断层泥自生伊利石年龄分析及其在龙门山断裂带的应用
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摘要
韧性剪切带的活动年龄及其相关的隆升/剥蚀速率可以通过各种同位素技术进行直接测定和计算。相比较而言,由于形成于浅部低温环境,老的碎屑物质和新的重结晶物质相互掺杂,脆性断裂的同位素年龄往往代表的是一个混合年龄,难以反映其真实的活动时间。近些年来,断层泥自生伊利石定年方法在地表脆性断裂的年代学研究中展现出了良好的应用前景。文中介绍了断层泥中自生伊利石的生成过程、形貌特征和定年原理,并简要介绍了样品的处理过程和伊利石多型相对含量的确定方法。近几年,这种方法逐渐被应用于龙门山断裂带及其山前飞来峰活动时代的确定,为青藏高原东缘早期的构造活动提供了直接的年代证据。
The ductile shear zone and the uplift/exhumation rate can be dated or calculated directly through various isotopic dating methods. In contrast, because the shallow crustal faulting occurs in the low-temperature brittle regime and the new growing mineral phases are mixed with old mineral phases, the result of brittle fault dating represents a mixed age instead of the true faulting time. In recent years, authigenic illite age analysis for fault gouge has a promising application in dating of brittle faults. This paper introduces the formation mechanism of authigenic illite, its morphologic characters, and dating principle. In addition, sample preparation and illite polytype quantification methods are also introduced briefly in this paper. There is a good application of this method in fault dating for the Longmen Shan fault belt and its front klippen, which provides a direct timing constraint on the early tectonic activities on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
The ductile shear zone and the uplift/exhumation rate can be dated or calculated directly through various isotopic dating methods. In contrast, because the shallow crustal faulting occurs in the low-temperature brittle regime and the new growing mineral phases are mixed with old mineral phases, the result of brittle fault dating represents a mixed age instead of the true faulting time. In recent years, authigenic illite age analysis for fault gouge has a promising application in dating of brittle faults. This paper introduces the formation mechanism of authigenic illite, its morphologic characters, and dating principle. In addition, sample preparation and illite polytype quantification methods are also introduced briefly in this paper. There is a good application of this method in fault dating for the Longmen Shan fault belt and its front klippen, which provides a direct timing constraint on the early tectonic activities on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
引文
黄宝玲,穆治国,刘玉林.1997.细粒自生黏土矿物和黏土岩定年尝试[J].地球学报,18(S1):277-279.
林西生.1990.X射线衍射分析技术及其地质应用[M].北京:石油工业出版社.
王焕,李海兵,司家亮,孙知明,付小芳,刘栋梁,裴军令,李成龙,张佳佳,宋圣荣,郭力伟,MORI J,薛莲,BRODSKYE E,云锟,龚正.2015.汶川地震断裂作用研究新认识[J].地球学报,36(3):257-269.
王焕,李海兵,司家亮,张蕾.2019.龙门山逆冲带假玄武玻璃在其形成及后期抬升过程中的化学变化[J].地球学报,40(1):199-211.
王勇生,朱光,胡召齐,张必龙,向必伟,谢成龙.2009.郯庐断裂带沂沭段伸展活动断层泥K-Ar同位素定年[J].中国科学:D辑,52:580-593.
张彦,陈文,杨慧宁.2003.用于同位素测年的自生伊利石分离纯化流程探索[J].地球学报,24(6):622-626.
张有瑜,罗修泉.2004.油气储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素年代学研究现状与展望[J].石油与天然气地质,25:231-236.
张有瑜,刘可禹,罗修泉.2007.塔中隆起志留系沥青砂岩油气储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素测年研究与成藏年代探讨[J].石油与天然气地质,28:166-174.
张蕾,李海兵,孙知明,曹勇.2019.断裂岩岩石磁学研究进展[J].地球学报,40(1):157-172.
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BROWN G,BRINDLEY G.1980.X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification[J].Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification,5:305-359.
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CUADROS J.2002.Structural insights from the study of Cs-exchanged smectites submitted to wetting-and-drying cycles[J].Clay Minerals,37:473-486.
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GRATHOFF G H,MOORE D.1996.Illite polytype quantification using WILDFIRE calculated X-ray diffraction patterns[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,44:835-842.
GUALTIERI A F,FERRARI S,LEONI M,GRATHOFF G H,HUGO R,SHATNAWI M,PAGLIA G,BILLINGE S J L.2008.Structural characterization of the clay mineral illite-1M[J].Journal of Applied Crystallography,41:402-415.
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HILLIER S,VELDE B.1992.Chlorite interstratified with a 7mineral:an example from offshore Norway and possible implications for the interpretation of the composition of diagenetic chlorites[J].Clay Minerals,27:475-475.
