语言相对论的新发展与挑战
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摘要
本文介绍语言相对论的流变并梳理和分析近期的发展。语言相对论经历早期的思辨阶段、沃尔夫发起的实证研究、心理学的实验室研究,自20世纪60年代以来,由于转换生成语法的壮大,发声渐微。20世纪90年代开始,随着认知科学的兴起,语言相对论再次回到公众的视野,并被冠名为新沃尔夫主义。新沃尔夫主义在研究内容和研究方法等方面都有实质性的突破,但在概念和方法上仍存在问题有待攻破。
This paper gives a brief review of the history of linguistic relativity and examines its recent development. Before the 1960 s,linguistic relativity enjoyed prestige as it was debated theoretically,first tested empirically by Whorf and brought to the lab by psychologists. Chomsky's transformative grammar put an end to all this. The last decade of the 20 thcentury has witnessed the reemergence of linguist relativity,also known as neo-whorfism. Breakthroughs have been achieved in terms of the research scope,methods etc.,but still some conceptual and methodological problems prevail.
This paper gives a brief review of the history of linguistic relativity and examines its recent development. Before the 1960 s,linguistic relativity enjoyed prestige as it was debated theoretically,first tested empirically by Whorf and brought to the lab by psychologists. Chomsky's transformative grammar put an end to all this. The last decade of the 20 thcentury has witnessed the reemergence of linguist relativity,also known as neo-whorfism. Breakthroughs have been achieved in terms of the research scope,methods etc.,but still some conceptual and methodological problems prevail.
引文
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高一虹.沃尔夫假说的“言外行为”与“言后行为”[J].外语教学与研究,2000(3).
宫同喜.语言相对论实验类研究方法的进展、问题及对策[J].外国语,2017(1).
李恒张积家.汉、英讲话者对“前”、“后”时空隐喻的偏好及其成因[J].外语与外语教学,2017(1).
裘晨晖.再看沃尔夫假说---重读《论语言、思维和现实---沃尔夫文集》[J].西安外国语大学学报,2016(3).
王悦孙尔鸿张积家.句子语境影响汉-英双语者对英语短语动词的语义加工---来自眼动研究的证据[J].外语教学与研究,2016(2).
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杨朝春.语言相对论近期实证研究综述[J].外语教学与研究,2005(6).
张积家刘丽红陈曦和秀梅.纳西语颜色认知关系研究[J].民族语文,2008(2).
Athanasopoulos,P.Do Bilinguals Think Differently from Monolinguals?Evidence from Non-linguistic Cognitive Categorization of Objects in Japanese-English Bilinguals[A].In:Agathopoulou,E.,Dimitrakopoulou,M.,Papadopoulou,D.(Eds.),Selected Papers on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics[C].Thessaloniki:Monochromia Publishing,2007.
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Brown,R.W.,Lenneberg,R.H.A Study in Language and Cognition[J].Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,1954(3).
Chen,J.Y.Do Chinese and English Speakers Think about Time Differently?Failure of Replicating Boroditsky(2001)[J].Cognition,2007(2).
Chomsky,C.The Acquisition of Syntax in Children from 5 to10[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1969.
Dehaene,S.,Izard,V.,Pica,P.,Spelke,E.Core Knowledge of Geometry in an Amazonian Indigene Group[J].Science,2006(5759).
Deutscher,G.Through the Language Glass[M].New York:Metropolitan Books,2010.
Franklin,A.,Wright,O.,Davies,I.R.L.What Can We Learn from Toddlers about Categorical Perception of Color?Comments on Goldstein,Davidoff,and Roberson[J].Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,2009(2).
Gentner,D.,Goldin-Meadow,S.Language in Mind:Advances in the Study of Language and Thought[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,2003.
Gilbert,A.,Regier,T.,Kay,P.,Ivry,R.Whorf Hypothesis Is Supported in the Right Visual Field But Not the Left[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2006(2).
Gordon,P.Numerical Cognition Without Words:Evidence from Amazonia[J].Science,2004(5695).
Han,Z.Grammatical Morpheme Inadequacy as a Function of Linguistic Relativity:A Longitudinal Case Study[A].In:Han,Z.,Cadierno,T.(Eds.),Linguistic Relativity in SLA:Thinking for Speaking[C].Clevedon:Multilingual Matters,2010.
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
Langacker,R.W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2014.
