurobiology of semantic memory.Trends in Cognitive Science,15(11),527-536.
Binder,J.R.,Desai,R.H.,Graves,W.W.,&Conant,L.L.(2009).Where is the semantic system?A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies.Cerebral Cortex,19(12),2767-2796.
Bonner,M.F.,Peelle,J.E.,Cook,P.A.,&Grossman,M.(2013).Heteromodal conceptual processing in the angular gyrus.Neuro Image,71,175-186.
Bonner,M.F.,&Price,A.R.(2013).Where is the anterior temporal lobe and what does it do?Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,33(10),4213-4215.
Boukrina,O.,&Graves,W.W.(2013).Neural networks underlying contributions from semantics in reading aloud.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,7,518.
Cardin,V.,Friston,K.J.,&Zeki,S.(2011).Top-down modulations in the visual form pathway revealed with dynamic causal modeling.Cerebral Cortex,21(3),550-562.
Carreiras,M.,Armstrong,B.C.,Perea,M.,&Frost,R.(2014).The what,when,where,and how of visual word recognition.Trends in Cognitive Science,18(2),90-98.
Cattinelli,I.,Borghese,N.A.,Gallucci,M.,&Paulesu,E.(2013).Reading the reading brain:A new meta-analysis of functional imaging data on reading.Journal of Neurolinguistics,26(1),214-238.
Cohen,L.,&Dehaene,S.(2004).Specialization within the ventral stream:The case for the visual word form area.Neuro Image,22(1),466-476.
Coltheart,M.,Rastle,K.,Perry,C.,Langdon,R.,&Ziegler,J.(2001).DRC:A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud.Psychological Review,108(1),204-256.
Fedorenko,E.,&Thompson-Schill,S.L.(2014).Reworking the language network.Trends in Cognitive Science,18(3),120-126.
Fiez,J.A.(2000).Sound and meaning:How native language affects reading strategies.Nature Neuroscience,3(1),3-5.
Frost,R.(2012).Towards a universal model of reading.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,35(5),263-279.
Frost,S.J.,Mencl,W.E.,Sandak,R.,Moore,D.L.,Rueckl,J.G.,Katz,L.,...Pugh,K.R.(2005).A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the tradeoff between semantics and phonology in reading aloud.Neuroreport,16(6),621-624.
Graves,W.W.,Desai,R.,Humphries,C.,Seidenberg,M.S.,&Binder,J.R.(2010).Neural systems for reading aloud:A multiparametric approach.Cerebral Cortex,20(8),1799-1815.
Jobard,G.,Crivello,F.,&Tzourio-Mazoyer,N.(2003).Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading:A metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies.Neuro Image,20(2),693-712.
Kuo,W.J.,Yeh,T.C.,Lee,J.R.,Chen,L.F.,Lee,P.L.,Chen,S.S.,...Hsieh,J.C.(2004).Orthographic and phonological processing of Chinese characters:An f MRIstudy.Neuro Image,21(4),1721-1731.
Lee,C.Y.,Tsai,J.L.,Kuo,W.J.,Yeh,T.C.,Wu,Y.T.,Ho,L.T.,...Hsieh,J.C.(2004).Neuronal correlates of consistency and frequency effects on Chinese character naming:An event-related f MRI study.Neuro Image,23(4),1235-1245.
Levy,J.,Pernet,C.,Treserras,S.,Boulanouar,K.,Aubry,F.,Démonet,J.F.,&Celsis,P.(2009).Testing for the dual-route cascade reading model in the brain:An f MRI effective connectivity account of an efficient reading style.PLo SOne,4(8),e6675.
Liu,C.,Zhang,W.T.,Tang,Y.Y.,Mai,X.Q.,Chen,H.C.,Tardif,T.,&Luo,Y.J.(2008).The Visual Word Form Area:Evidence from an f MRI study of implicit processing of Chinese characters.Neuro Image,40(3),1350-1361.
Liu,Y.Y.,Shu,H.,&Li,P.(2007).Word naming and psycholinguistic norms:Chinese.Behavior Research Methods,39(2),192-198.
Ludersdorfer,P.,Schurz,M.,Richlan,F.,Kronbichler,M.,&Wimmer,H.(2013).Opposite effects of visual and auditory word-likeness on activity in the visual word form area.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,7,491.
