“注意瞬脱”—竞赛中Choking研究的新视角
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摘要
文章对有关"注意瞬脱"和"Choking"相关理论进行了归纳与分析,通过逻辑演绎的方法,阐述运动员压力下的"注意瞬脱"可能是导致"Choking"的解释机制。研究认为,注意瞬脱可以作为"Choking"干扰理论的内在执行机制的解释依据,表述为一种注意在任务无关因素的刺激下被强制转移,从而导致运动执行效率下降的现象。
The article has inducted and analyzed relevant theories of the " Attentional blink " and "Choking". Through logical deduction, it explained that the attentional blink of athletes under the pressure could be the interpretation mechanism of "Choking". Research suggests that "attentional blink" could be the explanation basis of internal execution mechanism to the interference theory of "Choking", it is expressed as a phenomenon that the efficiency of the movement execution is reduced because of the forced transfer of attention under the stimulation of arbitrary independent factor.
The article has inducted and analyzed relevant theories of the " Attentional blink " and "Choking". Through logical deduction, it explained that the attentional blink of athletes under the pressure could be the interpretation mechanism of "Choking". Research suggests that "attentional blink" could be the explanation basis of internal execution mechanism to the interference theory of "Choking", it is expressed as a phenomenon that the efficiency of the movement execution is reduced because of the forced transfer of attention under the stimulation of arbitrary independent factor.
引文
[1] 陈武英,卢家楣,刘连启,等.情绪诱发的视盲:一种独特的功能性视盲[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(3):422-430.
[2] 曹婧.情绪、场认知方式对注意瞬脱的影响[D].济南:济南大学,2016.
[3] 段越.奖惩任务下特质愤怒大学生情绪诱发视盲现象研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2016.
[4] 段再复,张力为.解释比赛“Choking”的新视角:心智游移理论[J].体育科学,2017,37(2):37-46.
[5] 范巧霞,齐森青,郭仁露,等.奖励影响注意选择的认知加工机制[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(10):1573-1584.
[6] 胡海鹰,王小春.对抗性项目运动员注意瞬脱行为表现特征的研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2009(4):54-57.
[7] 李永瑞,梁承谋.注意瞬脱现象及其理论解释[J].心理学动态,2001,9(1):5-11.
[8] 李永瑞,张厚粲.女子足球运动员注意瞬脱特征的实验研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2004(9):1193-1195.
[9] 刘建国.女子跆拳道运动员注意瞬脱现象的研究[J].中国体育科技,2008(6):60-64.
[10] 王进.为什么到手的金牌会“飞走”:竞赛中“Choking”现象[J].心理学报,2003,35(2):274-281.
[11] 王进.解读“反胜为败”的现象:一个“choking”过程理论[J].心理学报,2004,36(5):621-629.
[12] 王进.压力下的“choking”:运动竞赛中努力的反常现象及相关因素[J].体育科学,2005,25(3):85-94.
[13] 王进.运动竞赛关键时刻的“发挥失常”:压力下“Choking”现象[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2008.
[14] 王树明,季浏.内隐学习对运动员注意瞬脱影响的实验研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2014,29(4):281-285.
[15] 王树明.记忆负荷对运动员注意瞬脱影响的试验研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2016,31(2):93-98.
[16] 王俊法,刘建国.优秀跆拳道运动员注意瞬脱现象分析[J].上海体育学院学报,2006,30(1):71-74.
[17] 魏子瑜.注意瞬脱现象加工机制的研究[D].保定:河北大学,2011.
[18] 韦小英.奖赏对情绪信息注意瞬脱影响的发展研究[D].天津:天津师范大学,2017.
[19] 谢莺,陈心浩,罗婕,等.注意瞬脱:短暂失控、延迟选择还是资源耗竭?[J].心理学探新,2009,29(2):25-29.
[20] 夏瑞雪,武文佼,杨冀东,等.消极情绪刺激和焦虑状态对注意瞬脱的影响[J].心理学探新,2016,36(1):36-41.
[21] 肖随龙,徐鹤.高水平竞技健美操运动员注意瞬脱特征之比较[J].浙江体育科学,2009,31(4):120-123.
[22] 张明,王凌云.注意瞬脱的瓶颈理论[J].心理科学进展,2009,17(1):7-16.
[23] 朱湘如,刘昌.注意瞬脱的神经机制及其理论解释[J].心理科学进展,2006,14(3):328-333.
