凹凸棒石复合物对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫机能和抗氧化机能的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究香芹酚/凹凸棒石(CAR/APT)和香芹酚/氧化锌/凹凸棒石(CAR/ZnO/APT)替代抗生素类促生长剂对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫机能和抗氧化机能的影响。选取1日龄罗斯308肉鸡192只,随机分成3组,每组8个重复,每重复8只,分别饲喂基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg土霉素钙(OTC)、0.1%CAR/APT和0.1%CAR/ZnO/APT的饲粮,基础饲粮不含抗生素类促生长剂。结果表明:与OTC组相比,CAR/APT和CAR/ZnO/APT对肉鸡1～21日龄生产性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。与OTC组21日龄肉鸡相比,CAR/ZnO/APT对胸腺和脾脏器官指数无显著影响(P>0.05),显著降低法氏囊器官指数(P<0.05);CAR/APT对法氏囊指数无显著影响(P>0.05),显著降低胸腺和脾脏器官指数(P<0.05)。与OTC组21日龄肉鸡相比,CAR/ZnO/APT显著提高血清IgG含量(P<0.05),CAR/APT对血清免疫球蛋白含量无显著性影响(P>0.05)。与OTC组21日龄肉鸡相比,CAR/ZnO/APT有提高空肠黏膜sIgA和IgG含量的趋势(P=0.055);CAR/ZnO/APT组空肠黏膜IgM含量显著高于CAR/APT组(P<0.05)。与OTC组21日龄肉鸡相比,CAR/ZnO/APT显著提高血清和空肠黏膜中T-AOC及血清CAT活性(P<0.05);CAR/APT显著提高血清CAT活性和空肠黏膜T-AOC(P<0.05);CAR/ZnO/APT组21日龄肉鸡血清和空肠黏膜T-AOC显著高于CAR/APT组(P<0.05)。结果表明,以0.1%CAR/APT或CAR/ZnO/APT替代饲粮中的OTC,对肉仔鸡生产性能无显著影响,具有提高免疫机能和抗氧化机能的作用,其中CAR/ZnO/APT效果更优。
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of carvacrol/attapulgite(CAR/APT) and CAR/ZnO/APT composites as alternatives in antibiotic growth promotion(AGPs) of the growth performance, immune function and antioxidant function of broilers. A total of 192 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were used and randomly divided into three treatments with eight replicates of eight birds per replicate. Broilers were fed with basal diets supplemented with either 100 mg/kg oxytetracycline-calcium(the OTC group), 0.1% CAR/APT(the CAR/APT group), or 0.1% CAR/ZnO/APT(the COS/ZnO/APT group), respectively. The basal diet was devoid of AGPs. The results showed as follows. Compared with the OTC group, the growth performance of the broilers was influenced by CAR/APT or CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation at 1～21 days(d) of age(P>0.05). Compared with the 21 d old broilers in the OTC group, the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation had no effect on the relative weight of thymus or spleen(P>0.05) but reduced the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius(P<0.05); and the CAR/APT supplementation reduced the relative weights of thymus and spleen(P<0.05) but had no effect on the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius. Compared with the OTC group, the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation raised the IgG concentration in the serum of 21 d old broilers( P<0. 05) but the CAR/APT supplementation had no effect on the immunoglobulins concentration in the serum of broilers( P>0. 05). Compared with 21 d old broilers in the OTC group,the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation tended to increase the concentrations of sI gA and IgG in jejunal mucosa( P = 0. 055),and the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation increased the IgM concentration in jejunal mucosa,compared with the CAR/APT supplementation( P<0. 05). Compared with 21 d old broilers in the OTC group,the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation increased the T-AOC in both serum and jejunal mucosa,and the CAT activity in the serum( P<0. 05); and the CAR/APT supplementation increased the CAT activity in the serum and T-AOC in the jejunal mucosa( P<0. 05). Compared with the CAR/APT supplementation,CAR/ZnO/APT increased T-AOC in both serum and jejunal mucosa of broilers at 21 d( P<0. 05). In conclusion,CAR/APT or CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation at 0. 1% as an alternative to AGPs had no obvious effect on the performance of broilers at the age of 1 ～21 d,but might improve the immune and antioxidant functions in the birds with CAR/ZnO/APT exhibiting better effects than ZnO/APT.