从1919到2019:光线偏折对广义相对论的两次伟大检验
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摘要
1919年5月29日日全食期间,英国天文学家证实太阳引力导致恒星光线偏折,偏折角度与广义相对论预言一致。2019年4月10日,黑洞视界望远镜(Event Horizon Telescope,EHT)发布了人类历史上第一张黑洞"照片",显示了M87星系中心的超大质量黑洞附近的一圈光环,验证了广义相对论中黑洞光子环的概念。相隔一百年,两次观测都通过引力导致的光偏折来验证广义相对论,而观测难度的巨大增加反映了百年来的科技进步。本文用简单易懂但力求准确的方式介绍广义相对论、黑洞乃至黑洞成像的原理和历史,然后细述EHT的研究。
In May 1919, British astronomers demonstrated the bending of the light from stars caused by the gravitation of the Sun. In April 2019, Event Horizon Telescope released the first picture of a black hole, which shows a light ring around the super massive black hole at the core of M87 galaxy. These two observations tested general relativity successfully using light bending due to gravitation. The article introduces principles and history of general relativity, black hole as well as the EHT researches.
In May 1919, British astronomers demonstrated the bending of the light from stars caused by the gravitation of the Sun. In April 2019, Event Horizon Telescope released the first picture of a black hole, which shows a light ring around the super massive black hole at the core of M87 galaxy. These two observations tested general relativity successfully using light bending due to gravitation. The article introduces principles and history of general relativity, black hole as well as the EHT researches.
引文
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[2]EHT Collaboration.Focus on the first Horizon Telescope results.Astrophysical Journal Letter,2019,April 10.
[3]Pais A.Subtle is the Lord:The science and the life of Albert Einstein.New York:Oxford University Press,1982.
[4]Schwarzschild K.Sitzungsberichte der K?niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,Phys.Math.Klasse,1916,23:189.
[5]Schwarzschild K.Sitzungsberichte Preussische.Akademie der Wissenschaftern,1916,424.
[6]杨振宁.杨振宁文集.上海：华东师范大学出版社，1998.
[7]Lynden-Bell D.Galactic nuclei as collapsed old quasars.Nature,1969,223(5207):690.
[8]Curtis H D.The planetary nebulae.Publications of Lick Observatory,1918,13:55-74.
[9]Hilbert D.Nachrichten von der K?niglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G?ttingen-Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse(News from G?ttingen Imperial Society of Sciences-MathematicalPhysical Class).Berlin:Weidmannsche Buchhandlung,1917.
[10]von Laue M.Die Relativit?tstheorie,Zweiter Band:Die Allgemeine Relativit?tstheorie Und Einsteins Lehre Von Der Schwerkraft(The theory of relativity,Volume 2:The General Relativity Theory and Einstein's Theory of Gravity).Braunsweig:F.Vieweg&Sohn,1921.
[11]施郁.从引力波谈爱因斯坦的幸运.自然杂志,2016,38(2):120-124.
[12]Isaacson W.Einstein:His life and universe.New York:Simon and Schuster,2008.
[13]Bardeen J M.Timelike and null geodesics in the Kerr metric//Dewitt C,Dewitt B S.Black Holes.New York:Gordon and Breach,1973.
[14]Cunningham C T,Bardeen J M.The optical appearance of a star orbiting an extreme Kerr black hole.The Astrophysical Journal,1973,183:237-264.
[15]Luminet J P.Image of a spherical black hole with thin accretion disk.Astronomy and Astrophysics,1979,75:228-235.
[16]Falcke H,Melia F,Agol E.Viewing the shadow of the black hole at the galactic center.The Astrophysical Journal Letters,1999,528(1):L13.
[17]James O,von Tunzelmann E,Franklin P,et al.Gravitational lensing by spinning black holes in astrophysics,and in the movie Interstellar.Classical and Quantum Gravity,2015,32(6):065001.
[2]EHT Collaboration.Focus on the first Horizon Telescope results.Astrophysical Journal Letter,2019,April 10.
[3]Pais A.Subtle is the Lord:The science and the life of Albert Einstein.New York:Oxford University Press,1982.
[4]Schwarzschild K.Sitzungsberichte der K?niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,Phys.Math.Klasse,1916,23:189.
[5]Schwarzschild K.Sitzungsberichte Preussische.Akademie der Wissenschaftern,1916,424.
[6]杨振宁.杨振宁文集.上海：华东师范大学出版社，1998.
[7]Lynden-Bell D.Galactic nuclei as collapsed old quasars.Nature,1969,223(5207):690.
[8]Curtis H D.The planetary nebulae.Publications of Lick Observatory,1918,13:55-74.
[9]Hilbert D.Nachrichten von der K?niglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G?ttingen-Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse(News from G?ttingen Imperial Society of Sciences-MathematicalPhysical Class).Berlin:Weidmannsche Buchhandlung,1917.
[10]von Laue M.Die Relativit?tstheorie,Zweiter Band:Die Allgemeine Relativit?tstheorie Und Einsteins Lehre Von Der Schwerkraft(The theory of relativity,Volume 2:The General Relativity Theory and Einstein's Theory of Gravity).Braunsweig:F.Vieweg&Sohn,1921.
[11]施郁.从引力波谈爱因斯坦的幸运.自然杂志,2016,38(2):120-124.
[12]Isaacson W.Einstein:His life and universe.New York:Simon and Schuster,2008.
[13]Bardeen J M.Timelike and null geodesics in the Kerr metric//Dewitt C,Dewitt B S.Black Holes.New York:Gordon and Breach,1973.
[14]Cunningham C T,Bardeen J M.The optical appearance of a star orbiting an extreme Kerr black hole.The Astrophysical Journal,1973,183:237-264.
[15]Luminet J P.Image of a spherical black hole with thin accretion disk.Astronomy and Astrophysics,1979,75:228-235.
[16]Falcke H,Melia F,Agol E.Viewing the shadow of the black hole at the galactic center.The Astrophysical Journal Letters,1999,528(1):L13.
[17]James O,von Tunzelmann E,Franklin P,et al.Gravitational lensing by spinning black holes in astrophysics,and in the movie Interstellar.Classical and Quantum Gravity,2015,32(6):065001.