1947～1956年东孟加拉语言运动探析
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摘要
巴基斯坦独立后,东西两翼因语言问题形成严重的分歧和矛盾。由于巴政府语言政策的失误,引发孟加拉民众民族意识的觉醒。1947~1956年,东孟加拉人为实现孟加拉语的国语地位展开反抗,该运动首先在文化领域进行,随着运动的发展,逐渐演变为一场争取民族独立的政治运动。语言运动促进了孟加拉人的民族认同,为孟加拉国的建立奠定了坚实的基础。
After the independence of Pakistan,the East and West sides faced serious differences and contradictions due to language problems.As a result of the failure of the Pakistani government's language policy,the Bangladeshi people's national consciousness was awakened.From 1947 to 1956,East Bangladeshi struggled for realizing the Bengali language status.The movement first took place in the field of culture.With the development of the movement,it gradually evolved into a political campaign for national independence.The language movement promoted the national identity of Bangladeshi and laid a solid foundation for the establishment of Bangladesh.
After the independence of Pakistan,the East and West sides faced serious differences and contradictions due to language problems.As a result of the failure of the Pakistani government's language policy,the Bangladeshi people's national consciousness was awakened.From 1947 to 1956,East Bangladeshi struggled for realizing the Bengali language status.The movement first took place in the field of culture.With the development of the movement,it gradually evolved into a political campaign for national independence.The language movement promoted the national identity of Bangladeshi and laid a solid foundation for the establishment of Bangladesh.
引文
(1)A.K.M.Shahnawaz:Banglar Sanskriti Banglar Sobbhata(Culture and Civilization Bengal),Dhaka:Dibyaprakash,2004,P29~38.
(2)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P142.
(3)刘建:《列国志-孟加拉国》,社会科学文献出版社2010年版,第24页。
(1)Shahidullah Muhammad:Amader Bhasha Samassya,Dacca:Renaissance Publications,1947,P 34~35.
(2)Hasan Zaheer:Dhaka:The Separation of East Pakistan一The Rise and Realization of Bengali Muslim Nationalism,The University Press Limited,2001,P 23.
(3)Afroza Anwary:“Frame Alignment and the Dynamics of the National Language Movement of East Pakistan:1947~1956”,Journal of Asian History,Vol.45,No.1/2,2011,P 176.
(4)威廉·冯·申德尔著,李腾译:《孟加拉国史》,北京:东方出版中心,2011年版,第142页。
(5)Afroza Anwary:“Frame Alignment and the Dynamics of the National Language Movement of East Pakistan:1947~1956”,Journal of Asian History,Vol.45,No.1/2,2011,P180.
(1)麦浪:《今日巴基斯坦》,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年版,第9页。
(2)Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan Proceedings,Second Session,25 February 1948,Karachi:Governor General’s Press and Publication,P15~16.
(3)Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan Proceedings,Second Session,25 February 1948,Karachi:Governor General’s Press and Publication,P17.
(4)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P144.
(1)Omar Badruddin:Purba Bangler Bhasha Andolan o Tatkalin Rajniti,Dacca:Mowla Brothers,1970,P 81.
(2)Jinnah Mohamed Ali:Speeches as Governor General of Pakistan1947-48,Karachi:Pakistan Publications,1948,P 95.
(3)East Bengal Legislative Assembly Proceedings,First Session,April,1948,Dacca:Government Press,1948,P 165.
(4)Shahidullah Muhammad:“President Address,East Pakistan Literary Conference,1948”,The Daily Azad,1949-01-01.
(5)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P 145.
(6)Omar Badruddin:Purba Bangler Bhasha Andolan o Tatkalin Rajniti,Dacca:Mowla Brothers,1970,P263.
(1)The Bulletin of the University of Dacca National Language Movement Committee of Action,September 8,1951,reprinted in Umar(1984),P121.
(2)Letter to Mr.Jinnah by the APNLCA,reprinted in Umar(1985),P3.
(3)Afroza Anwary:“Frame Alignment and the Dynamics of the National Language Movement of East Pakistan:1947~1956”,Journal of Asian History,Vol.45,No.1/2,2011,P169.
(4)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P146.
(5)毛杜德·艾哈迈德:《孟加拉国:自洽权的立宪探索(1950~1971年)》,威斯巴登1978年,第21~25页。
(6)East Bengal Language committee report,Dacca:Government Press,1949,P102~103.
(7)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P147.
(1)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P147.
(2)Musa Monsur(ed.):Bangladesh,Dacca:Department of Bengali,Dacca university,1974,P402~405.
(3)The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,1956.Karachi:Feroze Sons,1956,P14.
(4)Afroza Anwary:“Frame Alignment and the Dynamics of the National Language Movement of East Pakistan:1947~1956”,Journal of Asian History,Vol.45,No.1/2,2011,P179.
(1)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P 148.
(2)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P142.
(3)刘建:《列国志-孟加拉国》,社会科学文献出版社2010年版,第24页。
(1)Shahidullah Muhammad:Amader Bhasha Samassya,Dacca:Renaissance Publications,1947,P 34~35.
(2)Hasan Zaheer:Dhaka:The Separation of East Pakistan一The Rise and Realization of Bengali Muslim Nationalism,The University Press Limited,2001,P 23.
(3)Afroza Anwary:“Frame Alignment and the Dynamics of the National Language Movement of East Pakistan:1947~1956”,Journal of Asian History,Vol.45,No.1/2,2011,P 176.
(4)威廉·冯·申德尔著,李腾译:《孟加拉国史》,北京:东方出版中心,2011年版,第142页。
(5)Afroza Anwary:“Frame Alignment and the Dynamics of the National Language Movement of East Pakistan:1947~1956”,Journal of Asian History,Vol.45,No.1/2,2011,P180.
(1)麦浪:《今日巴基斯坦》,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年版,第9页。
(2)Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan Proceedings,Second Session,25 February 1948,Karachi:Governor General’s Press and Publication,P15~16.
(3)Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan Proceedings,Second Session,25 February 1948,Karachi:Governor General’s Press and Publication,P17.
(4)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P144.
(1)Omar Badruddin:Purba Bangler Bhasha Andolan o Tatkalin Rajniti,Dacca:Mowla Brothers,1970,P 81.
(2)Jinnah Mohamed Ali:Speeches as Governor General of Pakistan1947-48,Karachi:Pakistan Publications,1948,P 95.
(3)East Bengal Legislative Assembly Proceedings,First Session,April,1948,Dacca:Government Press,1948,P 165.
(4)Shahidullah Muhammad:“President Address,East Pakistan Literary Conference,1948”,The Daily Azad,1949-01-01.
(5)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P 145.
(6)Omar Badruddin:Purba Bangler Bhasha Andolan o Tatkalin Rajniti,Dacca:Mowla Brothers,1970,P263.
(1)The Bulletin of the University of Dacca National Language Movement Committee of Action,September 8,1951,reprinted in Umar(1984),P121.
(2)Letter to Mr.Jinnah by the APNLCA,reprinted in Umar(1985),P3.
(3)Afroza Anwary:“Frame Alignment and the Dynamics of the National Language Movement of East Pakistan:1947~1956”,Journal of Asian History,Vol.45,No.1/2,2011,P169.
(4)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P146.
(5)毛杜德·艾哈迈德:《孟加拉国:自洽权的立宪探索(1950~1971年)》,威斯巴登1978年,第21~25页。
(6)East Bengal Language committee report,Dacca:Government Press,1949,P102~103.
(7)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P147.
(1)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P147.
(2)Musa Monsur(ed.):Bangladesh,Dacca:Department of Bengali,Dacca university,1974,P402~405.
(3)The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,1956.Karachi:Feroze Sons,1956,P14.
(4)Afroza Anwary:“Frame Alignment and the Dynamics of the National Language Movement of East Pakistan:1947~1956”,Journal of Asian History,Vol.45,No.1/2,2011,P179.
(1)Rafiqul Islam:“The Bengali Language Movement and Emergence of Bangladesh”,Asian Studies,Vol.11,1978,P 148.