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of carvacrol/attapulgite(CAR/APT) and CAR/ZnO/APT composites as alternatives in antibiotic growth promotion(AGPs) of the growth performance, immune function and antioxidant function of broilers. A total of 192 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were used and randomly divided into three treatments with eight replicates of eight birds per replicate. Broilers were fed with basal diets supplemented with either 100 mg/kg oxytetracycline-calcium(the OTC group), 0.1% CAR/APT(the CAR/APT group), or 0.1% CAR/ZnO/APT(the COS/ZnO/APT group), respectively. The basal diet was devoid of AGPs. The results showed as follows. Compared with the OTC group, the growth performance of the broilers was influenced by CAR/APT or CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation at 1～21 days(d) of age(P>0.05). Compared with the 21 d old broilers in the OTC group, the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation had no effect on the relative weight of thymus or spleen(P>0.05) but reduced the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius(P<0.05); and the CAR/APT supplementation reduced the relative weights of thymus and spleen(P<0.05) but had no effect on the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius. Compared with the OTC group, the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation raised the IgG concentration in the serum of 21 d old broilers( P<0. 05) but the CAR/APT supplementation had no effect on the immunoglobulins concentration in the serum of broilers( P>0. 05). Compared with 21 d old broilers in the OTC group,the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation tended to increase the concentrations of sI gA and IgG in jejunal mucosa( P = 0. 055),and the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation increased the IgM concentration in jejunal mucosa,compared with the CAR/APT supplementation( P<0. 05). Compared with 21 d old broilers in the OTC group,the CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation increased the T-AOC in both serum and jejunal mucosa,and the CAT activity in the serum( P<0. 05); and the CAR/APT supplementation increased the CAT activity in the serum and T-AOC in the jejunal mucosa( P<0. 05). Compared with the CAR/APT supplementation,CAR/ZnO/APT increased T-AOC in both serum and jejunal mucosa of broilers at 21 d( P<0. 05). In conclusion,CAR/APT or CAR/ZnO/APT supplementation at 0. 1% as an alternative to AGPs had no obvious effect on the performance of broilers at the age of 1 ～21 d,but might improve the immune and antioxidant functions in the birds with CAR/ZnO/APT exhibiting better effects than ZnO/APT.
引文
[1] Hu Y A,Cheng H F,Tao S.Environmental and human health challenges of industrial livestock and poultry farming in China and their mitigation[J].Environ Int,2017,107:111-130.
[2] Dibner J J,Richards J D.Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture:history and mode of action[J].Poult Sci,2005,84(4):634-643.
[3] Casewell M,Friis C,Marco E,et al.The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health[J].J Antimicrob Chemother,2003,52(2):159-161.
[4] Pasquet J,Chevalier Y,Couval E,et al.Antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide particles on five micro-organisms of the challenge tests related to their physicochemical properties[J].Int J Pharm,2014,460(1-2):92-100.
[5] Vondruskova H,Slamova R,Trckova M,et al.Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of diarrhoea in weaned piglets:a review[J].Vet Med,2010,55(5):199-224.
[6] Suntres Z E,Coccimiglio J,Alipour M.The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol[J].Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr,2015,55(3):304-318.
[7] Friedman M,Henika P R,Mandrell R E.Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni,Escherichia coli,Listeria monocytogenes,and Salmonella enterica[J].J Food Prot,2002,65(10):1545-1560.
[8] 王爱勤.凹凸棒石棒晶束解离及其纳米功能复合材料[M].北京:科学出版社,2014:62-143.
[9] Huo C L,Yang H M.Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/palygorskite[J].Appl Clay Sci,2010,50(3):362-366.
[10] Lei H,Wei Q N,Wang Q,et al.Characterization of ginger essential oil/palygorskite composite (GEO-PGS) and its anti-bacteria activity[J].Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl,2017,73:381-387.