[24] Anderson A K, Phelps E A. Lesions of the human amygdale in pair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature,2001,411:305-309.
[25] Anshel M H .Coping styles among adolescent competitive athletes.The Journal of Social Psychology ,1996,136:311-323.
[26] Akyurek E G.& Hommel B. Short-term memory and the attentional blink: Capacity versus content[J].Memory & Cognition2005,33(4):654-663.
[27] Arnell K. M., Jolicoeur P. The attentional blink across stimulus modalities: evidence for central processing limitations.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1999,25:630-648.
[28] Baumeister R F. Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1984,46:610-620.
[29] Broadbent D E.Perception and communication.Pergamon Press,1958,14(1):183-203.
[30] Broadbent D. E., & Broadbent M. H. P. From detection to identification: Response to multiple targets in rapid serial visual presentation. Perception & Psychophysics,1986,42:105-113.
[31] Camara E., Manohar S.,&Husain M. Past rewards capture spatial attention and action choices. Experimental Brain Research,2013,230(3):291-300.
[32] Chun M M., Potter M C. A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1995,21:109-127.
[33] Daniel M .The choke and what you can do about it. Scholastic Coach,1981,13:75-79.
[34] Di Lollo V , Kawahara J , Shahab Ghorashi S M , et al. The attentional blink : Resource depletion or temporary loss of control [J] .Psychological Research,2005,69:191-200.
[35] Failing E.F.,& Theeuwes J. Nonspatial capture by previously rewarded scene semantics. Visual Cognition,2015,23(1):82-104.
[36] Gibbons F X .Self-evaluation and self-perception:The role of attention in the experience of anxiety. In: Schwarzer R,Wicklund R A ed. Anxiety and self-focused attention. Chur, Switzerland : Harwood Academic,1991,15-26.
[37] Hass R G, Eisenstadt D. The effect s of self-focused attention on perspective-taking and anxiety. In: Schwarzer R, Wick lund R Aed. Anxiety and self-focused at tention. Chur, Switzerland :Harwood Academic,1991:55-66.
[38] Holding D H .Skills Research , In D.H. Holding (Ed.)Human skills (2nd ,).London, UK:John Wiley & Sons,1989:1-16.
[39] Jolicoeur P. Modulation of the attentional blink by on-line response selection: Evidence from speeded and unspeeded task-1 decisions. Memory and Cognition,1998,26:1014-1032.
[40] Jolicoeur P., & Dell’Acqua R. The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive Psychology,1998,36:138-202.
[41] Jolicoeur P. Concurrent response-selection demands modulate the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1999,25:1097-1113.
[42] Kiss M., Driver J,& Eimer, M. Reward priority of visual target singletons modulates event-related potential signatures of attentional selection. Psychological Science,2009,20(2):245-251.
[43] MacLean M. H., Arnell, K M., & Busseri M. A. Dispositional affect predicts temporal attention costs in the attentional blink paradigm. Cognition & Emotion,2010,24(8):1431-1438.
[44] Nideffer R M. Psyched to win .Champaign IL:Leisure Press,1992.
[45] Nideffer R M, Sagal M S . Concentration and attention control training. In:Williams J M .(Ed .)Applied sport psychology:Personal growth to peak performance(3rd ed).Mountain View, CA:Mayfield,1998:296-315.
[46] Noonan M. P., Mars R. B.,& Rushworth M. F. Distinct roles of three frontal cortical areas in reward-guided behavior. Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society forNeuroscience,2011,31(40):14399.
[47] Olivers C. N. L., & Nieuwenhuis, S. The beneficial effect of concurrent task-irrelevant mental activity on temporal attention.Psychological Science,2005,16(4):265-269.
[48] Olivers C. N. L., & Nieuwenhuis S. The beneficial effects of additional task load, positive affect, and instructionon the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2006,32(2):364-379.
[49] Olivers C. N. L., van der Stigchel, S., & Hulleman, J. Spreading the sparing: Against a limited-capacity account of the attentional blink. Psychological Research,2007,71:126-139.
[50] Raymond J. E., Shapiro K. L., & Arnell K. M. Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1992,18(3):849-860.
[51] Shapiro K L, Raymond J E, Arnell KM. Attention to visual pattern information produces the attentional blink in rapid serial visual presentation[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception & Performance,1994,20:357-371.
