‘浙猕砧1号’对长期淹水处理的响应特征
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摘要
【目的】分析葛枣猕猴桃优株‘浙猕砧1号’对涝害胁迫的响应机制,为猕猴桃耐涝砧木的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】以葛枣猕猴桃优株‘浙猕砧1号’组培苗为试材,通过人工模拟淹水试验,检测葛枣猕猴桃在长时间持续淹水过程中的生理反应及逆境相关基因的表达情况,探究葛枣猕猴桃对涝害胁迫的响应机制。【结果】在持续淹水过程中‘,浙猕砧1号’叶绿素含量有所下降;根系活力降低,气生根发生明显且活力旺盛;叶片气孔开度下降,气孔密度增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在淹水处理的中后期相对较高,H2O2活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量呈先上升后下降的趋势。AcCIPK9和AcCIPK13在处理初期表现不明显,处理后期显著上调表达;AcERF4和AcERF5在处理42 d表达量达到最高;相关功能基因AcSAD、AcADH、AcHSP17.5、AcPDC1、AcGAD、AcLBD和AcHB1在涝害处理后期都有不同程度的上调表达。【结论】‘浙猕砧1号’在淹水处理过程中,气生根发生明显,保护酶迅速积累,地上部分与地下部分的比例优化,以及相关信号蛋白和功能基因响应,促使植株逐渐适应外界多水环境,并能承受52天的持续淹水,表现出良好的适应性及耐涝性。
【Objective】Kiwifruit is a worldwide fruit with delicious taste and rich nutrient substances.However, kiwifruit tree is sensitive to waterlogging, which severely limits kiwifruit production in southern China. Developing effective strategy to cope with waterlogging stress is urgently needed for development of kiwifruit industry. Grafted kiwifruit seedlings are widely used in the production of kiwifruit and waterlogging tolerant rootstock is a key strategy to deal with the stress.‘Zhemizhen 1'is an excellent strain of Actinidia polygama(Sieb. et Zucc) Maxim., which has a flourishing root system and a high stress tolerance. In the present study, artificial waterlogging was used to test its effects on physiological traits and stress related genes expression in order to address the mechanisms of the response of kiwifruit to long-term waterlogging stress.【Methods】In vitro plantlets of‘Zhemizhen 1'were used in this study. After expanding propagation and rooting culture, plantlets were transferred to medium with normal water and fertilizer management. Plants with eight leaves and uniform size were chosen for waterlogging treatment, in which water was irrigated and maintained 3 cm above the soil surface. The first sampling was carried out prior to the treatment. The second sampling was taken three weeks later, and then samples were collected every ten days, with a total of five sampling times(0 d, 22 d, 32 d, 42 d and 52 d). Chlorophyll content was measured by SPAD-502. Data related to plant morphological traits including shoot weight, root weight, root length, root number, shoot height, root activity, aerial root, stomatal density, and stomatal length and width were collected. The activities of key enzymes e.g. SOD and POD were analyzed and the contents of H2 O2 and MDA were determined in each sample. RNA was extracted from fresh kiwifruit leaves and cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription immediately.Based on previous reports, some stress signal genes(AcCIPK9, AcCIPK13, AcERF4 and AcERF5) and stress related functional genes(AcADH, AcHB1, AcPRT6, AcPDC1, AcSAD, AcGAD, AcHSP17.5 and AcLBD) were screened from the kiwifruit genome. Quantitative real time PCR was carried out to determine the expression levels of these genes in‘Zhemizhen 1'under waterlogging stress. Variance analysis of related data was carried out by SPSS 17.0 software.【Results】During the long-term waterlogging treatment, the chlorophyll content of‘Zhemizhen 1'did not change so much at the beginning(22 d to42 d), but significantly dropped after 52 days. In the early treatment stage, the root/shoot ratio decreased significantly, and reached a lowest value at day 32. Thereafter, the ratio increased remarkably. The formation of aerial roots was observed before the second sampling time. Later on, the number and the activity of aerial roots increased quickly, which contributed to the high tolerance of‘Zhemizhen 1'to waterlogging stress. When waterlogging happened, some of the stomata closed. By 22 days from the treatment, the stomatal density had increased significantly. However, after day 22, there was no more increase in stomatal density, which is another aspect of the high adaptability to waterlogging stress. The higher contents of H2 O2 and MDA indicated that‘Zhemizhen 1'had been damaged by waterlogging.Their decrease at day 52 might be related to the relatively high activities of SOD and POD. On other hand, the expression levels of stress related genes changed in‘Zhemizhen 1'under waterlogging condition. The genes of AcCIPK9, AcERF4 and AcERF5 responded slowly in the early stage. They all reached the highest level at 42 d. AcCIPK13 was also repressed in the early stage and increased later.AcSAD, AcGAD, AcHSP17.5 and AcLBD were highly induced by waterlogging stress, indicating that their products might protect the plant. AcADH, AcHB1, AcPDC1 and AcPRT6 are members in the hypoxia response network. AcADH and AcPDC1 showed similar expression pattern, maintained low on22 d and 32 d, and then significantly enhanced later on. AcPRT6 was noted as a negative regulator of the other hypoxia genes and its expression was high on 22 d but low in the rest of time.【Conclusion】During waterlogging treatment,‘Zhemizhen 1'produced aerial roots quickly with increased high root activity. Meanwhile, adjustments of root/shoot ratio and the stomatal distribution help kiwifruit to survive stress condition. With the high activities of antioxidant enzymes and enrichment of stress tolerant proteins during waterlogging stress,‘Zhemizhen 1'showed a strong waterlogging tolerance. Therefore,‘Zhemizhen 1'can be used as a waterlogging tolerant rootstock.