HUANG Bao-ling,MU Zhi-guo,LIU Yu-lin.1997.A preliminary study on dating method for fine authigenic clay minerals and clayrocks[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,18(S1):277-279(in Chinese with English abstract).
HUANG M H,BUICK I S,HOU L W.2003.Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the Eastern Tibet Plateau:Evidence from the Central Songpan-Garze Orogenic Belt,Western China[J].Journal of Petrology,44(2):255-278.
HUGGETT J,CUADROS J.2005.Low-temperature illitization of smectite in the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of the Isle of Wight(Hampshire basin),UK[J].American Mineralogist,90:1192-1202.
JABOYEDOFF M,COSCA M A.1999.Dating incipient metamorphism using 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and XRD modeling:a case study from the Swiss Alps[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,135:93-113.
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LIN L H,ONSTOTT T C,DONG H.2000.Backscattered 39Ar loss in fine-grained minerals:Implications for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of clay[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,64:3965-3974.
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王焕,李海兵,司家亮,孙知明,付小芳,刘栋梁,裴军令,李成龙,张佳佳,宋圣荣,郭力伟,MORI J,薛莲,BRODSKYE E,云锟,龚正.2015.汶川地震断裂作用研究新认识[J].地球学报,36(3):257-269.
王焕,李海兵,司家亮,张蕾.2019.龙门山逆冲带假玄武玻璃在其形成及后期抬升过程中的化学变化[J].地球学报,40(1):199-211.
王勇生,朱光,胡召齐,张必龙,向必伟,谢成龙.2009.郯庐断裂带沂沭段伸展活动断层泥K-Ar同位素定年[J].中国科学:D辑,52:580-593.
张彦,陈文,杨慧宁.2003.用于同位素测年的自生伊利石分离纯化流程探索[J].地球学报,24(6):622-626.
张有瑜,罗修泉.2004.油气储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素年代学研究现状与展望[J].石油与天然气地质,25:231-236.
张有瑜,刘可禹,罗修泉.2007.塔中隆起志留系沥青砂岩油气储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素测年研究与成藏年代探讨[J].石油与天然气地质,28:166-174.
张蕾,李海兵,孙知明,曹勇.2019.断裂岩岩石磁学研究进展[J].地球学报,40(1):157-172.
赵杏媛,张有瑜.1990.黏土矿物与黏土矿物分析[M].北京:海洋出版社.
BETHKE C M,VERGO N,ALTANER S P.1986.Pathways of smectite illitization[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,34:125-135.
BROWN G,BRINDLEY G.1980.X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification[J].Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification,5:305-359.
CHEN She-fa,WILSON C J.1996.Emplacement of the Longmen Shan Thrust-Nappe Belt along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Structural Geology,18:413-430.
CUADROS J.2002.Structural insights from the study of Cs-exchanged smectites submitted to wetting-and-drying cycles[J].Clay Minerals,37:473-486.
DIRKS P,WILSON C,CHEN S,LUO Z L,LIU S.1994.Tectonic evolution of the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau;evidence from the central Longmen Mountains,Sichuan Province,China[J].Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,9:181-192.
DOEBELIN N,KLEEBERG R.2015.Profex:A graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement program BGMN[J].J.Appl.Crystallogr.,48(5):1573-1580.
DONG Hai-liang,HALL C M,HALLIDAY A N,PEACOR D R,MERRIMAN R J,ROBERTS B.1997.40Ar/39Ar illite dating of Late Caledonian(Acadian)metamorphism and cooling of K-bentonites and slates from the Welsh Basin,UK[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,150:337-351.
DUVALL A R,CLARK M K,VAN DER PLUIJM B A.2011.Direct dating of Eocene reverse faulting in northeastern Tibet using Ar-dating of fault clays and low-temperature thermochronometry[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,304:520-526.
GIBBONS W,DOIG R,GORDON T,MURPHY B,REVNOLDS P,CLANCY W J.1996.Mylonite to megabreccia:tracking fault events within a transcurrent terrane boundary in Nova Scotia,Canada[J].Geology,24:411-414.
GRATHOFF G H,MOORE D M,HAY R L,WEMMER K.2001.Origin of illite in the lower Paleozoic of the Illinois basin:evidence for brine migrations[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,113:1092-1104.
GRATHOFF G H,MOORE D.1996.Illite polytype quantification using WILDFIRE calculated X-ray diffraction patterns[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,44:835-842.
GUALTIERI A F,FERRARI S,LEONI M,GRATHOFF G H,HUGO R,SHATNAWI M,PAGLIA G,BILLINGE S J L.2008.Structural characterization of the clay mineral illite-1M[J].Journal of Applied Crystallography,41:402-415.