[52] Simon J.The paradoxical effect of effort. British Journal Medical Psychology,1967,40:375-379.
[53] Smallwood J, Schooler J W. The restless mind[J].Psychol Bull,2006,132(6):946-958.
[54] Wang J. Why a potential gold medal gone:“Choking”in sports .Act a Psychologica Sinica,2003,35(2):274-281.
[55] Weichselgartner E., & Sperling G. Dynamics of automatic and controlled visual attention. Science,1987,238:778-780.
[56] Woods B. Applying psychology to sport. London: Hodder &Stoughton,1998.
[57] Yokoynma T., Padmala S.,&Pessoa L.Reward vs. emotion in visual selective attention.Journal of Vision,2015,15(2):451.
[2] 曹婧.情绪、场认知方式对注意瞬脱的影响[D].济南:济南大学,2016.
[3] 段越.奖惩任务下特质愤怒大学生情绪诱发视盲现象研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2016.
[4] 段再复,张力为.解释比赛“Choking”的新视角:心智游移理论[J].体育科学,2017,37(2):37-46.
[5] 范巧霞,齐森青,郭仁露,等.奖励影响注意选择的认知加工机制[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(10):1573-1584.
[6] 胡海鹰,王小春.对抗性项目运动员注意瞬脱行为表现特征的研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2009(4):54-57.
[7] 李永瑞,梁承谋.注意瞬脱现象及其理论解释[J].心理学动态,2001,9(1):5-11.
[8] 李永瑞,张厚粲.女子足球运动员注意瞬脱特征的实验研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2004(9):1193-1195.
[9] 刘建国.女子跆拳道运动员注意瞬脱现象的研究[J].中国体育科技,2008(6):60-64.
[10] 王进.为什么到手的金牌会“飞走”:竞赛中“Choking”现象[J].心理学报,2003,35(2):274-281.
[11] 王进.解读“反胜为败”的现象:一个“choking”过程理论[J].心理学报,2004,36(5):621-629.
[12] 王进.压力下的“choking”:运动竞赛中努力的反常现象及相关因素[J].体育科学,2005,25(3):85-94.
[13] 王进.运动竞赛关键时刻的“发挥失常”:压力下“Choking”现象[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2008.
[14] 王树明,季浏.内隐学习对运动员注意瞬脱影响的实验研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2014,29(4):281-285.
[15] 王树明.记忆负荷对运动员注意瞬脱影响的试验研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2016,31(2):93-98.
[16] 王俊法,刘建国.优秀跆拳道运动员注意瞬脱现象分析[J].上海体育学院学报,2006,30(1):71-74.
[17] 魏子瑜.注意瞬脱现象加工机制的研究[D].保定:河北大学,2011.
[18] 韦小英.奖赏对情绪信息注意瞬脱影响的发展研究[D].天津:天津师范大学,2017.
[19] 谢莺,陈心浩,罗婕,等.注意瞬脱:短暂失控、延迟选择还是资源耗竭?[J].心理学探新,2009,29(2):25-29.
[20] 夏瑞雪,武文佼,杨冀东,等.消极情绪刺激和焦虑状态对注意瞬脱的影响[J].心理学探新,2016,36(1):36-41.
[21] 肖随龙,徐鹤.高水平竞技健美操运动员注意瞬脱特征之比较[J].浙江体育科学,2009,31(4):120-123.
[22] 张明,王凌云.注意瞬脱的瓶颈理论[J].心理科学进展,2009,17(1):7-16.
[23] 朱湘如,刘昌.注意瞬脱的神经机制及其理论解释[J].心理科学进展,2006,14(3):328-333.
[24] Anderson A K, Phelps E A. Lesions of the human amygdale in pair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature,2001,411:305-309.
[25] Anshel M H .Coping styles among adolescent competitive athletes.The Journal of Social Psychology ,1996,136:311-323.
[26] Akyurek E G.& Hommel B. Short-term memory and the attentional blink: Capacity versus content[J].Memory & Cognition2005,33(4):654-663.
[27] Arnell K. M., Jolicoeur P. The attentional blink across stimulus modalities: evidence for central processing limitations.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1999,25:630-648.
[28] Baumeister R F. Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1984,46:610-620.
[29] Broadbent D E.Perception and communication.Pergamon Press,1958,14(1):183-203.