[11] Sarvari B G,Seyedi A H,Shahryar H A,et al.Effects of dietary zinc oxide and a blend of organic acids on broiler live performance,carcass traits,and serum parameters[J].Brazilian J Poult Sci,2015,17:39-45.
[12] 吴诚.不同剂量纳米氧化锌对肉鸡免疫功能和金属硫蛋白的影响研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2008.
[13] Zhao C Y,Tan S X,Xiao X Y,et al.Effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and antioxidative status in broilers[J].Biol Trace Elem Res,2014,160(3):361-367.
[14] Hashemipour H,Kermanshahi H,Golian A,et al.Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance,antioxidant enzyme activities,fatty acid composition,digestive enzyme activities,and immune response in broiler chickens[J].Poult Sci,2013,92(8):2059-2069.
[15] Zhang L,Yan R,Zhang R Q,et al.Effect of different levels of palygorskite inclusion on pellet quality,growth performance and nutrient utilization in broilers[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2017,223:73-81.
[16] Chen Y P,Cheng Y F,Li X H,et al.Dietary palygorskite supplementation improves immunity,oxidative status,intestinal integrity,and barrier function of broilers at early age[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2016,219:200-209.
[17] Yan R,Zhang L,Yang X,et al.Bioavailability evaluation of zinc-bearing palygorskite as a zinc source for broiler chickens[J].Appl Clay Sci,2016,119:155-160.
[18] Yang W L,Chen Y P,Cheng Y F,et al.An evaluation of zinc bearing palygorskite inclusion on the growth performance,mineral content,meat quality,and antioxidant status of broilers[J].Poult Sci,2016,95(4):878-885.
[19] Mohammadi F,Ahmadi F,Andi M A.Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on carcass parameters,relative weight of digestive and lymphoid organs of broiler fed wet diet during the starter period[J].Int J Biosci,2015,6:389-394.
[20] 杨耀,刘海鹏,中拉毛草,等.不同锌源及其水平对肉仔鸡免疫性能的影响[J].中兽医医药杂志,2018,(1):43-46.
[21] Du E,Gan L,Li Z,et al.In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens[J].J Anim Sci Biotechnol,2015,6:58-70.
[22] Han S,Liu F,Wu J,et al.Targeting of fluorescent palygorskite polyethyleneimine nanocomposite to cancer cells[J].Appl Clay Sci,2014,101:567-573.
[23] 王彬,刘路杰,祝佳,等.纳米氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清免疫和生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(11):3626-3633.
[24] 朱海,谢书宇,黄凯,等.氧化锌抗腹泻机制的探讨[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2015,(5):61-63.
[25] 张显东.香芹酚和百里香酚的作用机理及其在单胃动物中的应用研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2017,53(11):25-30.
[26] Slamova R,Trckova M,Vondruskova H,et al.Clay minerals in animal nutrition[J].Appl Clay Sci,2011,51(4):395-398.
[27] Schaumberger S,Ladinig A,Reisinger N,et al.Evaluation of the endotoxin binding efficiency of clay minerals using the Limulus Amebocyte lysate test:an in vitro study[J].AMB Express,2014,4:1-9.
[28] Draper H H,Hadley M.Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid-peroxidation[J].Methods Enzymol,1990,186:421-431.
[29] Kurutas E B.The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress:current state[J].Nutr J,2016,15:71-92.
[2] Dibner J J,Richards J D.Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture:history and mode of action[J].Poult Sci,2005,84(4):634-643.
[3] Casewell M,Friis C,Marco E,et al.The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health[J].J Antimicrob Chemother,2003,52(2):159-161.
[4] Pasquet J,Chevalier Y,Couval E,et al.Antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide particles on five micro-organisms of the challenge tests related to their physicochemical properties[J].Int J Pharm,2014,460(1-2):92-100.
[5] Vondruskova H,Slamova R,Trckova M,et al.Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of diarrhoea in weaned piglets:a review[J].Vet Med,2010,55(5):199-224.
