虹吸管道坡度对气液两相流动特性影响的试验研究
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摘要
为了探明坡度对中行管段倾斜布置的正虹吸管路水力特性的影响,设置11个不同坡度(0、±1/60、±1/30、±1/20、±1/15、±1/10)和2个安装高度(4、6 m)在不同水位差下量测了虹吸管内的气液两相流动现象、含气率、气泡的运动速度、过流能力及总水头损失等水力特性。通过试验得到了正坡和逆坡管路坡度变化对管路水气流动现象的影响规律,揭示了坡度改变对管内含气率和气泡运动速度、虹吸管路流量及管路水头损失的影响规律,并结合理论分析探讨了气体存在对流量和总水头损失的影响。结果表明,随着坡度逐渐增大,管内伪空化现象逐渐减弱,气体的体积逐渐减小,含气率逐渐减小,气泡运动速度逐渐加快,虹吸管路的输水流量逐渐增大,总水头损失也逐渐增大。通过量纲分析的方法,推导出适用于倾斜布置的不同坡度下正虹吸管路输水流量的计算公式;经验证,公式计算值与实测值相接近,逆坡管路中相对误差控制在±6%,正坡管路控制在±7%。以上探究结果为实际工程中管路布置形式提供了参考依据。
With the constant development and application of a large number of surface water resources, the Karez type underground reservoir has become the key of the water conservancy project in Xinjiang in recent years. The siphon pipeline with longer distance and larger vacuum is the most important part of the Karez type underground reservoir. This study explored the impact of gradient change on the hydraulic characteristics of siphon pipeline with inclined arrangement. A total of 11 gradients were designed at the installation height of 4 and 6 m. The waterhead changed from 5 to 135 cm. The experiment was carried out in organic glass pipes. The pipe length was 18.15 m. The observations and measurements included the gas-liquid two-phase flow phenomenon, void fracture, kinematic velocity of bubble, discharge capacity and total head loss inside the siphon. The experimental result shows that in the flat slope pipe, air bubbles were rich with diameter about 4-5 mm in the head of the pipe and the bubbles in diameter of 1 mm were on the wall of pipe. During the movement, the bubbles was clustered into big bubbles and moved in the different directions from the flow. In inverse slope pipe, many small bubbles were on the wall but the air movement direction was same with the flow direction. Different the flat slope, the airbag was concentrated near downstream when it moved downstream. Different from inverse slope pipe, the airbag moved upstream slowly in the opposite direction from the flow direction. With the gradual increasing of gradient, the fake cavitation phenomenon inside the pipe weakened little by little, the volume of bubble or airbag diminished and the quantity dropped off. With the gradual increasing of the gradient, the void fracture in the pipe diminished, the kinetic velocity of bubble accelerated, the water delivery flow in the siphon strengthened gradually, the total head loss also increased gradually, the maximum flow increasing percentage was 23.8% and the total head loss increased by 42.86%. When the gas rate was larger than 11%, flow type in pipe was transitional and air mass type and the effects of gradient on flow rate could not be ignored. When the gas rate was smaller than 30%, the siphon in the pipeline was unstable. The gas-liquid two-phase flow phenomenon induced by the gradient change under such the conditions above made the effect of gas rate on flow resistance different from the liquid phase flow. Thus, based on the experimental data at installation height of 4 m on inverse slope, a formula for flow rate estimation was derived under the condition of transitional and air mass flow with gas rate of 11%-30% on gradient of 1/60-1/10. The flow rate formula was validated by using data at the installation height of 6 m. The validation results showed the relative error of measured and calculated flow rate in the inverse slope pipe was within 6% and it in the positive slope pipe was within 7%. It suggests that the formula is reliable. The results above provide valuable information for the pipe arrangement in the practical engineering.
