从实验装置改造能手到诺贝尔物理学奖得主——中村修二在日亚公司研制蓝色LED案例研究
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摘要
剖析具有典型性的重大科技突破案例是制定行之有效的科技政策的基础,而诺贝尔奖级科技突破毫无疑问具有典型性,因此有必要对这些重大科技突破的演进过程展开深入的考察。这篇论文按照通往日亚化学工业公司之路、蓝色发光二极管选题的确立经纬、决定用金属化合物气相外延生长法制备氮化镓薄膜、高质量氮化镓单晶体薄膜的研制、氮化镓P型结晶制造技术的开发、双异质结蓝色发光二极管正式投产的进路,考察了2014年度的诺贝尔物理学奖得主中村修二发明高效率蓝色发光二极管的具体过程,分析了导致中村取得诺贝尔奖级重大科技突破的主要原因。论文最后指出:在科学日益技术化、技术日益科学化的今日,自行改造或设计制作实验装置,确保其先进性和唯一性,在一些情况下已成为开拓研究领域、催生源头创新、推动前沿突破的前提条件之一,因此学校应把动手能力和工匠精神的培养放到更加突出的位置。
Analyzing typical and significant science-technology breakthroughs is the foundation of formulating effective science-technology policies. There is no doubt that Nobel-Prize-level breakthroughs are quite typical. Thus, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research into Nobel Prize winners' specific processes of major science-technology breakthroughs. This paper investigates the invention process of blue LED, which won Shuji Nakamura the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, and analyzes the key factors to this major breakthrough. The major events in this process includes the Way to Nichia Corporation, the Establishment of Blue LED Project, the Choice of MOVPE, the Development of High-Quality Ga N P-type Semiconductor, and the Industrialization of Double-Heterojunction Blue LED. The paper ends with the conclusion that, as science becomes increasingly technical and vice versa, improving or redesigning experiment devices independently and keeping them unique and in advantage have become one of the prerequisites to acquire significant science-technology breakthroughs in many cases of experimental researches. It is therefore suggested that artisan spirit and ability may receive more attention in the educational system so as to nourish scientific and technological innovations.
Analyzing typical and significant science-technology breakthroughs is the foundation of formulating effective science-technology policies. There is no doubt that Nobel-Prize-level breakthroughs are quite typical. Thus, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research into Nobel Prize winners' specific processes of major science-technology breakthroughs. This paper investigates the invention process of blue LED, which won Shuji Nakamura the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, and analyzes the key factors to this major breakthrough. The major events in this process includes the Way to Nichia Corporation, the Establishment of Blue LED Project, the Choice of MOVPE, the Development of High-Quality Ga N P-type Semiconductor, and the Industrialization of Double-Heterojunction Blue LED. The paper ends with the conclusion that, as science becomes increasingly technical and vice versa, improving or redesigning experiment devices independently and keeping them unique and in advantage have become one of the prerequisites to acquire significant science-technology breakthroughs in many cases of experimental researches. It is therefore suggested that artisan spirit and ability may receive more attention in the educational system so as to nourish scientific and technological innovations.
引文
[1]周程.日本诺贝尔科学奖出现“井喷”对中国的启示[J].中国科技论坛,2016,(12):128-133.
[2]周程.个人兴趣与社会需求共同驱动型科技突破——赤崎勇何以能获得2014年诺贝尔物理学奖[J].科学与管理,2014,34(5):3-9.
[3]Nakamura S.'The Roles of Structural Imperfections in In Ga N-Based Blue Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser Diodes'[J].SCIENCE,1998,281(5379):956-961.
[4]Nakamura,S.,Pearton,S.,Fasol,G.,The Blue Laser Diode:The Complete Story[M].New York:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,2000.
[5]中村修二.怒りのブレイクスルー[M].东京:ホーム社,2001;东京:集英社文庫,2014.
[6]中村修二.好きなことだけやればいい[M].东京:バジリコ,2002.
[7]中村修二.「バカになれる男」が勝つ![M].东京:三笠书房,2004.
[8]中村修二.負けてたまるか!——青色発光ダイオード開発者の言い分[M].东京:朝日新聞出版,2004.
[9]中村修二.ごめん!——青色LED開発者最後の独白[M].东京:ダイヤモンド社,2005.
[10]小山稔.青の奇跡――日亜化学はいかにして世界一になったか[M].东京:白日社,2003.
[11]The Class for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics:Efficient Blue Light-emitting Diodes Leading to Bright and Energy-saving White Light Sources[OL].http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/advanced-physicsprize2014_2.pdf.2014-10-20.