[6] Suntres Z E,Coccimiglio J,Alipour M.The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol[J].Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr,2015,55(3):304-318.
[7] Friedman M,Henika P R,Mandrell R E.Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni,Escherichia coli,Listeria monocytogenes,and Salmonella enterica[J].J Food Prot,2002,65(10):1545-1560.
[8] 王爱勤.凹凸棒石棒晶束解离及其纳米功能复合材料[M].北京:科学出版社,2014:62-143.
[9] Huo C L,Yang H M.Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/palygorskite[J].Appl Clay Sci,2010,50(3):362-366.
[10] Lei H,Wei Q N,Wang Q,et al.Characterization of ginger essential oil/palygorskite composite (GEO-PGS) and its anti-bacteria activity[J].Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl,2017,73:381-387.
[11] Sarvari B G,Seyedi A H,Shahryar H A,et al.Effects of dietary zinc oxide and a blend of organic acids on broiler live performance,carcass traits,and serum parameters[J].Brazilian J Poult Sci,2015,17:39-45.
[12] 吴诚.不同剂量纳米氧化锌对肉鸡免疫功能和金属硫蛋白的影响研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2008.
[13] Zhao C Y,Tan S X,Xiao X Y,et al.Effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and antioxidative status in broilers[J].Biol Trace Elem Res,2014,160(3):361-367.
[14] Hashemipour H,Kermanshahi H,Golian A,et al.Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance,antioxidant enzyme activities,fatty acid composition,digestive enzyme activities,and immune response in broiler chickens[J].Poult Sci,2013,92(8):2059-2069.
[15] Zhang L,Yan R,Zhang R Q,et al.Effect of different levels of palygorskite inclusion on pellet quality,growth performance and nutrient utilization in broilers[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2017,223:73-81.
[16] Chen Y P,Cheng Y F,Li X H,et al.Dietary palygorskite supplementation improves immunity,oxidative status,intestinal integrity,and barrier function of broilers at early age[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2016,219:200-209.
[17] Yan R,Zhang L,Yang X,et al.Bioavailability evaluation of zinc-bearing palygorskite as a zinc source for broiler chickens[J].Appl Clay Sci,2016,119:155-160.
[18] Yang W L,Chen Y P,Cheng Y F,et al.An evaluation of zinc bearing palygorskite inclusion on the growth performance,mineral content,meat quality,and antioxidant status of broilers[J].Poult Sci,2016,95(4):878-885.
[19] Mohammadi F,Ahmadi F,Andi M A.Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on carcass parameters,relative weight of digestive and lymphoid organs of broiler fed wet diet during the starter period[J].Int J Biosci,2015,6:389-394.
[20] 杨耀,刘海鹏,中拉毛草,等.不同锌源及其水平对肉仔鸡免疫性能的影响[J].中兽医医药杂志,2018,(1):43-46.
[21] Du E,Gan L,Li Z,et al.In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens[J].J Anim Sci Biotechnol,2015,6:58-70.
[22] Han S,Liu F,Wu J,et al.Targeting of fluorescent palygorskite polyethyleneimine nanocomposite to cancer cells[J].Appl Clay Sci,2014,101:567-573.
[23] 王彬,刘路杰,祝佳,等.纳米氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清免疫和生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(11):3626-3633.
[24] 朱海,谢书宇,黄凯,等.氧化锌抗腹泻机制的探讨[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2015,(5):61-63.
[25] 张显东.香芹酚和百里香酚的作用机理及其在单胃动物中的应用研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2017,53(11):25-30.
[26] Slamova R,Trckova M,Vondruskova H,et al.Clay minerals in animal nutrition[J].Appl Clay Sci,2011,51(4):395-398.
[27] Schaumberger S,Ladinig A,Reisinger N,et al.Evaluation of the endotoxin binding efficiency of clay minerals using the Limulus Amebocyte lysate test:an in vitro study[J].AMB Express,2014,4:1-9.
[28] Draper H H,Hadley M.Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid-peroxidation[J].Methods Enzymol,1990,186:421-431.
[29] Kurutas E B.The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress:current state[J].Nutr J,2016,15:71-92.