Mehta,S.,Inoue,K.,Rudrauf,D.,Damasio,H.,Tranel,D.,&Grabowski,T.(2016).Segregation of anterior temporal regions critical for retrieving names of unique and non-unique entities reflects underlying long-range connectivity.Cortex,75,1-19.
Paulesu,E.,Mccrory,E.,Fazio,F.,Menoncello,L.,Brunswick,N.,Cappa,S.F.,...Lorusso,M.(2000).A cultural effect on brain function.Nature Neuroscience,3(1),91-96.
Peng,D.L.,Ding,G.S.,Perry,C.,Xu,D.,Jin,Z.,Luo,Q.,...Deng,Y.(2004).f MRI evidence for the automatic phonological activation of briefly presented words.Cognitive Brain Research,20(2),156-164.
Price,A.R.,Bonner,M.F.,Peelle,J.E.,&Grossman,M.(2015).Converging evidence for the neuroanatomic basis of combinatorial semantics in the angular gyrus.The Journal of Neuroscience,35(7),3276-3284.
Price,C.J.(2012).A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and f MRI studies of heard speech,spoken language and reading.Neuro Image,62(2),816-847.
Price,C.J.,&Devlin,J.T.(2011).The interactive account of ventral occipitotemporal contributions to reading.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15(6),246-253.
Pugh,K.R.,Mencl,W.E.,Jenner,A.R.,Katz,L.,Frost,S.J.,Lee,J.R.,...Shaywitz,B.A.(2001).Neurobiological studies of reading and reading disability.Journal of Communication Disorders,34(6),479-492.
Richardson,F.M.,Seghier,M.L.,Leff,A.P.,Thomas,M.S.C.,&Price,C.J.(2011).Multiple routes from occipital to temporal cortices during reading.Journal of Neuroscience,31(22),8239-8247.
Rueckl,J.G.,Paz-Alonso,P.M.,Molfese,P.J.,Kuo,W.-J.,Bick,A.,Frost,S.J.,...Frost,R.(2015).Universal brain signature of proficient reading:Evidence from four contrasting languages.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,112(50),15510-15515.
Seidenberg,M.S.(2011).Reading in different writing systems:One architecture,multiple solutions.In P.Mc Cardle,J.Ren,&O.Tzeng(Eds.),Dyslexia across language:Orthography and the gene-brain-behavior link(pp.151-174).Baltimore,MD:Paul Brooke Publishing.
Shu,H.,Chen,X.,Anderson,R.C.,Wu,N.N.,&Xuan,Y.(2003).Properties of school Chinese:Implications for learning to read.Child Development,74(1),27-47.
Tan,L.H.,Feng,C.M.,Fox,P.T.,&Gao,J.H.(2001).An f MRIstudy with written Chinese.Neuroreport,12(1),83-88.
Taylor,J.S.H.,Rastle,K.,&Davis,M.H.(2013).Can cognitive models explain brain activation during word and pseudoword reading?A meta-analysis of 36 neuroimaging studies.Psychological Bulletin,139(4),766-791.
Taylor,J.S.H.,Rastle,K.,&Davis,M.H.(2014).Interpreting response time effects in functional imaging studies.Neuro Image,99,419-433.
Taylor,J.S.H.,Duff,F.J.,Woollams,A.M.,Monaghan,P.,&Ricketts,J.(2015).How word meaning influences word reading.Current Directions in Psychological Science,24(4),322-328.
Vogel,A.C.,Miezin,F.M.,Petersen,S.E.,&Schlaggar,B.L.(2012).The putative visual word form area is functionally connected to the dorsal attention network.Cerebral Cortex,22(3),537-549.
Wang,X.J.,Yang,J.F.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2011).Left fusiform BOLD responses are inversely related to wordlikeness in a one-back task.Neuro Image,55(3),1346-1356.
Wang,X.J.,Yang,J.F.,Yang,J.,Mencl,W.E.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2015).Language differences in the brain network for reading in naturalistic story reading and lexical decision.PLo S One,10(5),e0124388.
Wang,X.J.,Zhao,R.,Zevin,J.D.,&Yang,J.F.(2016).The neural correlates of the interaction between semantic and phonological processing for Chinese character reading.Frontiers in Psychology,7,947.
Williams,C.,&Bever,T.(2010).Chinese character decoding:a semantic bias?Reading and Writing,23(5),589-605.
