生活垃圾有机肥制造设备的设计与试验
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摘要
为实现对生活垃圾进行资源化处理与合理利用,研制了适用于小区的生活垃圾有机肥制造设备。设备由控制系统、机架、反应室和推进式搅拌装置组成。将生活垃圾与微生物菌剂等辅料投入进料口,搅拌装置搅拌、混合,由通风系统保持好氧条件,并自动保持微生物的适宜环境温度,以提升转化速率,处理完成后的物料由推进式搅拌器自动排出。主要对设备的反应室、推进式搅拌装置进行了结构设计,反应室容量250L,基于单片机的控制系统,实现对温度、搅拌和通风率参数自动控制。将餐厨垃圾、木屑、EM菌、熟石灰按质量比19∶2∶2∶1混合,初始含水率为49.5%,投入设备,进行了5 d的制肥试验,启动初期加热到80℃以上,维持12 h后控制在55℃,通风率为每千克有机质0.3L/min。试验结果表明,制肥设备对通风率、温度参数的自动控制较稳定,堆体第5天含水率46.9%,pH值5.94,挥发性固体相对降解率达52.1%。
In order to achieve the resource-based processing of OFMSW, the organic fertilizer manufacturing equipment have been developed for the treatment of domestic garbage in the plot, which consists of control system, frame, reaction chamber and propulsion stirrer. The domestic garbage and the effective microorganisms are put into the chamber through the inlet, and then mixed and stirred by a stirring device. The aerobic condition is maintained by the ventilation system,and the suitable ambient temperature of the microorganism is automatically maintained to increase the conversion rate.After the treatment is completed, the material is automatically discharged from the equipment by a propeller stirrer. The structure design of this system was carried out such as the composting reaction chamber and stirring device. The control system based on microcontroller was carried out to realize automatic control of temperature, stirring rate and ventilation rate. A experiment was conducted for 5 days by using the source materials consisting of kitchen waste, wood chips, EM bacteria and hydrated lime with the wet weight ratio of 19∶2∶2∶1. The initial moisture content was 49.5% and the ventilation rate was set to 0.3 L/(min·kg) OM. The temperature was set at 55 ℃ after raising over 80 ℃ for 12 hours.The results show that the ventilation rate and temperature are well controlled. After 5 days, the moisture content of organic waste was 46.9%, the pH value was 5.94, and the relative degradation rate of volatile solids reached 52.1%.
In order to achieve the resource-based processing of OFMSW, the organic fertilizer manufacturing equipment have been developed for the treatment of domestic garbage in the plot, which consists of control system, frame, reaction chamber and propulsion stirrer. The domestic garbage and the effective microorganisms are put into the chamber through the inlet, and then mixed and stirred by a stirring device. The aerobic condition is maintained by the ventilation system,and the suitable ambient temperature of the microorganism is automatically maintained to increase the conversion rate.After the treatment is completed, the material is automatically discharged from the equipment by a propeller stirrer. The structure design of this system was carried out such as the composting reaction chamber and stirring device. The control system based on microcontroller was carried out to realize automatic control of temperature, stirring rate and ventilation rate. A experiment was conducted for 5 days by using the source materials consisting of kitchen waste, wood chips, EM bacteria and hydrated lime with the wet weight ratio of 19∶2∶2∶1. The initial moisture content was 49.5% and the ventilation rate was set to 0.3 L/(min·kg) OM. The temperature was set at 55 ℃ after raising over 80 ℃ for 12 hours.The results show that the ventilation rate and temperature are well controlled. After 5 days, the moisture content of organic waste was 46.9%, the pH value was 5.94, and the relative degradation rate of volatile solids reached 52.1%.
引文
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[20]张智,刘浏.卧式螺旋污泥好氧动态堆肥技术的研究[J].环境工程学报,2006,7(3):112-116.
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[22]罗维,陈同斌.湿度对堆肥理化性质的影响[J].生态学报,2004,24(11):2656-2663.
[23]BECK-FRIIS B,SM?RS S,J?NSSON H,et al.SE-structures and environment:gaseous emissions of carbon dioxide,ammonia and nitrous oxide from organic household waste in a compost reactor under different temperature regimes[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2001,78(4):423-430.
[2]HE L,HUANG G H,LU H.Greenhouse gas emissions control in integrated municipal solid waste management through mixed integer bilevel decision-making[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,193:112-119.
[3]PERGOLA M,PERSIANI A,PALESE A M,et al.Composting:the way for a sustainable agriculture[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2018,123:744-750.
[4]ARRIGONI J P,PALADINO G,Garibaldi L A,et al.Inside the small-scale composting of kitchen and garden wastes:thermal performance and stratification effect in vertical compost bins[J].Waste Management,2018,76:284-293.
[5]席北斗,刘鸿亮,孟伟,等.翻转式堆肥反应装置设计研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(9):85-88.
[6]孙晓曦,马双双,韩鲁佳,等.智能型膜覆盖好氧堆肥反应器设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(12):240-245.
[7]王子龙,周岭,秦翠兰,等.新型好氧堆肥装置的设计[J].新疆农机化,2015(6):24-27.
[8]冯康,赵立欣,孟海波,等.序批式好氧发酵一体化反应器的研制与验证[J].环境工程学报,2018,12(8):2395-2402.
[9]戴芳,曾光明,袁兴中,等.新型堆肥装置设计及其应用研究[J].环境工程学报,2005,6(2):24-28.
[10]陈志平,章序文,林兴华.搅拌与混合设备设计选用手册[K].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[11]CHANG J I,CHEN Y J.Effects of bulking agents on food waste composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(15):5917-5924.
[12]王银玲,孙涛.基于单片机的恒温箱控制系统设计[J].农机化研究,2011,33(9):103-106.
[13]GUO R,LI G,JIANG T,et al.Effect of aeration rate,C/N ratio and moisture content on the stability and maturity of compost[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,112:171-178.
[14]席北斗,孟伟,刘鸿亮,等.三阶段控温堆肥过程中接种复合微生物菌群的变化规律研究[J].环境科学,2003,24(2):152-155.
[15]GAO M,LI B,YU A,et al.The effect of aeration rate on forced-aeration composting of chicken manure and sawdust[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(6):1899-1903.
[16]YUAN J,CHADWICK D,ZHANG D,et al.Effects of aeration rate on maturity and gaseous emissions during sewage sludge composting[J].Waste Management,2016,56:403-410.
[17]YU H,HUANG G H.Effects of sodium acetate as a pHcontrol amendment on the composting of food waste[J].Bioresource Technology,2009,100(6):2005-2011.
[18]李季,彭生平.堆肥工程实用手册[K].2版.北京:化学工业出版社,2011.
[19]薛兆骏,彭永臻,王鹏鹞,等.自发热持续高温好氧堆肥碳、氮、腐殖酸变化过程[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(11):96-100.
[20]张智,刘浏.卧式螺旋污泥好氧动态堆肥技术的研究[J].环境工程学报,2006,7(3):112-116.
[21]曾光明,黄国和,袁兴中.堆肥环境生物与控制[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[22]罗维,陈同斌.湿度对堆肥理化性质的影响[J].生态学报,2004,24(11):2656-2663.
[23]BECK-FRIIS B,SM?RS S,J?NSSON H,et al.SE-structures and environment:gaseous emissions of carbon dioxide,ammonia and nitrous oxide from organic household waste in a compost reactor under different temperature regimes[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2001,78(4):423-430.