With the constant development and application of a large number of surface water resources, the Karez type underground reservoir has become the key of the water conservancy project in Xinjiang in recent years. The siphon pipeline with longer distance and larger vacuum is the most important part of the Karez type underground reservoir. This study explored the impact of gradient change on the hydraulic characteristics of siphon pipeline with inclined arrangement. A total of 11 gradients were designed at the installation height of 4 and 6 m. The waterhead changed from 5 to 135 cm. The experiment was carried out in organic glass pipes. The pipe length was 18.15 m. The observations and measurements included the gas-liquid two-phase flow phenomenon, void fracture, kinematic velocity of bubble, discharge capacity and total head loss inside the siphon. The experimental result shows that in the flat slope pipe, air bubbles were rich with diameter about 4-5 mm in the head of the pipe and the bubbles in diameter of 1 mm were on the wall of pipe. During the movement, the bubbles was clustered into big bubbles and moved in the different directions from the flow. In inverse slope pipe, many small bubbles were on the wall but the air movement direction was same with the flow direction. Different the flat slope, the airbag was concentrated near downstream when it moved downstream. Different from inverse slope pipe, the airbag moved upstream slowly in the opposite direction from the flow direction. With the gradual increasing of gradient, the fake cavitation phenomenon inside the pipe weakened little by little, the volume of bubble or airbag diminished and the quantity dropped off. With the gradual increasing of the gradient, the void fracture in the pipe diminished, the kinetic velocity of bubble accelerated, the water delivery flow in the siphon strengthened gradually, the total head loss also increased gradually, the maximum flow increasing percentage was 23.8% and the total head loss increased by 42.86%. When the gas rate was larger than 11%, flow type in pipe was transitional and air mass type and the effects of gradient on flow rate could not be ignored. When the gas rate was smaller than 30%, the siphon in the pipeline was unstable. The gas-liquid two-phase flow phenomenon induced by the gradient change under such the conditions above made the effect of gas rate on flow resistance different from the liquid phase flow. Thus, based on the experimental data at installation height of 4 m on inverse slope, a formula for flow rate estimation was derived under the condition of transitional and air mass flow with gas rate of 11%-30% on gradient of 1/60-1/10. The flow rate formula was validated by using data at the installation height of 6 m. The validation results showed the relative error of measured and calculated flow rate in the inverse slope pipe was within 6% and it in the positive slope pipe was within 7%. It suggests that the formula is reliable. The results above provide valuable information for the pipe arrangement in the practical engineering.
引文
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[21]张小莹,李琳,王梦婷,等.虹吸管气液两相流过流能力影响因素分析[J].水电能源科学,2015,33(9):90-94.Zhang Xiaoying,Li Lin,Wang Mengting,et al.Analysis of influencing factors on gas-liquid two-phase flow capacity of siphon[J].Water Resources and Power,2015,33(9):90-94.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[24]张小莹,李琳,王梦婷,等.虹吸管道水气两相流动过流能力试验分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(6):142-145,150.Zhang Xiaoying,Li Lin,Wang Mengting,et al.Experimental analysis of water-gas two-phase flow over-current in siphon pipelines[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water p://www.tcsae.org)2017年Engineering,2015,26(6):142-145,150.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[2]施俊跃,陈革强,卢健国.水库虹吸管的运用特性[J].水利技术监督,2008(3):41-43.Shi Junyue,Chen Geqiang,Lu Jianguo.Characteristics of siphon in reservoir[J].Technical Supervision in Water Resources,2008(3):41-43.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]王卫平.虹吸管在水库放水涵管改造中的应用[J].节水灌溉,2008(1):51-53.Wang Weiping.Application of siphon in reconstruction of reservoir's diversion culvert[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2008(1):51-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]李娟.长距离倒虹吸水流特性的三维数值模拟[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2013.Li Juan.Study on the Flow Characteristics 3D-Numerical Simulation of Long Distances Inverted Siphon[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]裴建生.干旱区山前冲洪积扇凹陷带坎儿井式地下水库建设的原理及实践[J].水利水电技术,2016,47(3):42-46.Pei Jiansheng.Principle and practice of construction of karez well typed groundwater reservoir within depress zone of mountain-front alluvial plain in arid region[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2016,47(3):42-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]裴建生,庞忠和,邓铭江,等.新疆台兰河坎儿井式地下水库试验研究[J].第四纪研究,2014,18(5):941-949.Pei Jiansheng,Pang Zhonghe,Deng Mingjiang,et al.Experimental study on karjer well groundwater reservoir on tailan river[J].Quaternary Sciences,2014,18(5):941-949.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]刘慧.台兰河地下水库结构及调蓄能力研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2012.Liu Hui.Study on Structure and Regulation and Storage Capacity of Groundwater Reservoir in Tailan River[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]李涛,邓铭江,王于宝,等.台兰河山前地下储水构造及地下水库可行性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(1):30-34.Li Tao,Deng Mingjiang,Wang Yubao,et al.Feasibility study on underground water storage structure and groundwater reservoir in piedmont of tailan River[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2011,38(1):30-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]张小莹,李琳,谭义海,等.坡度对虹吸管路气液两相流动水力特性影响试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2017(1):143-147,151.Zhang Xiaoying,Li Lin,Tan Yihai,et al.Experimental research on the influence of siphon pipe slope to hydraulic characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2017(1):143-147,151.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Petaccia,Fenocchi.Experimental assessment of the stage-discharge relationship of the Heyn siphons of Bric Zerbino dam[J].Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,2015,41:36-40.