[12]The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014[OL].PRESS RELEASE,2014-10-07.http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/press.pdf.2016-06-12
[13]大下淳一.ノーベル賞の原点は「親父の日曜大工」と中村氏の実兄[OL].日経テクノロジーオンライン,2014-10-10.http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO78252740Q4A011C1000000/.2014-11-11.
[14]溝渕裕三.青色発光ダイオード·半導体レーザの実用化[OL].武田财团调查报告书,http://www.takedafoundation.jp/reports/pdf/ant0101.pdf.2014-11-11.
[15]仲森智博.高輝度青色発光ダイオードの開発[OL].日経テクノロジーオンライン,http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/FEATURE/20090601/171076/.2014-11-11.
[16]テーミス編集部.青色発光ダイオード――日亜化学と若い技術者たちが創った[M].东京:テーミス,2004.
[17]酒井士郎.Ga N系青色発光ダイオードの発明について[J].日経エレクトロニクス,1995-5-8:228-229.
[18]中島彰.青色の研究職人(1)——半導体技術者中村修二氏[OL].日本经济新闻,http://www.nikkei.com/article/NIRKDB19970224NKE0324/.2014-11-11.
[19]赤崎勇.青い光に魅せられて――青色LED開発物語[M].东京:日本经济新闻出版社,2013.
[20]仲森智博.高輝度青色発光ダイオード開発物語[J].日経エレクトロニクス,1995,(2):139-143.
[21]周程.周雁翎.战略性新兴产业是如何育成的:哈伯·博施成氨法的发明与应用过程考察[J].科学技术哲学研究,2011,(1):84-94.
[22]Nakamura S.'Novel Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition System for Ga N Growth'[J].APL,1991,58(18):2021-2023.
[23]松山遙,西本強.職務発明訴訟における構造的な問題——「青色発光ダイオード訴訟」を例として[OL].日経B知財Awareness,http://chizai.nikkeibp.co.jp/chizai/manufacture/jinvent20040628.html.2014-11-18.
[24]Nakamura S.'Ga N Growth Using Ga N Buffer Layer'[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,1991,30:L1705-L1707.
[25]仲森智博.高輝度青色発光ダイオード開発物語[J].日経エレクトロニクス,1995,(3):123-127.
[26]アントレプレナー列伝2天野浩[OL].武田财团调查报告书,http://www.takeda-foundation.jp/reports/.2014-11-19.
[27]Nakamura,S.,Iwasa,N.,Senoh,M.,Mukai,T.'Hole Compensation Mechanism of p-type Ga N films'[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,1992,31:1258-1266.
[28]Nakamura,S.,Mukai,T.,Senoh,M.,Iwasa,N.'Thermal annealing effects on p-type Mg-doped Ga N films'[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,1992,31:L139–L142.
[29]Nakamura,S.,Mukai,T.,Senoh,M.'High-Power Ga N P-N Junction Blue-Light-Emitting Diodes'[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,1991,30(12A):L1998-L2001.
[30]仲森智博.高輝度青色発光ダイオード開発物語[J].日経エレクトロニクス,1995,(4):169-173.
[31]Nakamura S,Senoh M,Mukai T.‘High‐power In Ga N/Ga N double‐heterostructure violet light emitting diodes’[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,1993,62(19):2390-2392.
[32]周程、纪秀芳.诺贝尔奖级科技突破是怎样取得的?――田中耕一发明软激光解吸电离法案例研究[J].科学学研究,2009,(10):1473-1479.
[33]周程.杰出人才是怎样炼成的?——下村修荣获诺贝尔化学奖案例研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2012,(4):166-172.
[34]周程、秦皖梅.17年17人诺奖:日本科学为何“井喷”?[OL].知识分子,2016-10-04.http://bbs1.people.com.cn/post/2/2/1/158917984.html.2016-10-17.
[2]周程.个人兴趣与社会需求共同驱动型科技突破——赤崎勇何以能获得2014年诺贝尔物理学奖[J].科学与管理,2014,34(5):3-9.
[3]Nakamura S.'The Roles of Structural Imperfections in In Ga N-Based Blue Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser Diodes'[J].SCIENCE,1998,281(5379):956-961.
[4]Nakamura,S.,Pearton,S.,Fasol,G.,The Blue Laser Diode:The Complete Story[M].New York:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,2000.
[5]中村修二.怒りのブレイクスルー[M].东京:ホーム社,2001;东京:集英社文庫,2014.