【Objective】Kiwifruit is a worldwide fruit with delicious taste and rich nutrient substances.However, kiwifruit tree is sensitive to waterlogging, which severely limits kiwifruit production in southern China. Developing effective strategy to cope with waterlogging stress is urgently needed for development of kiwifruit industry. Grafted kiwifruit seedlings are widely used in the production of kiwifruit and waterlogging tolerant rootstock is a key strategy to deal with the stress.‘Zhemizhen 1'is an excellent strain of Actinidia polygama(Sieb. et Zucc) Maxim., which has a flourishing root system and a high stress tolerance. In the present study, artificial waterlogging was used to test its effects on physiological traits and stress related genes expression in order to address the mechanisms of the response of kiwifruit to long-term waterlogging stress.【Methods】In vitro plantlets of‘Zhemizhen 1'were used in this study. After expanding propagation and rooting culture, plantlets were transferred to medium with normal water and fertilizer management. Plants with eight leaves and uniform size were chosen for waterlogging treatment, in which water was irrigated and maintained 3 cm above the soil surface. The first sampling was carried out prior to the treatment. The second sampling was taken three weeks later, and then samples were collected every ten days, with a total of five sampling times(0 d, 22 d, 32 d, 42 d and 52 d). Chlorophyll content was measured by SPAD-502. Data related to plant morphological traits including shoot weight, root weight, root length, root number, shoot height, root activity, aerial root, stomatal density, and stomatal length and width were collected. The activities of key enzymes e.g. SOD and POD were analyzed and the contents of H2 O2 and MDA were determined in each sample. RNA was extracted from fresh kiwifruit leaves and cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription immediately.Based on previous reports, some stress signal genes(AcCIPK9, AcCIPK13, AcERF4 and AcERF5) and stress related functional genes(AcADH, AcHB1, AcPRT6, AcPDC1, AcSAD, AcGAD, AcHSP17.5 and AcLBD) were screened from the kiwifruit genome. Quantitative real time PCR was carried out to determine the expression levels of these genes in‘Zhemizhen 1'under waterlogging stress. Variance analysis of related data was carried out by SPSS 17.0 software.【Results】During the long-term waterlogging treatment, the chlorophyll content of‘Zhemizhen 1'did not change so much at the beginning(22 d to42 d), but significantly dropped after 52 days. In the early treatment stage, the root/shoot ratio decreased significantly, and reached a lowest value at day 32. Thereafter, the ratio increased remarkably. The formation of aerial roots was observed before the second sampling time. Later on, the number and the activity of aerial roots increased quickly, which contributed to the high tolerance of‘Zhemizhen 1'to waterlogging stress. When waterlogging happened, some of the stomata closed. By 22 days from the treatment, the stomatal density had increased significantly. However, after day 22, there was no more increase in stomatal density, which is another aspect of the high adaptability to waterlogging stress. The higher contents of H2 O2 and MDA indicated that‘Zhemizhen 1'had been damaged by waterlogging.Their decrease at day 52 might be related to the relatively high activities of SOD and POD. On other hand, the expression levels of stress related genes changed in‘Zhemizhen 1'under waterlogging condition. The genes of AcCIPK9, AcERF4 and AcERF5 responded slowly in the early stage. They all reached the highest level at 42 d. AcCIPK13 was also repressed in the early stage and increased later.AcSAD, AcGAD, AcHSP17.5 and AcLBD were highly induced by waterlogging stress, indicating that their products might protect the plant. AcADH, AcHB1, AcPDC1 and AcPRT6 are members in the hypoxia response network. AcADH and AcPDC1 showed similar expression pattern, maintained low on22 d and 32 d, and then significantly enhanced later on. AcPRT6 was noted as a negative regulator of the other hypoxia genes and its expression was high on 22 d but low in the rest of time.【Conclusion】During waterlogging treatment,‘Zhemizhen 1'produced aerial roots quickly with increased high root activity. Meanwhile, adjustments of root/shoot ratio and the stomatal distribution help kiwifruit to survive stress condition. With the high activities of antioxidant enzymes and enrichment of stress tolerant proteins during waterlogging stress,‘Zhemizhen 1'showed a strong waterlogging tolerance. Therefore,‘Zhemizhen 1'can be used as a waterlogging tolerant rootstock.