Wu,X.,Lu,J.,Chen,K.W.,Long,Z.Y.,Wang,X.Y.,Shu,H.,...Yao,L.(2009).Multiple neural networks supporting a semantic task:an f MRI study using independent component analysis.Neuro Image,45(4),1347-1358.
Yang,J.F.,Mc Candliss,B.D.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2009).Simulating language-specific and language-general effects in a statistical learning model of Chinese reading.Journal of Memory and Language,61(2),238-257.
Yang,J.F.,Shu,H.,Mc Candliss,B.D.,&Zevin,J.D.(2013).Orthographic influences on division of labor in learning to read Chinese and English:Insights from computational modeling.Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,16(2),354-366.
Yang,J.F.,Wang,X.J.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2011).Brain networks associated with sublexical properties of Chinese characters.Brain and Language,119(2),68-79.
Yang,J.F.,Wang,X.J.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2012).Task by stimulus interactions in brain responses during Chinese character processing.Neuro Image,60(2),979-990.
Yeatman,J.D.,Rauschecker,A.M.,&Wandell,B.A.(2013).Anatomy of the visual word form area:Adjacent cortical circuits and long-range white matter connections.Brain and Language,125(2),146-155.
Zhao,R.,Fan,R.,Liu,M.X.,Wang,X.J.,&Yang,J.F.(2017).Rethinking the function of brain regions for reading Chinese characters in a meta-analysis of f MRI studies.Journal of Neurolinguistics,44,120-133.
Zhu,Z.D.,Hagoort,P.,Zhang,J.X.,Feng,G.Y.,Chen,H.C.,Bastiaansen,M.,&Wang,S.P.(2012).The anterior left inferior frontal gyrus contributes to semantic unification.Neuro Image,60(4),2230-2237.
王协顺,吴岩,赵思敏,倪超,张明.(2016).形旁和声旁在形声字识别中的作用.心理学报,48(2),130-140.
张积家,彭聃龄.(1993).汉字词特征语义提取的实验研究.心理学报,25(2),30-37.
张积家,王娟,陈新葵.(2014).义符研究20年:理论探讨、实验证据和加工模型.心理科学进展,22(3),381-399.
张积家,王娟,印丛.(2014).声符和义符在形声字语音、语义提取中的作用――来自部件知觉眼动研究的证据.心理学报,46(7),885-900.
Bi,Y.C.,Han,Z.Z.,Weekes,B.,&Shu,H.(2007).The interaction between semantic and the nonsemantic systems in reading:Evidence from Chinese.Neuropsychologia,45(12),2660-2673.
Binder,J.R.,&Desai,R.H.(2011).The neurobiology of semantic memory.Trends in Cognitive Science,15(11),527-536.
Binder,J.R.,Desai,R.H.,Graves,W.W.,&Conant,L.L.(2009).Where is the semantic system?A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies.Cerebral Cortex,19(12),2767-2796.
Bonner,M.F.,Peelle,J.E.,Cook,P.A.,&Grossman,M.(2013).Heteromodal conceptual processing in the angular gyrus.Neuro Image,71,175-186.
Bonner,M.F.,&Price,A.R.(2013).Where is the anterior temporal lobe and what does it do?Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,33(10),4213-4215.
Boukrina,O.,&Graves,W.W.(2013).Neural networks underlying contributions from semantics in reading aloud.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,7,518.
Cardin,V.,Friston,K.J.,&Zeki,S.(2011).Top-down modulations in the visual form pathway revealed with dynamic causal modeling.Cerebral Cortex,21(3),550-562.
Carreiras,M.,Armstrong,B.C.,Perea,M.,&Frost,R.(2014).The what,when,where,and how of visual word recognition.Trends in Cognitive Science,18(2),90-98.
Cattinelli,I.,Borghese,N.A.,Gallucci,M.,&Paulesu,E.(2013).Reading the reading brain:A new meta-analysis of functional imaging data on reading.Journal of Neurolinguistics,26(1),214-238.
Cohen,L.,&Dehaene,S.(2004).Specialization within the ventral stream:The case for the visual word form area.Neuro Image,22(1),466-476.
Coltheart,M.,Rastle,K.,Perry,C.,Langdon,R.,&Ziegler,J.(2001).DRC:A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud.Psychological Review,108(1),204-256.
Fedorenko,E.,&Thompson-Schill,S.L.(2014).Reworking the language network.Trends in Cognitive Science,18(3),120-126.