Lantolf,J.Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
Lenneberg,E.H.Cognition in Ethnolinguistics[J].Language,1953(4).
Levinson,S.C.Space in Language and Cognition:Explorations in Linguistic Diversity[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
Lucy,J.A.Language Diversity and Thought:A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992a.
Lucy,J.A.Grammatical Categories and Cognition:A Case Study of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992b.
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Lucy,J.A.Recent Advances in the Study of Linguistic Relativity in Historical Context:A Critical Assessment[J].Language Learning,2016(3).
Lupyan,G.,Rakison,D.H.,McClelland,J.L.Language Is Not Just for Talking:Labels Facilitate Learning of Novel Categories[J].Psychological Science,2007(18).
Lupyan,G.The Centrality of Language in Human Cognition[J].Language Learning,2016(3).
Pavlenko,A.Thinking and Speaking in Two Languages[M].Bristol:Multilingual Matters,2011.
Pavlenko,A.Whorf's Lost Argument:Multilingual Awareness[J].Language Learning,2016(3).
Ross,P.E.New Whoof in Whorf[J].Scientific American,1992(2).
Sapir,E.Language:An Introduction to the Study of Speech[M].New York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,1949.
Sidnell,J.,Eneld,N.J.Language Diversity and Social Action:A Third Locus of Linguistic Relativity[J].Current Anthropology,2012(53).
Siok,W.T.,Kay,P.,Wang,S.Y.,Chan,H.D.,Chen,L.,Luke,K.K.,Tan,L.H.Language Regions of Brain Are Operative in Color Perception[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009(20).
Slobin,D.I.From‘Thought and Language'to‘Thinking for Speaking'[A].In:Gumperz,J.,Levison,S.C.(Eds.),Rethinking Linguistic Relativity[C].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1996.
Spaepen,E.,Coppola,M.,Spelke,E.,Carey,S.,GoldinMeadow,S.Number Without a Language Model[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2011(8).
Thierry,G.,Athanasopoulos,P.,Wiggett,A.,Dering,B.,Kuipers,J.Unconscious Effects of Language-specific Terminology on Pre-attentive Color Perception[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009(20).
nal,E.,Papafragou,A.Interactions Between Language and Mental Representations[J].Language Learning,2016(3).
Varley,R.,Klessinger,N.,Romanowski,C.,Siegal,M.Agrammatic But Numerate[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2005(9).
Wertsch,J.V.Culture,Communication and Cognition:Vygotskian Perspectives[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.
Whorf,B.Language,Thought and Reality:Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf[M].Cambridge:The MITPress,1956.
Wolff,P.M.,Holmes,K.J.Linguisticrelativity[J].Cognitive Science,2011(2).
高一虹.沃尔夫假说的“言外行为”与“言后行为”[J].外语教学与研究,2000(3).
宫同喜.语言相对论实验类研究方法的进展、问题及对策[J].外国语,2017(1).
李恒张积家.汉、英讲话者对“前”、“后”时空隐喻的偏好及其成因[J].外语与外语教学,2017(1).
裘晨晖.再看沃尔夫假说---重读《论语言、思维和现实---沃尔夫文集》[J].西安外国语大学学报,2016(3).
王悦孙尔鸿张积家.句子语境影响汉-英双语者对英语短语动词的语义加工---来自眼动研究的证据[J].外语教学与研究,2016(2).
威廉·冯·洪堡特.论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响[M].北京:商务印书馆,2009.
杨朝春.语言相对论近期实证研究综述[J].外语教学与研究,2005(6).
张积家刘丽红陈曦和秀梅.纳西语颜色认知关系研究[J].民族语文,2008(2).
Athanasopoulos,P.Do Bilinguals Think Differently from Monolinguals?Evidence from Non-linguistic Cognitive Categorization of Objects in Japanese-English Bilinguals[A].In:Agathopoulou,E.,Dimitrakopoulou,M.,Papadopoulou,D.(Eds.),Selected Papers on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics[C].Thessaloniki:Monochromia Publishing,2007.
Boas,F.General Anthropology[M].New York:DC Heath,1938.
Boroditsky,L.Does Language Shape Thought?English and Mandarin Speakers'Conceptions of Time[J].Cognitive Psychology,2001(1).
Brown,R.W.,Lenneberg,R.H.A Study in Language and Cognition[J].Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,1954(3).
