二语复杂句法加工的ERP研究——以英语现在分词为例
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摘要
本文以英语现在分词为切入点,通过ERP技术考察了中国大学生对英语句子中复杂成分的认知加工特征。具体句法结构为S-V-O+V-ing,即完整的S-V-O结构后接现在分词作为宾语O的伴随状态,如Tom talked with the girl sitting at the corner,其中的sitting at the corner作后置定语用。这一句法形式在汉语中并不存在,因而具有独特性,同时也是中国学生句法学习的一大难点。实验中对句法、语义和二语熟练度进行了操控,结果发现:1)中国二语者在英语现在分词的加工中未引发典型的ERP句法成分,如LAN和P600,熟练度有一定的调节作用,但未产生根本上的差异;2)高低水平被试在现在分词加工中都受到句法和语义作用的影响,二语中带有独特结构的复杂句加工更多地体现了一般的认知功能。
This research probes into the cognitive processing of the present participle as the complex composition in English sentences with the manipulation of semantics,syntax and proficiency in the ERP experiment. The structure investigated was SV-O + V-ing,in which V-ing functiones as a modifier for the object( O) in S-V-O. For instance,in"Tom talked with the girl sitting at the corner","sitting at the corner"was an attribute modifying "the girl". With no such grammatical framework in the Chinese language,it would be more liable for Chinese students to handle difficulties in comprehension,especially for the low-proficient ones. The findings are as follow: 1) Chinese second-language learners do not elicit typical ERP components such as ELAN and P600 in the syntactic violation. Though proficiency exerts some influence on the processing but with no essential change; 2) For both high-proficiency and low-proficiency learners,semantics and syntax are two major factors that contribute to the differences in ERP presentation,which indicats that the processing of unique structures in L2 sentences is more related to the general cognitive function rather than the specific linguistic reactions in the native language.
This research probes into the cognitive processing of the present participle as the complex composition in English sentences with the manipulation of semantics,syntax and proficiency in the ERP experiment. The structure investigated was SV-O + V-ing,in which V-ing functiones as a modifier for the object( O) in S-V-O. For instance,in"Tom talked with the girl sitting at the corner","sitting at the corner"was an attribute modifying "the girl". With no such grammatical framework in the Chinese language,it would be more liable for Chinese students to handle difficulties in comprehension,especially for the low-proficient ones. The findings are as follow: 1) Chinese second-language learners do not elicit typical ERP components such as ELAN and P600 in the syntactic violation. Though proficiency exerts some influence on the processing but with no essential change; 2) For both high-proficiency and low-proficiency learners,semantics and syntax are two major factors that contribute to the differences in ERP presentation,which indicats that the processing of unique structures in L2 sentences is more related to the general cognitive function rather than the specific linguistic reactions in the native language.
引文
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[27]Rossi,S.,Gugler,M.F.,Friederici,A.D.&A.Hahne.The impact of proficiency on syntactic second-language processing of German and Italian:Evidence from event-related potentials[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2006(18):2030-48.
[28]Tanner,D.,Mclaughlin,J.,Herschensohn,J.&L.Osterhout.Individual differences reveal stages of L2 grammatical acquisition:ERP evidence[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,2013(2):367-382.
[29]van Berkum,J.J.A.,P.Hagoort&C.M.Brown.Semantic integration in sentences and discourse:Evidence from the N400[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,1999(11):657-671.
[30]Weber-Fox,C.M.&H.J.Neville.Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing:ERP and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,1996(3):231-256.
[31]常欣,王沛.晚期二语者句法加工过程的调节因素及其效应[J].心理科学进展,2015(2):225-233.
[32]郭晶晶,陈宝国.汉英句法结构相似性对英语句法加工的影响[J].心理科学,2009(2):320-323.
[33]郭晶晶,陈宝国.汉英句法结构相似性与第二语言的熟练度第二语言句法加工的影响[J].心理科学,2011(3):571-575.
[34]何文广,张晓靓.句法歧义消解影响因素、认知机制及其神经基础[J].心理科学,2016(4):881-886.
[35]季月,李霄翔,李黎.中国大学生英语直接—间接引语转换中句法和语义的ERP研究[J].外语研究,2012(6):46-53.
[36]魏景汉,罗跃嘉.事件相关电位原理与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:63.
[37]薛琳,潘猛,官群.中国学生英语句法启动效应:来自及物和与格的证据[J].西安外国语大学学报,2017(2):75-79.
[38]赵伦.ERPs实验教程[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2010.
[2]Amedi,A.,K.Von Kriegstein,N.M.van Atteveldt,M.S.Beauchamp&M.J.Naumer.Functional imaging of human crossmodal identification and object recognition[J].Experimental Brain Research,2005(3):559-571.
[3]Bornkessel-Schlesewsky,I.&M.Schlesewsky.An alternative perspective on semantic P600 effects in language comprehension[J].Brain Research Review,2008(59):55-73.
[4]Bornkessel-Schlesewsky,I.&M.Schlesewsky.Reconciling time,space and function:A new dorsal-ventral stream model of sentence comprehension[J].Brain&Language,2013(1):60-76.
[5]Bowden,H.W.,Steinhauer,K.,Sanz,C.&M.T.Ullman.Native-like brain processing of syntax can be attained by university foreign language learners[J].Neuropsychologia,2013(13):2492-2511.
[6]Camblin,C.C.,Gordon,P.C.&T.Y.Swaab.The interplay of discourse congruence and lexical association during sentence processing:Evidence from ERPs and eye tracking[J].Journal of Memory and Language,2007(56):103-128.