Fiez,J.A.(2000).Sound and meaning:How native language affects reading strategies.Nature Neuroscience,3(1),3-5.
Frost,R.(2012).Towards a universal model of reading.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,35(5),263-279.
Frost,S.J.,Mencl,W.E.,Sandak,R.,Moore,D.L.,Rueckl,J.G.,Katz,L.,...Pugh,K.R.(2005).A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the tradeoff between semantics and phonology in reading aloud.Neuroreport,16(6),621-624.
Graves,W.W.,Desai,R.,Humphries,C.,Seidenberg,M.S.,&Binder,J.R.(2010).Neural systems for reading aloud:A multiparametric approach.Cerebral Cortex,20(8),1799-1815.
Jobard,G.,Crivello,F.,&Tzourio-Mazoyer,N.(2003).Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading:A metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies.Neuro Image,20(2),693-712.
Kuo,W.J.,Yeh,T.C.,Lee,J.R.,Chen,L.F.,Lee,P.L.,Chen,S.S.,...Hsieh,J.C.(2004).Orthographic and phonological processing of Chinese characters:An f MRIstudy.Neuro Image,21(4),1721-1731.
Lee,C.Y.,Tsai,J.L.,Kuo,W.J.,Yeh,T.C.,Wu,Y.T.,Ho,L.T.,...Hsieh,J.C.(2004).Neuronal correlates of consistency and frequency effects on Chinese character naming:An event-related f MRI study.Neuro Image,23(4),1235-1245.
Levy,J.,Pernet,C.,Treserras,S.,Boulanouar,K.,Aubry,F.,Démonet,J.F.,&Celsis,P.(2009).Testing for the dual-route cascade reading model in the brain:An f MRI effective connectivity account of an efficient reading style.PLo SOne,4(8),e6675.
Liu,C.,Zhang,W.T.,Tang,Y.Y.,Mai,X.Q.,Chen,H.C.,Tardif,T.,&Luo,Y.J.(2008).The Visual Word Form Area:Evidence from an f MRI study of implicit processing of Chinese characters.Neuro Image,40(3),1350-1361.
Liu,Y.Y.,Shu,H.,&Li,P.(2007).Word naming and psycholinguistic norms:Chinese.Behavior Research Methods,39(2),192-198.
Ludersdorfer,P.,Schurz,M.,Richlan,F.,Kronbichler,M.,&Wimmer,H.(2013).Opposite effects of visual and auditory word-likeness on activity in the visual word form area.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,7,491.
Mehta,S.,Inoue,K.,Rudrauf,D.,Damasio,H.,Tranel,D.,&Grabowski,T.(2016).Segregation of anterior temporal regions critical for retrieving names of unique and non-unique entities reflects underlying long-range connectivity.Cortex,75,1-19.
Paulesu,E.,Mccrory,E.,Fazio,F.,Menoncello,L.,Brunswick,N.,Cappa,S.F.,...Lorusso,M.(2000).A cultural effect on brain function.Nature Neuroscience,3(1),91-96.
Peng,D.L.,Ding,G.S.,Perry,C.,Xu,D.,Jin,Z.,Luo,Q.,...Deng,Y.(2004).f MRI evidence for the automatic phonological activation of briefly presented words.Cognitive Brain Research,20(2),156-164.
Price,A.R.,Bonner,M.F.,Peelle,J.E.,&Grossman,M.(2015).Converging evidence for the neuroanatomic basis of combinatorial semantics in the angular gyrus.The Journal of Neuroscience,35(7),3276-3284.
Price,C.J.(2012).A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and f MRI studies of heard speech,spoken language and reading.Neuro Image,62(2),816-847.
Price,C.J.,&Devlin,J.T.(2011).The interactive account of ventral occipitotemporal contributions to reading.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15(6),246-253.
Pugh,K.R.,Mencl,W.E.,Jenner,A.R.,Katz,L.,Frost,S.J.,Lee,J.R.,...Shaywitz,B.A.(2001).Neurobiological studies of reading and reading disability.Journal of Communication Disorders,34(6),479-492.
Richardson,F.M.,Seghier,M.L.,Leff,A.P.,Thomas,M.S.C.,&Price,C.J.(2011).Multiple routes from occipital to temporal cortices during reading.Journal of Neuroscience,31(22),8239-8247.