HAINES S H,VAN DER PLUIJM B A.2008.Clay quantification and Ar-Ar dating of synthetic and natural gouge:Application to the Miocene Sierra Mazatán detachment fault,Sonora,Mexico[J].Journal of Structural Geology,30:525-538.
HAINES S H,VAN DER PLUIJM B A.2010.Dating the detachment fault system of the Ruby Mountains,Nevada:Significance for the kinematics of low-angle normal faults[J].Tectonics,29:TC4028.
HAMILTON P,KELLEY S,FALLICK A E.1989.K-Ar dating of illite in hydrocarbon reservoirs[J].Clay Minerals,24:215-231.
HESS J C,LIPPOLT H J.1986.Kinetics of Ar isotopes during neutron irradiation:39Ar loss from minerals as a source of error in 40Ar/39Ar dating[J].Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,59(4):223-236.
HILLIER S,VELDE B.1992.Chlorite interstratified with a 7mineral:an example from offshore Norway and possible implications for the interpretation of the composition of diagenetic chlorites[J].Clay Minerals,27:475-475.
HUANG Bao-ling,MU Zhi-guo,LIU Yu-lin.1997.A preliminary study on dating method for fine authigenic clay minerals and clayrocks[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,18(S1):277-279(in Chinese with English abstract).
HUANG M H,BUICK I S,HOU L W.2003.Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the Eastern Tibet Plateau:Evidence from the Central Songpan-Garze Orogenic Belt,Western China[J].Journal of Petrology,44(2):255-278.
HUGGETT J,CUADROS J.2005.Low-temperature illitization of smectite in the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of the Isle of Wight(Hampshire basin),UK[J].American Mineralogist,90:1192-1202.
JABOYEDOFF M,COSCA M A.1999.Dating incipient metamorphism using 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and XRD modeling:a case study from the Swiss Alps[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,135:93-113.
KIM J,DONG Hai-liang,SEABAUGH J,NEWELL S W,EBERLD D.2004.Role of microbes in the smectite-to-illite reaction[J].Science,303:830-832.
KRALIK M,KLIMA K,RIEDMüLLER G.1987.Dating fault gouges[J].Nature,327:315-317.
LIN L H,ONSTOTT T C,DONG H.2000.Backscattered 39Ar loss in fine-grained minerals:Implications for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of clay[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,64:3965-3974.
LIN Xi-sheng.1990.Analytical technique of X-ray diffraction and its geological application[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press(in Chinese).
LYONS J B,SNELLENBERG J.1971.Dating faults[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,82:1749-1752.
MOORE D M,REYNOLDS J R C.1989.X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
MURPHY P J,BRIEDIS J,PECK J H.1979.Dating techniques in fault investigations[J].Rev.Eng.Geol.,4:153-168.
PEVEAR D R.1999.Illite and hydrocarbon exploration[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,96:3440-3446.
RAHL J M,HAINS S H,VAN DER PLUIJM B A.2011.Links between orogenic wedge deformation and erosional exhumation:Evidence from illite age analysis of fault rock and detrital thermochronology of syn-tectonic conglomerates in the Spanish Pyrenees[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,307:180-190.
REYNOLDS R.1980.Interstratified clay minerals[J].Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification,5:249-303.
REYNOLDS R.1985.NEWMOD,a computer program for the calculation of one-dimensional diffraction patterns of mixed-layered clays[M].Reynolds,Hanover,New Hampshire.
SOLUM J G,VAN DER PLUIJM B A,PEACOR D R.2005.Neocrystallization,fabrics and age of clay minerals from an exposure of the Moab Fault,Utah[J].Journal of Structural Geology,27:1563-1576.
TU Xin-bin,DAI Fu-Chu,PAN Y S.2012.Dating of faults and estimation of surface uplift and erosion rates in the northern margin of Dabie Mountains,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,56:72-76.
UFER K,KLEEBERG R,BERGMANN J,DOHRMANN R.2012.Rietveld refinement of disordered illite-smectite mixed-layer structures by a recursive algorithm.II:powder-pattern refinement and quantitative phase analysis[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,60:535-552.
VAN DER PLUIJM B A,HALL C M,VROLIJK P J,PEVEAR D R,COVEY M C.2001.The dating of shallow faults in the Earth's crust[J].Nature,412:172-175.
VAN DER PLUIJM B A,HALL C M.2014.Fault Zone(Thermochronology)in Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods[M].Dordrecht:Springer.
VELDE B.1965.Phengite micas:synthesis,stability,and natural occurrence[J].American Journal of Science,263:886-913.
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