[6]中村修二.好きなことだけやればいい[M].东京:バジリコ,2002.
[7]中村修二.「バカになれる男」が勝つ![M].东京:三笠书房,2004.
[8]中村修二.負けてたまるか!——青色発光ダイオード開発者の言い分[M].东京:朝日新聞出版,2004.
[9]中村修二.ごめん!——青色LED開発者最後の独白[M].东京:ダイヤモンド社,2005.
[10]小山稔.青の奇跡――日亜化学はいかにして世界一になったか[M].东京:白日社,2003.
[11]The Class for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics:Efficient Blue Light-emitting Diodes Leading to Bright and Energy-saving White Light Sources[OL].http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/advanced-physicsprize2014_2.pdf.2014-10-20.
[12]The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014[OL].PRESS RELEASE,2014-10-07.http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/press.pdf.2016-06-12
[13]大下淳一.ノーベル賞の原点は「親父の日曜大工」と中村氏の実兄[OL].日経テクノロジーオンライン,2014-10-10.http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO78252740Q4A011C1000000/.2014-11-11.
[14]溝渕裕三.青色発光ダイオード·半導体レーザの実用化[OL].武田财团调查报告书,http://www.takedafoundation.jp/reports/pdf/ant0101.pdf.2014-11-11.
[15]仲森智博.高輝度青色発光ダイオードの開発[OL].日経テクノロジーオンライン,http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/FEATURE/20090601/171076/.2014-11-11.
[16]テーミス編集部.青色発光ダイオード――日亜化学と若い技術者たちが創った[M].东京:テーミス,2004.
[17]酒井士郎.Ga N系青色発光ダイオードの発明について[J].日経エレクトロニクス,1995-5-8:228-229.
[18]中島彰.青色の研究職人(1)——半導体技術者中村修二氏[OL].日本经济新闻,http://www.nikkei.com/article/NIRKDB19970224NKE0324/.2014-11-11.
[19]赤崎勇.青い光に魅せられて――青色LED開発物語[M].东京:日本经济新闻出版社,2013.
[20]仲森智博.高輝度青色発光ダイオード開発物語[J].日経エレクトロニクス,1995,(2):139-143.
[21]周程.周雁翎.战略性新兴产业是如何育成的:哈伯·博施成氨法的发明与应用过程考察[J].科学技术哲学研究,2011,(1):84-94.
[22]Nakamura S.'Novel Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition System for Ga N Growth'[J].APL,1991,58(18):2021-2023.
[23]松山遙,西本強.職務発明訴訟における構造的な問題——「青色発光ダイオード訴訟」を例として[OL].日経B知財Awareness,http://chizai.nikkeibp.co.jp/chizai/manufacture/jinvent20040628.html.2014-11-18.
[24]Nakamura S.'Ga N Growth Using Ga N Buffer Layer'[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,1991,30:L1705-L1707.
[25]仲森智博.高輝度青色発光ダイオード開発物語[J].日経エレクトロニクス,1995,(3):123-127.
[26]アントレプレナー列伝2天野浩[OL].武田财团调查报告书,http://www.takeda-foundation.jp/reports/.2014-11-19.
[27]Nakamura,S.,Iwasa,N.,Senoh,M.,Mukai,T.'Hole Compensation Mechanism of p-type Ga N films'[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,1992,31:1258-1266.
[28]Nakamura,S.,Mukai,T.,Senoh,M.,Iwasa,N.'Thermal annealing effects on p-type Mg-doped Ga N films'[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,1992,31:L139–L142.
[29]Nakamura,S.,Mukai,T.,Senoh,M.'High-Power Ga N P-N Junction Blue-Light-Emitting Diodes'[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,1991,30(12A):L1998-L2001.
[30]仲森智博.高輝度青色発光ダイオード開発物語[J].日経エレクトロニクス,1995,(4):169-173.
[31]Nakamura S,Senoh M,Mukai T.‘High‐power In Ga N/Ga N double‐heterostructure violet light emitting diodes’[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,1993,62(19):2390-2392.
[32]周程、纪秀芳.诺贝尔奖级科技突破是怎样取得的?――田中耕一发明软激光解吸电离法案例研究[J].科学学研究,2009,(10):1473-1479.
[33]周程.杰出人才是怎样炼成的?——下村修荣获诺贝尔化学奖案例研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2012,(4):166-172.
[34]周程、秦皖梅.17年17人诺奖:日本科学为何“井喷”?[OL].知识分子,2016-10-04.http://bbs1.people.com.cn/post/2/2/1/158917984.html.2016-10-17.