索绪尔语言学与语言相对论
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摘要
本文探讨了语言相对论和索绪尔语言学及认知语言学的关系,并简要梳理了语言相对论的发展,并简要介绍了语言相对论的三种诠释模式:词汇模式、词源焦点模式和语法模式。本文指出,索绪尔一方面反对盛行于19世纪、基于洪堡特观点的语言相对论,另一方面在自己的语言学里又暗含语言相对论的观点。索绪尔关于意义和概念的观点为认知语言学所继承和发展,进而成为新语言相对论的发展基础。新语言相对论在诠释方法上回到传统模式,既有积极的进步,也有消极的倒退。
This paper explores the relationship among Saussurean linguistics,Linguistic Relativism(LR) and Cognitive Linguistics( CL),making a brief introduction to the LR interpretation patterns: lexical pattern,grammatical pattern and etymological & focal pattern.Then the paper shows that Saussurean linguistics plays a contradictory role in LR.On the one hand,Saussure has explicit anti-relativistic statements on LR,which was based on Humboldtian views and widespread in 19th century; on the other hand,his purely differential view of meaning actually allows for new LR.Cognitive Linguistics is a continuation of Saussurean structuralism and develops LR in 20th century.Neo LR adopts earlier approaches,which can be regarded as both positive and negative.
This paper explores the relationship among Saussurean linguistics,Linguistic Relativism(LR) and Cognitive Linguistics( CL),making a brief introduction to the LR interpretation patterns: lexical pattern,grammatical pattern and etymological & focal pattern.Then the paper shows that Saussurean linguistics plays a contradictory role in LR.On the one hand,Saussure has explicit anti-relativistic statements on LR,which was based on Humboldtian views and widespread in 19th century; on the other hand,his purely differential view of meaning actually allows for new LR.Cognitive Linguistics is a continuation of Saussurean structuralism and develops LR in 20th century.Neo LR adopts earlier approaches,which can be regarded as both positive and negative.
引文
Bakker,Dick M.1988“Kritische notities bij Ferdinand de Saussure’s Cours”,Janssen,Theo A.J.M.,Noordegraaf,Jan and Verhagen,Arie(eds),De macht van het woord.Een selectie uit het taalkundig werk van D.M.Bakker,Amsterdam,VU Uitgeverij,181-218.
Black,Max 1969“Some troubles with Whorfianism”,Hook,Sidney(ed.),Language and Philosophy,New York,NYUP,30-35.
Dinneen,Francis P.1967 An introduction to general linguistics,New York,Holt,Reinhart and Winston Inc.
Dirven,Renéand Verspoor,M.(eds)1999 Cognitieve inleiding tot taal en taalwetenschap,Leuven,Acco.
Frank,Michael C.,Everett,Daniel L.,Fedorenko,Evelina,and Gibson,Edward(2008),“Number as a cognitive technology:Evidence from Piraha language and cognition”,Cognition 8(3),819-824.
Geeraerts,Dirk,Grondelaers,Stefan&Bakema,Peter 1994 The structure of lexical variation.Meaning,naming,and context,Berlin,Mouton de Gruyter.
Geeraerts,Dirk and Grondelaers,Stefan 1995“Looking back at anger.Cultural traditions and metaphorical patterns”,Taylor,John R.&Mac Laury,Robert E.(eds),Language and the construal of the world,Berlin,Mouton de Gruyter,153-180.
Goddard,Cliff 2003“Whorf meets Wierzbicka:variation and universals in language and thinking”,Language Sciences 25,393-423.
Gumperz,John J.and Levinson,S.(eds)1996 Rethinking linguistic relativism,Cambridge,Mass.,CUP.
Joseph,John E.2004“The linguistic sign”,Sanders,Carol(ed.),The Cambridge companion to Saussure,Cambridge Mass.,CUP,59-75.
Knobloch,Clemens 1988 Geschichte der psychologischen Sprachauffassung in Deutschland von 1850 bis 1920,Tübingen,Niemeyer.
Lakoff,George 1987 Women,fire,and dangerous things.What categories reveal about the mind,Chicago,UCP.
Lakoff,George and Johnson,Marc 1980 Metaphors we live by.Chicago,UCP.
Langacker,Ronald W.1987 Foundations of cognitive grammar,Vol.1,Theoretical prerequisites,Stanford,SUP.
Lepschy G.(ed.)1998 History of linguistics,Renaissance and early modern linguistics,London,Longman.
Lyons,John 1977 Semantics,Vol.1,Cambridge,CUP.
Nerlich,Brigitte and Clarke,David C.2007“Cognitive linguistics and the history of linguistics”,Geeraerts,Dirk&Cuyckens,Hubert(eds),The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics,Oxford,OUP,589-607.
Nowak,Elke 1994“From the unity of grammar to the diversity of languages.Language typology around 1800”,Beitrage zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft 4,1-18.
Pater,Wilhelmus A.de and Swiggers,Pierre 2000 Taal en teken.Een historisch-systematische inleiding in de taalfilosofie,Leuven,UPL.
Putnam,Hilary 1979“The meaning of meaning”,Mind,language and reality.Philosophical papers,vol.2,Cambridge Mass.,CUP,215-272.
Sapir,E.1921 Language.An introduction to the study of speech,New York,Harcourt,Brace&World Inc.