Rueckl,J.G.,Paz-Alonso,P.M.,Molfese,P.J.,Kuo,W.-J.,Bick,A.,Frost,S.J.,...Frost,R.(2015).Universal brain signature of proficient reading:Evidence from four contrasting languages.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,112(50),15510-15515.
Seidenberg,M.S.(2011).Reading in different writing systems:One architecture,multiple solutions.In P.Mc Cardle,J.Ren,&O.Tzeng(Eds.),Dyslexia across language:Orthography and the gene-brain-behavior link(pp.151-174).Baltimore,MD:Paul Brooke Publishing.
Shu,H.,Chen,X.,Anderson,R.C.,Wu,N.N.,&Xuan,Y.(2003).Properties of school Chinese:Implications for learning to read.Child Development,74(1),27-47.
Tan,L.H.,Feng,C.M.,Fox,P.T.,&Gao,J.H.(2001).An f MRIstudy with written Chinese.Neuroreport,12(1),83-88.
Taylor,J.S.H.,Rastle,K.,&Davis,M.H.(2013).Can cognitive models explain brain activation during word and pseudoword reading?A meta-analysis of 36 neuroimaging studies.Psychological Bulletin,139(4),766-791.
Taylor,J.S.H.,Rastle,K.,&Davis,M.H.(2014).Interpreting response time effects in functional imaging studies.Neuro Image,99,419-433.
Taylor,J.S.H.,Duff,F.J.,Woollams,A.M.,Monaghan,P.,&Ricketts,J.(2015).How word meaning influences word reading.Current Directions in Psychological Science,24(4),322-328.
Vogel,A.C.,Miezin,F.M.,Petersen,S.E.,&Schlaggar,B.L.(2012).The putative visual word form area is functionally connected to the dorsal attention network.Cerebral Cortex,22(3),537-549.
Wang,X.J.,Yang,J.F.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2011).Left fusiform BOLD responses are inversely related to wordlikeness in a one-back task.Neuro Image,55(3),1346-1356.
Wang,X.J.,Yang,J.F.,Yang,J.,Mencl,W.E.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2015).Language differences in the brain network for reading in naturalistic story reading and lexical decision.PLo S One,10(5),e0124388.
Wang,X.J.,Zhao,R.,Zevin,J.D.,&Yang,J.F.(2016).The neural correlates of the interaction between semantic and phonological processing for Chinese character reading.Frontiers in Psychology,7,947.
Williams,C.,&Bever,T.(2010).Chinese character decoding:a semantic bias?Reading and Writing,23(5),589-605.
Wu,X.,Lu,J.,Chen,K.W.,Long,Z.Y.,Wang,X.Y.,Shu,H.,...Yao,L.(2009).Multiple neural networks supporting a semantic task:an f MRI study using independent component analysis.Neuro Image,45(4),1347-1358.
Yang,J.F.,Mc Candliss,B.D.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2009).Simulating language-specific and language-general effects in a statistical learning model of Chinese reading.Journal of Memory and Language,61(2),238-257.
Yang,J.F.,Shu,H.,Mc Candliss,B.D.,&Zevin,J.D.(2013).Orthographic influences on division of labor in learning to read Chinese and English:Insights from computational modeling.Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,16(2),354-366.
Yang,J.F.,Wang,X.J.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2011).Brain networks associated with sublexical properties of Chinese characters.Brain and Language,119(2),68-79.
Yang,J.F.,Wang,X.J.,Shu,H.,&Zevin,J.D.(2012).Task by stimulus interactions in brain responses during Chinese character processing.Neuro Image,60(2),979-990.
Yeatman,J.D.,Rauschecker,A.M.,&Wandell,B.A.(2013).Anatomy of the visual word form area:Adjacent cortical circuits and long-range white matter connections.Brain and Language,125(2),146-155.
Zhao,R.,Fan,R.,Liu,M.X.,Wang,X.J.,&Yang,J.F.(2017).Rethinking the function of brain regions for reading Chinese characters in a meta-analysis of f MRI studies.Journal of Neurolinguistics,44,120-133.
Zhu,Z.D.,Hagoort,P.,Zhang,J.X.,Feng,G.Y.,Chen,H.C.,Bastiaansen,M.,&Wang,S.P.(2012).The anterior left inferior frontal gyrus contributes to semantic unification.Neuro Image,60(4),2230-2237.