[30] Broadbent D. E., & Broadbent M. H. P. From detection to identification: Response to multiple targets in rapid serial visual presentation. Perception & Psychophysics,1986,42:105-113.
[31] Camara E., Manohar S.,&Husain M. Past rewards capture spatial attention and action choices. Experimental Brain Research,2013,230(3):291-300.
[32] Chun M M., Potter M C. A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1995,21:109-127.
[33] Daniel M .The choke and what you can do about it. Scholastic Coach,1981,13:75-79.
[34] Di Lollo V , Kawahara J , Shahab Ghorashi S M , et al. The attentional blink : Resource depletion or temporary loss of control [J] .Psychological Research,2005,69:191-200.
[35] Failing E.F.,& Theeuwes J. Nonspatial capture by previously rewarded scene semantics. Visual Cognition,2015,23(1):82-104.
[36] Gibbons F X .Self-evaluation and self-perception:The role of attention in the experience of anxiety. In: Schwarzer R,Wicklund R A ed. Anxiety and self-focused attention. Chur, Switzerland : Harwood Academic,1991,15-26.
[37] Hass R G, Eisenstadt D. The effect s of self-focused attention on perspective-taking and anxiety. In: Schwarzer R, Wick lund R Aed. Anxiety and self-focused at tention. Chur, Switzerland :Harwood Academic,1991:55-66.
[38] Holding D H .Skills Research , In D.H. Holding (Ed.)Human skills (2nd ,).London, UK:John Wiley & Sons,1989:1-16.
[39] Jolicoeur P. Modulation of the attentional blink by on-line response selection: Evidence from speeded and unspeeded task-1 decisions. Memory and Cognition,1998,26:1014-1032.
[40] Jolicoeur P., & Dell’Acqua R. The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive Psychology,1998,36:138-202.
[41] Jolicoeur P. Concurrent response-selection demands modulate the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1999,25:1097-1113.
[42] Kiss M., Driver J,& Eimer, M. Reward priority of visual target singletons modulates event-related potential signatures of attentional selection. Psychological Science,2009,20(2):245-251.
[43] MacLean M. H., Arnell, K M., & Busseri M. A. Dispositional affect predicts temporal attention costs in the attentional blink paradigm. Cognition & Emotion,2010,24(8):1431-1438.
[44] Nideffer R M. Psyched to win .Champaign IL:Leisure Press,1992.
[45] Nideffer R M, Sagal M S . Concentration and attention control training. In:Williams J M .(Ed .)Applied sport psychology:Personal growth to peak performance(3rd ed).Mountain View, CA:Mayfield,1998:296-315.
[46] Noonan M. P., Mars R. B.,& Rushworth M. F. Distinct roles of three frontal cortical areas in reward-guided behavior. Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society forNeuroscience,2011,31(40):14399.
[47] Olivers C. N. L., & Nieuwenhuis, S. The beneficial effect of concurrent task-irrelevant mental activity on temporal attention.Psychological Science,2005,16(4):265-269.
[48] Olivers C. N. L., & Nieuwenhuis S. The beneficial effects of additional task load, positive affect, and instructionon the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2006,32(2):364-379.
[49] Olivers C. N. L., van der Stigchel, S., & Hulleman, J. Spreading the sparing: Against a limited-capacity account of the attentional blink. Psychological Research,2007,71:126-139.
[50] Raymond J. E., Shapiro K. L., & Arnell K. M. Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1992,18(3):849-860.
[51] Shapiro K L, Raymond J E, Arnell KM. Attention to visual pattern information produces the attentional blink in rapid serial visual presentation[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception & Performance,1994,20:357-371.
[52] Simon J.The paradoxical effect of effort. British Journal Medical Psychology,1967,40:375-379.
[53] Smallwood J, Schooler J W. The restless mind[J].Psychol Bull,2006,132(6):946-958.
[54] Wang J. Why a potential gold medal gone:“Choking”in sports .Act a Psychologica Sinica,2003,35(2):274-281.
[55] Weichselgartner E., & Sperling G. Dynamics of automatic and controlled visual attention. Science,1987,238:778-780.
[56] Woods B. Applying psychology to sport. London: Hodder &Stoughton,1998.
[57] Yokoynma T., Padmala S.,&Pessoa L.Reward vs. emotion in visual selective attention.Journal of Vision,2015,15(2):451.