引文
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[7]WU R,WANG T,WARREN B A W,THOMSON S J,ALLANA C,MACKNIGHT R C,VARKONYI-GASIC E.Kiwifruit SVP2 controls developmental and drought-stress pathways[J].Plant Molecular Biology,2018,96(3):233-244.
[8]YANG Q,ZHANG Z,RAO J,WANG Y,SUN Z,MA Q,DONG X.Low-temperature conditioning induces chilling tolerance in‘Hayward’kiwifruit by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and regulating endogenous hormones levels[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2014,93(15):3691-3699.
[9]LIANG D,GAO F,NI Z,LIN L,DENG Q,TANG Y,WANGX,LUO X,XIA H.Melatonin improves heat tolerance in kiwifruit seedlings through promoting antioxidant enzymatic activity and glutathione s-transferase transcription[J].Molecules,2018,23(3):584.
[10]文欢.猕猴桃抗溃疡病基因的生物信息学分析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2016.WEN Huan.Bioinformatics analysis of kiwifruit canker resistance gene[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2016.
[11]刘永立,兰大伟,毕静华,陈超,Takashi Harada.葛枣猕猴桃组织培养中的器官形成与植株再生[J].果树学报,2005,22(3):220-223.LIU Yongli,LAN Dawei,BI Jinghua,CHEN Chao,Takashi Harada.Organ formation and plant regeneration in vitro of Actinidia polygama[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2005,22(3):220-223.
[12]贾爱平,王飞,姚春潮,王刚刚,贾美丽,赵智明.猕猴桃种间及种内杂交亲和性研究[J].西北植物学报,2010,30(9):1809-1814.JIA Aiping,WANG Fei,YAO Chunchao,WANG Ganggang,JIAMeili,ZHAO Zhiming.Interspecific and intraspecific cross compatibility of kiwi fruits[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica,2010,30(9):1809-1814.
[13]朴慧淑,丛凡华,李范洙,李铉军,张先.野生葛枣猕猴桃果汁饮料加工工艺研究[J].延边大学农学学报,2011,33(3):172-177.PIAO Huishu,CONG Fanhua,LI Fanzhu,LI Xuanjun,ZHANGXian.Study on processing technology of Actinidia polygama juice[J].Journal of Agricultural Science Yanbian University,2011,33(3):172-177.
[14]胡庆存,胡将男,刘希文.宁波地区抗涝‘红阳’猕猴桃主要避雨栽培技术[J].上海农业科技,2017,2:58-59.HU Qingcun,HU Jiangnan,LIU Xiwen.Main rain shelter cultivation techniques for waterlogging resistant Hongyang kiwifruit in Ningbo area[J].Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology,2017,2:58-59.
[15]黄宏文.猕猴桃属:分类·资源·驯化·栽培[M].北京:科学出版社,2013.HUANG Hongwen.Actinidia:Taxonomic,Resource,Domestication,and Cultivation[M].Beijing:Science Press,2013.
[16]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.LI Hesheng.Principles and techniques of plant physiological and biochemical experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.
[17]高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.GAO Junfeng.Experimental guidance of plant physiology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[18]LORETI E,VAN V H,PERATA P.Plant responses to flooding stress[J].Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2016,33:64-71.
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