[11]Kang Soon-Ho,Lee Kwon,Lee Gi Cheol.Investigation on effects of enlarged pipe rupture size and air penetration timing in real-scale experiment of siphon breaker[J].Nuclear Engineering and Technology,2014,46(4):817-824.
[12]Naoki Tajima,Michio Sadatom,Akimaro Kawahara.Dredging of sediment in dam utilizing siphon age with sliding outer tube[J].Japanese Journal of Multiphase Flow,2010,241:145-148.
[13]Yan Tao,Chen Li,Xu Min.Siphon pipeline resistance characteristic research[J].Procedia Engineering,2012,32(28):53-58.
[14]熊晓亮.高扬程虹吸排水合理管径数值模拟[D].杭州:浙江大学,2014.Xiong Xiaoliang.Numerical Simulation Research of pipe Diameter Selection in High-lift Siphon Drainage[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]马俊廷.虹吸式进水口在寒冷地区水电站的应用[J].小水电,2013,69(1):13-16.Ma Junting.Application of siphon inlet in hydropower station in cold area[J].Small Hydro Power,2013,69(1):13-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]徐力群,贾凡,徐琼,等.虹吸管与辐射井相结合的尾矿坝排渗系统排渗效果分析[J].水电能源科学,2014,32(9):94-97,74.Xu Liqun,Jia Fan,Xu Qiong,et al.Analysis of seepage effect of tailings dam seepage system combined with siphon pipe and radiation well[J].Water Resources and Power,2014,32(9):94-97,74.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]许史,李琳,邱秀云,等.长距离虹吸管输水试验研究初探[J].中国农村水利水电,2010,3:70-72.Xu Shi,Li Lin,Qiu Xiuyun,et al.Experimental study on long distance siphon water conveyance[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2010,3:70-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李琳,邱秀云,许史,等.长距离虹吸管道输水水力学模型试验研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(3):106-109.Li Lin,Qiu Xiuyun,Xu Shi,et al.Study on hydrodynamic model test of long distance siphon pipe transportation[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2010,8(3):106-109.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]谭义海,李琳,邱秀云.真空有压管道内伪空化水流试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2015,(10):100-103.Tan Yihai,Li Lin,Qiu Xiuyun.Pseudo cavitation flow test in vacuum pressure pipeline[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2015,(10):100-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]张小莹,李琳,张圣凯.基于实验模型的虹吸管道水气两相流动特性研究[J].新疆农业大学学报,2015,38(3):246-250.Zhang Xiaoying,Li Lin,Zhang Shengkai.Study on water-gas two-phase flow characteristics of siphon pipeline based on experimental model[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2015,38(3):246-250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]张小莹,李琳,王梦婷,等.虹吸管气液两相流过流能力影响因素分析[J].水电能源科学,2015,33(9):90-94.Zhang Xiaoying,Li Lin,Wang Mengting,et al.Analysis of influencing factors on gas-liquid two-phase flow capacity of siphon[J].Water Resources and Power,2015,33(9):90-94.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]张小莹,李琳,王梦婷,等.真空管道水力特性试验研究[J].水力发电,2015,41(11):123-126.Zhang Xiaoying,Li Lin,Wang Mengting,et al.Experimental study on hydraulic characteristics of vacuum pipelines[J].Water Power,2015,41(11):123-126.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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