铅对铜基固体自润滑材料的润滑机理
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摘要
以固溶强化的铜锡合金作为基体,以石墨和铅作为固体润滑剂,采用粉末冶金方法制备高速、重载条件用新型固体自润滑材料,研究铅对材料的高温力学性能和摩擦学行为的影响,通过分析摩擦表面和亚表面的微观形貌与结构探讨铅与石墨的协同润滑机理。结果表明:在铜-石墨材料中添加铅可显著提高材料的硬度和室温拉伸强度;铅的添加可提高铜-石墨材料300℃以下的高温压缩强度,Cu-9Sn-9Pb-10C在300℃的高温压缩强度为215.3 MPa;添加铅可显著提高铜-石墨材料在高速、重载条件下的摩擦稳定性,并略微降低平均摩擦因数。
Using copper-tin as matrix, graphite and lead as solid lubricant, the new solid self-lubricating material that is suitable for high speed and heavy load condition was fabricated by powder metallurgy. The effects of lead on high-temperature mechanical properties and tribological behavior of materials were investigated. Through the investigation on the friction surface and the subsurface surface, the cooperative lubrication mechanism of lead and graphite was discussed. The results show that the hardness and tensile strength can be markdly increased by adding lead in copper graphite material. Adding lead can also increase high-temperature compression strength below 300 ℃. The compressive strength of the material at 300 ℃ is 215.3 MPa. Meanwhile, the friction stability of copper graphite material under high speed and heavy load condition can be significantly improved by adding lead, and the average friction coefficient is reduced slightly.
Using copper-tin as matrix, graphite and lead as solid lubricant, the new solid self-lubricating material that is suitable for high speed and heavy load condition was fabricated by powder metallurgy. The effects of lead on high-temperature mechanical properties and tribological behavior of materials were investigated. Through the investigation on the friction surface and the subsurface surface, the cooperative lubrication mechanism of lead and graphite was discussed. The results show that the hardness and tensile strength can be markdly increased by adding lead in copper graphite material. Adding lead can also increase high-temperature compression strength below 300 ℃. The compressive strength of the material at 300 ℃ is 215.3 MPa. Meanwhile, the friction stability of copper graphite material under high speed and heavy load condition can be significantly improved by adding lead, and the average friction coefficient is reduced slightly.
引文
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[21]LIUY B,LIMS C,RAYS,et al.Friction and wear of aluminiumgraphite composites:the smearing process of graphite during sliding[J].Wear,1992,159(2):201-205.
[2]ANAND A,SHARMA S M.High temperature friction and wear characteristics of Fe-Cu-C based self-lubricating material[J].Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals,2017,70(10):2641-2650.
[3]刘维民,翁立军,孙嘉奕.空间润滑材料与技术手册[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:85-120.LIU Weimin,WENG Lijun,SUN Jiayi.Space Lubrication Materials and Technical Manuals[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009:85-120.
[4]YANG L W,WANG R J,JIA M.Research on high performance of pantograph slider used by high speed train[J].Applied Mechanics&Materials,2011,55-57:1736-1741.
[5]XIAO Y L,YAO P P,ZHOU H B,et al.Friction and wear behavior of copper matrix composite for spacecraft rendezvous and docking under different conditions[J].Wear,2014,320(Supplement C):127-134.
[6]KOVá?IK J,EMMER,JOZEF B,et al.Effect of composition on friction coefficient of Cu-graphite composites[J].Wear,2008,265(3-4):417-421.
[7]DONG R F,CUI Z D,ZHU S,et al.Preparation,characterization and mechanical properties of Cu-Sn alloy/graphite composites[J].Metallurgical&Materials Transactions A,2014,45(11):5194-5200.
[8]CARDINAL M F,CASTRO P A,BAXI J,et al.Characterization and frictional behavior of nanostructured Ni-W-Mo S2 composite coatings[J].Surface&Coatings Technology,2009,204(1/2):85-90.
[9]LI T S,TAO J,CONG P H,et al.Study on the tribological characteristics of solid lubricants embedded tin-bronze bearings[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2010,80(13):2394-2399.
[10]KATO H,TAKAMA M,IWAI Y,et al.Wear and mechanical properties of sintered copper–tin composites containing graphite or molybdenum disulfide[J].Wear,2003,255(1/6):573-578.
[11]李溪滨,刘如铁,杨慧敏.铝铅石墨固体自润滑复合材料的性能[J].中国有色金属学报,2003,13(2):465-468.LI Xibin,LIU Rutie,YANG Huimin.Properties of solid self-lubricating Al-Pb-graphite composites[J].Journal of China Nonferrous Metals,2003,13(2):465-468.
[12]UPADHYAYA A,MISHRA N S,OJHA S N.Microstructural control by spray forming and wear characteristics of a Babbit alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science,1997,32(12):3227-3235.
[13]RUUSILA V,NYYSSONEN T,KALLIO M,et al.The effect of microstructure and lead content on the tribological properties of bearing alloys[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J Journal of Engineering Tribology,2013,227(8):878-887.
[14]EQUEY S,HOURIET A,MISCHLER S.Wear and frictional mechanisms of copper-based bearing alloys[J].Wear,2011,273(1):9-16.
[15]PRABHU T R,VARMA V K,VEDANTAM S.Tribological and mechanical behavior of multilayer Cu/Si C+Gr hybrid composites for brake friction material applications[J].Wear,2014,317(1/2):201-212.
[16]MA W L,LU J,WANG B.Sliding friction and wear of Cu–graphite against 2024,AZ91D and Ti6Al4V at different speeds[J].Wear,2009,266(11):1072-1081.
[17]尹延国,杜春宽,郑治祥,等.镀镍石墨粉对铜基石墨复合材料力学性能的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2006,16(11):1895-1901.YIN Yanguo,DU Chunkuan,ZHENG Zhixiang,et al.The influence of nickel-plated graphite powder on mechanical properties of copper-based composite materials[J].Journal of China Nonferrous Metals,2006.16(11):1895-1901.
[18]赵翔,郝俊杰,彭坤,等.Cr-Fe为摩擦组元的铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2014,19(6):935-939.ZHAO Xiang,HAO Junjie,PENG Kun,et al.The friction and wear properties of the copper base powder metallurgy friction materials for the friction group of the friction group[J].The Science and Engineering of Powder Metallurgy Materials,2014,19(6):935-939.
[19]符蓉,宋宝韫,高飞,等.Cu-Si O2烧结材料的摩擦磨损性能研究[J].摩擦学学报,2007,27(4):377-381.FU Rong,SONG Baoyun,GAO Fei,et al.The study of friction and wear properties of the sintered materials of Cu-Si O2[J].Journal of Tribology,2007,27(4):377-381.
[20]符蓉,高飞,宋宝韫,等.铜-石墨材料摩擦学行为的研究[J].摩擦学学报,2010,30(5):479-484.FU Rong,GAO Fei,SONG Baoyun,et al.A study on tribological behavior of copper and graphite materials[J].Journal of Tribology,2010,30(5):479-484.
[21]LIUY B,LIMS C,RAYS,et al.Friction and wear of aluminiumgraphite composites:the smearing process of graphite during sliding[J].Wear,1992,159(2):201-205.