[7]Chen,L.,H.Shu,Y.Liu,J.Zhao&P.Li.ERP signatures of subject-verb agreement in L2 learning[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,2007(2):161-174.
[8]Clahsen,H.&C.Felser.Continuity and shallow structures in languages processing[J].Applied Psycholinguistics,2006(1):107-126.
[9]Coulson,S.,King,J.&M.Kutas.Expect the unexpected:Eventrelated brain response of morphosyntatic violations[J].Language and Cognitive Process,1998(3):21-58.
[10]Dekydtspotter,L.Schwartz,B.&R.A.Sprouse.The comparative fallacy in L2 processing research[A].In Grantham,O’Brien,M.C.Shea&J.Archibald(eds.).Proceedings from the 8thGenerative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference(GASLA 2006)[C].Somerville,MA.Cascadilla Proceedings Project.2006:33-40.
[11]Felser,C.&L.Roberts.Processing wh-dependencies in a second language:A cross-modal priming study[J].Second Language Research,2007(1):9-36.
[12]Fiebach,C.J.,Schlesewsky,M.&A.D.Friederici.Separating syntactic memory costs and syntactic integration costs during parsing:The processing of German WH-questions[J].Journal of Memory&Language,2002(2):250-282.
[13]Friederici,A.D.Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2002(2):78-84.
[14]Friederici,A.D.The brain basis of language processing[J].Physiological Reviews,2011(91):1357-1392.
[15]Friederici,A.D.The cortical language circuit:From auditory perception to sentence comprehension[J].Trends Cognntive Sciences,2012(16):262-268.
[16]Hahne,A.,Friederici,A.D.&D.Angela.Processing a second language:Late learners’comprehension mechanisms as revealed by event-related brain potentials[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,2001(2):123-141.
[17]Havas,V.,Laine,M.&A.R.Fornells.Brain signatures of early lexical and morphological learning of a new language[J].Neuropsychologia,2017(1):47-56.
[18]Kielar,A.,L.Panamsky,K.A.Links&J.A.Meltzer.Localization of electrophysiological responses to semantic and syntactic anomalies in language comprehension with MEG[J].Neuroimage,2015(105):507-524.
[19]Kuperberg,G.R.,Kreher,D.A.,Sitnikova,T,Caplan,D.N.&P.J.Holcomb.The role of animacy an dthematic relationship in processing active English sentence:evidence from event-related potentials[J].Brain and Language,2007(100):223-237.
[20]Mcoonald,J.L.Beyond the critical period:Processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second language learners[J].Journal of Memory&Language,2006(3):381-401.
[21]Morgan-Short,K.,Steinhauer,K.,Sanz,C.&M.T.Ullman.Explicit and implicit second language training differentially affect the achievement of native-like brain activation patterns[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2012(4):933-947.
[22]Nickels,S.,Opitz,B.&K.Steinhauer.ERPs show that classroominstructed late second language learners rely on the same prosodic cues in syntactic parsing as native speakers[J].Neuroscience Letters,2013(557):107-111.
[23]Ojima,S.,H.Nakata&R.Kakigi.An ERP study of second language learning after childhood:Effects of proficiency[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2005(8):1212-1228.
[24]Otten,M.&J.J.A.Van Berkum.The influence of message-based predictability and lexical association on the N400 effect.New York:Poster presented at Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society,2005.
[25]Phillip,C.,Kazanina,N.&S.H.Abada.ERP effects of the processing of syntactic long-distance dependencies[J].Cognitive Brain Research,2005(22):407-428.
[26]Rodd,J.M.,S.Vitello,A.M.Woollams&P.Adank.Localizing semantic and syntactic processing in spoken and written language comprehension:an Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis[J].Brain and Language,2015(141):89-102.
[27]Rossi,S.,Gugler,M.F.,Friederici,A.D.&A.Hahne.The impact of proficiency on syntactic second-language processing of German and Italian:Evidence from event-related potentials[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2006(18):2030-48.
[28]Tanner,D.,Mclaughlin,J.,Herschensohn,J.&L.Osterhout.Individual differences reveal stages of L2 grammatical acquisition:ERP evidence[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,2013(2):367-382.
[29]van Berkum,J.J.A.,P.Hagoort&C.M.Brown.Semantic integration in sentences and discourse:Evidence from the N400[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,1999(11):657-671.
[30]Weber-Fox,C.M.&H.J.Neville.Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing:ERP and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,1996(3):231-256.
[31]常欣,王沛.晚期二语者句法加工过程的调节因素及其效应[J].心理科学进展,2015(2):225-233.
[32]郭晶晶,陈宝国.汉英句法结构相似性对英语句法加工的影响[J].心理科学,2009(2):320-323.
[33]郭晶晶,陈宝国.汉英句法结构相似性与第二语言的熟练度第二语言句法加工的影响[J].心理科学,2011(3):571-575.
[34]何文广,张晓靓.句法歧义消解影响因素、认知机制及其神经基础[J].心理科学,2016(4):881-886.
[35]季月,李霄翔,李黎.中国大学生英语直接—间接引语转换中句法和语义的ERP研究[J].外语研究,2012(6):46-53.
[36]魏景汉,罗跃嘉.事件相关电位原理与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:63.
[37]薛琳,潘猛,官群.中国学生英语句法启动效应:来自及物和与格的证据[J].西安外国语大学学报,2017(2):75-79.
[38]赵伦.ERPs实验教程[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2010.