Chen,J.Y.Do Chinese and English Speakers Think about Time Differently?Failure of Replicating Boroditsky(2001)[J].Cognition,2007(2).
Chomsky,C.The Acquisition of Syntax in Children from 5 to10[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1969.
Dehaene,S.,Izard,V.,Pica,P.,Spelke,E.Core Knowledge of Geometry in an Amazonian Indigene Group[J].Science,2006(5759).
Deutscher,G.Through the Language Glass[M].New York:Metropolitan Books,2010.
Franklin,A.,Wright,O.,Davies,I.R.L.What Can We Learn from Toddlers about Categorical Perception of Color?Comments on Goldstein,Davidoff,and Roberson[J].Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,2009(2).
Gentner,D.,Goldin-Meadow,S.Language in Mind:Advances in the Study of Language and Thought[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,2003.
Gilbert,A.,Regier,T.,Kay,P.,Ivry,R.Whorf Hypothesis Is Supported in the Right Visual Field But Not the Left[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2006(2).
Gordon,P.Numerical Cognition Without Words:Evidence from Amazonia[J].Science,2004(5695).
Han,Z.Grammatical Morpheme Inadequacy as a Function of Linguistic Relativity:A Longitudinal Case Study[A].In:Han,Z.,Cadierno,T.(Eds.),Linguistic Relativity in SLA:Thinking for Speaking[C].Clevedon:Multilingual Matters,2010.
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
Langacker,R.W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2014.
Lantolf,J.Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
Lenneberg,E.H.Cognition in Ethnolinguistics[J].Language,1953(4).
Levinson,S.C.Space in Language and Cognition:Explorations in Linguistic Diversity[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
Lucy,J.A.Language Diversity and Thought:A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992a.
Lucy,J.A.Grammatical Categories and Cognition:A Case Study of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992b.
Lucy,J.A.,Gaskins,S.Grammatical Categories and the Development of ClassiCation Preferences:A Comparative Approach[A].In:Levinson,S.C.,Bowerman,M.(Eds.),Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
Lucy,J.A.Recent Advances in the Study of Linguistic Relativity in Historical Context:A Critical Assessment[J].Language Learning,2016(3).
Lupyan,G.,Rakison,D.H.,McClelland,J.L.Language Is Not Just for Talking:Labels Facilitate Learning of Novel Categories[J].Psychological Science,2007(18).
Lupyan,G.The Centrality of Language in Human Cognition[J].Language Learning,2016(3).
Pavlenko,A.Thinking and Speaking in Two Languages[M].Bristol:Multilingual Matters,2011.
Pavlenko,A.Whorf's Lost Argument:Multilingual Awareness[J].Language Learning,2016(3).
Ross,P.E.New Whoof in Whorf[J].Scientific American,1992(2).
Sapir,E.Language:An Introduction to the Study of Speech[M].New York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,1949.
Sidnell,J.,Eneld,N.J.Language Diversity and Social Action:A Third Locus of Linguistic Relativity[J].Current Anthropology,2012(53).
Siok,W.T.,Kay,P.,Wang,S.Y.,Chan,H.D.,Chen,L.,Luke,K.K.,Tan,L.H.Language Regions of Brain Are Operative in Color Perception[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009(20).
Slobin,D.I.From‘Thought and Language'to‘Thinking for Speaking'[A].In:Gumperz,J.,Levison,S.C.(Eds.),Rethinking Linguistic Relativity[C].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1996.
Spaepen,E.,Coppola,M.,Spelke,E.,Carey,S.,GoldinMeadow,S.Number Without a Language Model[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2011(8).
Thierry,G.,Athanasopoulos,P.,Wiggett,A.,Dering,B.,Kuipers,J.Unconscious Effects of Language-specific Terminology on Pre-attentive Color Perception[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009(20).
nal,E.,Papafragou,A.Interactions Between Language and Mental Representations[J].Language Learning,2016(3).
Varley,R.,Klessinger,N.,Romanowski,C.,Siegal,M.Agrammatic But Numerate[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2005(9).
Wertsch,J.V.Culture,Communication and Cognition:Vygotskian Perspectives[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.
Whorf,B.Language,Thought and Reality:Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf[M].Cambridge:The MITPress,1956.
Wolff,P.M.,Holmes,K.J.Linguisticrelativity[J].Cognitive Science,2011(2).