日语格助词「で」的本质义与基于句法语境的多义对应——基于BCCWJ语料库的句法语境统计分析
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摘要
日语"名词+格助词+谓词"句式中的格助词作为语法功能词之虚词,表示其所接名词与谓词之间不依赖于句法语境的、抽象的语法关系,这一语法关系正是格助词的本质义。而多义只是本质义在多种句法语境中的具现,是对应多种句法语境的语义作用的结果。本研究假设日语格助词「で」的本质义为"凭借义",谓词与「で」格名词始终为"凭借"与"被凭借"的语法关系,在句法语境中体现为谓词实现的"凭借物"、"凭借事"或"凭借空间",并通过BCCWJ语料库统计分析「で」格的多义及实现的句法语境,再以MI-score与T-score系数考察「で」格名词与谓词成分的共现倾向,以进一步证实理论分析结果的合理性与可信度。
De( で),as the grammatical functional word in the format of "N + Functional Word + Predicate",indicates a grammatical relation independent of syntactic context. This grammatical relation is the core meaning of De.Multiple meanings refer to the specific meanings of De in different syntactic contexts. They are the results of various semantic functions. This study assumes that the core meaning of De is a kind of means. The relationship between predicate and De indicates a way or a method. It refers to a thing,an object or space by which people use to achieve a certain goal. The exploration of the coexistence of noun and verb of De through MI-score and T-score based on statistical analysis of BCCWJ corpus and the analyses of multiple meanings of De and its syntactic context could further testify that the theoretical reasoning is reliable and reasonable.
De( で),as the grammatical functional word in the format of "N + Functional Word + Predicate",indicates a grammatical relation independent of syntactic context. This grammatical relation is the core meaning of De.Multiple meanings refer to the specific meanings of De in different syntactic contexts. They are the results of various semantic functions. This study assumes that the core meaning of De is a kind of means. The relationship between predicate and De indicates a way or a method. It refers to a thing,an object or space by which people use to achieve a certain goal. The exploration of the coexistence of noun and verb of De through MI-score and T-score based on statistical analysis of BCCWJ corpus and the analyses of multiple meanings of De and its syntactic context could further testify that the theoretical reasoning is reliable and reasonable.
引文
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[2]Dewell,B.Over again:Image-schema transformations in semantic analysis[J].Cognitive Linguistics,1993(5).
[3]Hunston,S.Professional conflict:Disagreement in academic discourse[A].In Baker,M.(ed.).Text and Technology[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1993.
[4]Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,and Dangerous Things-What Reveals about the Human Mind[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1987.
[5]Langacker,R.W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar.Volume 1,Theoretical Prerequisites[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987.
[6]Taylor,J.R.&R.E.McLaury.Language and the Cognitive Construal of the World[M].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,1995.
[7]Kabata,K.Patterns of acquisition of three Japanese particles by three children[R].Paper presented at the 10th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference.Poland:Krakow,2007.
[8]大久保愛.幼児言語の発達[M].東京:東京堂出版,1967.
[9]岡智之.場所的存在論によるデ格の統一的説明[J].日語日文学研究,2005(53).
[10]岡智之.日本語教育への認知言語学の応用~多義語、特に格助詞を中心に~[J].東京学芸大学紀要総合教育科学系,2007(58).
[11]菅井三実.格助詞?に」の統一的分析に向けた認知言語学的アプローチ[J].世界の日本語教育,2007(17).
[12]杉村泰.イメージで教える日本語の格助詞[M].言語文化研究叢書,2002.
[13]田中茂範.基本語の意味のとらえ方―基本動詞におけるコア理論の有効性[J].日本語教育,2004(121).
[14]日本語記述文法研究会.現代日本語文法2[M].東京:くろしお出版,2009.
[15]益岡隆志·田窪行則.基礎日本語文法[M].東京:くろしお出版,1989.
[16]間淵洋子.格助詞「で」の意味拡張に関する一考察[J].国語学,2000(51).
[17]森山新.認知言語学から見た格助詞の意味構造と習得[M].東京:ひつじ書房,2008.
[18]森山新.格助詞ヲ、ニ、デの意味構造とその習得に関する認知言語学の研究―韓国語·中国語を母語とする日本語学習者を中心として[J].日語学習与研究,2010(5).
[19]森田良行.基礎日本語2[M].東京:角川書店,1980.
[20]早瀬尚子、堀田優子.認知文法の新展開:カテゴリー化と用法基盤モデル[M].東京:研究社,2005.
[21]吉田泰子.二話発話の発達.ことばの発達とその障害[M].東京:第一法規,1976.
[22]石毓智.认知语言学的“功”与“过”[J].外国语,2004(2).