Saussure,Ferdinand de 1972 Cours de linguistique générale(1916).Edition critique préparée par Tullio de Mauro,Paris,Editions Payot.English Translation by Roy Harris(1983).
Steinthal,Heymann 1860 Charakteristik der haupts chlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues,Berlin,Dümmler.
Taylor,John R.2002 Cognitive Grammar,Oxford,OUP.
Trier,Jost 1973 Aufsatze und Vortrage zur Wortfeldtheorie.(Lee,Anthony van der&Reichmann,Oskar(eds),The Hague,Mouton.
Willems,Klaas 2005“Die Grenzen der Ikonizitat der Sprache:Saussures Konzeption des“fait linguistique”revisited”,Ars Semeiotica 28,243-272.
(1)在不同语言间最常见的是语音差异,这些差异只和字词成分有关,无关认知差异,通常不会归为语言相对论。
(2)“na觙ve-realism”又译作“朴素实在论”,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism。
(3)Roger Bacon,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon。
(4)John Locke,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke。
(5)这里提到的“普通通用语法”区别于乔姆斯基的“普遍语法(UG)”,指人类语言存在统一的语法结构。
(6)Wilhelm von Humboldt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt。
Black,Max 1969“Some troubles with Whorfianism”,Hook,Sidney(ed.),Language and Philosophy,New York,NYUP,30-35.
Dinneen,Francis P.1967 An introduction to general linguistics,New York,Holt,Reinhart and Winston Inc.
Dirven,Renéand Verspoor,M.(eds)1999 Cognitieve inleiding tot taal en taalwetenschap,Leuven,Acco.
Frank,Michael C.,Everett,Daniel L.,Fedorenko,Evelina,and Gibson,Edward(2008),“Number as a cognitive technology:Evidence from Piraha language and cognition”,Cognition 8(3),819-824.
Geeraerts,Dirk,Grondelaers,Stefan&Bakema,Peter 1994 The structure of lexical variation.Meaning,naming,and context,Berlin,Mouton de Gruyter.
Geeraerts,Dirk and Grondelaers,Stefan 1995“Looking back at anger.Cultural traditions and metaphorical patterns”,Taylor,John R.&Mac Laury,Robert E.(eds),Language and the construal of the world,Berlin,Mouton de Gruyter,153-180.
Goddard,Cliff 2003“Whorf meets Wierzbicka:variation and universals in language and thinking”,Language Sciences 25,393-423.
Gumperz,John J.and Levinson,S.(eds)1996 Rethinking linguistic relativism,Cambridge,Mass.,CUP.
Joseph,John E.2004“The linguistic sign”,Sanders,Carol(ed.),The Cambridge companion to Saussure,Cambridge Mass.,CUP,59-75.
Knobloch,Clemens 1988 Geschichte der psychologischen Sprachauffassung in Deutschland von 1850 bis 1920,Tübingen,Niemeyer.
Lakoff,George 1987 Women,fire,and dangerous things.What categories reveal about the mind,Chicago,UCP.
Lakoff,George and Johnson,Marc 1980 Metaphors we live by.Chicago,UCP.
Langacker,Ronald W.1987 Foundations of cognitive grammar,Vol.1,Theoretical prerequisites,Stanford,SUP.
Lepschy G.(ed.)1998 History of linguistics,Renaissance and early modern linguistics,London,Longman.
Lyons,John 1977 Semantics,Vol.1,Cambridge,CUP.
Nerlich,Brigitte and Clarke,David C.2007“Cognitive linguistics and the history of linguistics”,Geeraerts,Dirk&Cuyckens,Hubert(eds),The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics,Oxford,OUP,589-607.
Nowak,Elke 1994“From the unity of grammar to the diversity of languages.Language typology around 1800”,Beitrage zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft 4,1-18.
Pater,Wilhelmus A.de and Swiggers,Pierre 2000 Taal en teken.Een historisch-systematische inleiding in de taalfilosofie,Leuven,UPL.
Putnam,Hilary 1979“The meaning of meaning”,Mind,language and reality.Philosophical papers,vol.2,Cambridge Mass.,CUP,215-272.
Sapir,E.1921 Language.An introduction to the study of speech,New York,Harcourt,Brace&World Inc.
Saussure,Ferdinand de 1972 Cours de linguistique générale(1916).Edition critique préparée par Tullio de Mauro,Paris,Editions Payot.English Translation by Roy Harris(1983).
Steinthal,Heymann 1860 Charakteristik der haupts chlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues,Berlin,Dümmler.
Taylor,John R.2002 Cognitive Grammar,Oxford,OUP.
Trier,Jost 1973 Aufsatze und Vortrage zur Wortfeldtheorie.(Lee,Anthony van der&Reichmann,Oskar(eds),The Hague,Mouton.
Willems,Klaas 2005“Die Grenzen der Ikonizitat der Sprache:Saussures Konzeption des“fait linguistique”revisited”,Ars Semeiotica 28,243-272.
(1)在不同语言间最常见的是语音差异,这些差异只和字词成分有关,无关认知差异,通常不会归为语言相对论。
(2)“na觙ve-realism”又译作“朴素实在论”,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism。
(3)Roger Bacon,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon。
(4)John Locke,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke。
(5)这里提到的“普通通用语法”区别于乔姆斯基的“普遍语法(UG)”,指人类语言存在统一的语法结构。
(6)Wilhelm von Humboldt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt。