英语分离疑问句生成机制的句法研究
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摘要
本文认为英语分离疑问句由"特殊疑问句"和"It-分裂句"两部分构成,二者中间有语气停顿,由逗号隔开。第一部分的疑问词组经历了移位,从屈折词组内移至标句词组的标志语位置,标示其所处的结构为"特殊疑问句";第二部分以"一般疑问句"形式出现,其基本结构为:‘Is it+X+that-clause’,其中‘X’为受强调的焦点部分,‘that-clause’为预设部分。在语音式层面,为了凸显分裂结构中的焦点成分,不具有实际语义内容的虚主语‘it’、系动词‘is’以及包含旧信息的预设部分被删略,从而生成合格的英语分离疑问句。
This paper claims that a split question in English consists of a wh-question and an‘ it-cleft', which are separated by a comma and have an intonation break in between. In the first part, the wh-phrase moves from IP to [Spec, CP] in order to type the clause as WH-interrogatives;the second part has the basic form of‘Is it X that-clause', where‘X'is put into focus and thus receives a focus interpretation and‘that-clause'expresses presupposition. In order to highlight the focused‘X'of a cleft, the expletive‘it', the auxiliary‘be'and the presupposition which carries old information are deleted at Phonetic Form, thus deriving a well-formed split question.
This paper claims that a split question in English consists of a wh-question and an‘ it-cleft', which are separated by a comma and have an intonation break in between. In the first part, the wh-phrase moves from IP to [Spec, CP] in order to type the clause as WH-interrogatives;the second part has the basic form of‘Is it X that-clause', where‘X'is put into focus and thus receives a focus interpretation and‘that-clause'expresses presupposition. In order to highlight the focused‘X'of a cleft, the expletive‘it', the auxiliary‘be'and the presupposition which carries old information are deleted at Phonetic Form, thus deriving a well-formed split question.
引文
Arregi,K.2010.Ellipsis in split questions.Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 28(3):539-592.
Botteri,D.2015.Ellipsis in Italian split questions.Research in Generative Grammar 37:35-54.
Camacho,J.2002.Wh-doubling:Implications for the syntax of wh-movement.Linguistic Inquiry 33(1):157-164
Cheng,L.1991.On the Typology of Wh-Questions.Ph D.Dissertation,Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Chomsky,N.1981.Lectures on Government and Binding.Dordrecht:Foris.
Chomsky,N.1995.The Minimalist Program.Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Han C.-H.&M.Romero.2004.The syntax of whether/Q...or questions:Ellipsis combined with movement.Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22(3):527-564.
Huddleston,R.&G.K.Pullum.2005.A Students Introduction to English Grammar.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Jayaseelan,K.A.2000.Incomplete VP deletion and gapping.Linguistic Analysis 20:64-81.
Lasnik,H.1999.On feature strength:Three minimalist approaches to overt movement.Linguistic Inquiry 30(2):197-217.
Lopez-Cortina,J.2003.The structure of split interrogatives.In P.Kempchinsky&C.-E.Pineros(eds.).Theory,Practice and Acquisition.Somerville:Cascadilla Press,140-155.
Merchant,J.2001.The Syntax of Silence:Sluicing,Islands,and the Theory of Ellipsis.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Merchant,J.2004.Fragments and ellipsis.Linguistics and Philosophy 27(6):661-738.
Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech&J.Svartvik.1985.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.London:Longman.
Radford,A.2009.Analyzing English Sentences:A Minimalist Approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Ross,J.R.1969.Guess who?In R.Binnick,A.Davison,G.Green&J.Morgan(eds.).Papers from the 5th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society.Chicago:Chicago Linguistic Society,252-286.
Schwarzschild,R.1999.GIVENness,Avoid F and other constraints on the placement of accent.Natural Language Semantics 7(2):141-177.
Sohn,K.-W.2011.Deriving tags in split questions:Deletion and pro.The Journal of Studies in Language 26(4):857-877.
Botteri,D.2015.Ellipsis in Italian split questions.Research in Generative Grammar 37:35-54.
Camacho,J.2002.Wh-doubling:Implications for the syntax of wh-movement.Linguistic Inquiry 33(1):157-164
Cheng,L.1991.On the Typology of Wh-Questions.Ph D.Dissertation,Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Chomsky,N.1981.Lectures on Government and Binding.Dordrecht:Foris.
Chomsky,N.1995.The Minimalist Program.Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Han C.-H.&M.Romero.2004.The syntax of whether/Q...or questions:Ellipsis combined with movement.Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22(3):527-564.
Huddleston,R.&G.K.Pullum.2005.A Students Introduction to English Grammar.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Jayaseelan,K.A.2000.Incomplete VP deletion and gapping.Linguistic Analysis 20:64-81.
Lasnik,H.1999.On feature strength:Three minimalist approaches to overt movement.Linguistic Inquiry 30(2):197-217.
Lopez-Cortina,J.2003.The structure of split interrogatives.In P.Kempchinsky&C.-E.Pineros(eds.).Theory,Practice and Acquisition.Somerville:Cascadilla Press,140-155.
Merchant,J.2001.The Syntax of Silence:Sluicing,Islands,and the Theory of Ellipsis.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Merchant,J.2004.Fragments and ellipsis.Linguistics and Philosophy 27(6):661-738.
Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech&J.Svartvik.1985.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.London:Longman.
Radford,A.2009.Analyzing English Sentences:A Minimalist Approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Ross,J.R.1969.Guess who?In R.Binnick,A.Davison,G.Green&J.Morgan(eds.).Papers from the 5th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society.Chicago:Chicago Linguistic Society,252-286.
Schwarzschild,R.1999.GIVENness,Avoid F and other constraints on the placement of accent.Natural Language Semantics 7(2):141-177.
Sohn,K.-W.2011.Deriving tags in split questions:Deletion and pro.The Journal of Studies in Language 26(4):857-877.