湿式冷却塔降雾节水技术的研究与发展
|
摘要
减少湿式冷却塔蒸发损失对火力发电厂节水工作的开展有着重要意义,文中介绍了目前国内外出塔水雾冷凝装置和冷凝剂的研究现状,阐述了降低冷却塔冷却负荷、蒸发预冷、优化运行等降雾节水措施的实施方案,总结分析了湿式冷却塔典型数学模型的研究状况。结果表明:热管与半导体制冷片作为高换热低阻力的新型冷凝装置,应对其加强理论和应用研究;干湿串(并)联冷却塔能够灵活、有效地降低冷却塔冷却负荷,建立干湿运行比例分配的通用性指导原则有助于该措施的广泛应用;为了提高冷却塔模型的精确度,应充分考虑动量、热量、质量3种传递的耦合,并应量化液膜传质阻力和塔内支架阻力对模型精度的影响;此外,节水性能的研究不应局限于典型工况或单种节水措施的应用,应针对冷却塔多个工况或多种节水措施组合应用开展模拟研究,以提高节水方案的适用性与灵活性。
Reducing evaporation loss of wet cooling towers is of great significance for the development of water-saving in power station.This paper presents the current implementation schemes and research status of plume devices and condensants,and expounds the implementation schemes of water saving measures such as reducing cooling load of cooling towers,evaporative precooling and optimizing operation.The research status of the typical numerical model for the wet cooling tower is summarized,and its guiding role in reducing evaporation loss is analyzed.The present situation and results of the comprehensive study show that thermosiphon and semiconductor chilling plates are new condensation devices with high heat transfer and low resistance,and their theoretical and applied research should be strengthened.Dry/wet in series(parallel) cooling towers can flexibly and effectively reduce cooling load of cooling towers,and the establishment of a general guiding principle of dry/wet operation proportion distribution is helpful to the wide application of this measure.In the future,the coupling of momentum,heat and mass transfer should be fully considered in the model study,and the influence of liquid film mass transfer resistance and bracket resistance on the model accuracy should be quantified.In addition,the study of water-saving performance should not be limited to the application of typical working conditions or single water-saving measures.The application of multiple working conditions or combination of water-saving measures in cooling towers deserves attention,to improve the applicability and flexibility of water-saving schemes.
Reducing evaporation loss of wet cooling towers is of great significance for the development of water-saving in power station.This paper presents the current implementation schemes and research status of plume devices and condensants,and expounds the implementation schemes of water saving measures such as reducing cooling load of cooling towers,evaporative precooling and optimizing operation.The research status of the typical numerical model for the wet cooling tower is summarized,and its guiding role in reducing evaporation loss is analyzed.The present situation and results of the comprehensive study show that thermosiphon and semiconductor chilling plates are new condensation devices with high heat transfer and low resistance,and their theoretical and applied research should be strengthened.Dry/wet in series(parallel) cooling towers can flexibly and effectively reduce cooling load of cooling towers,and the establishment of a general guiding principle of dry/wet operation proportion distribution is helpful to the wide application of this measure.In the future,the coupling of momentum,heat and mass transfer should be fully considered in the model study,and the influence of liquid film mass transfer resistance and bracket resistance on the model accuracy should be quantified.In addition,the study of water-saving performance should not be limited to the application of typical working conditions or single water-saving measures.The application of multiple working conditions or combination of water-saving measures in cooling towers deserves attention,to improve the applicability and flexibility of water-saving schemes.
引文
[1] 刘汝青.自然通风逆流湿式冷却塔蒸发水损失研究[D].济南:山东大学,2008.LIU Ru-qing.Study on evaporation loss ofnatural draft wet cooling tower[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2008.
[2] HUBBARD B J,MOCKTY E F,KINNEY O L.Air-to-air atmospheric exchanger for condensing cooling tower effluent[P].U.S:6663694,2003.
[3] ZUBAIR S M.Prediction of evaporation losses in wet cooling towers[J].Heat Transfer Engineering,2006,27(9):86-92.
[4] PROGRAMME U N E,P PROGRAMME W W A.The United Nations world water development report 2017[J].Wastewater:The Untapped Resource.2017:16-26.
[5] LUCAS M,MARTINEZ P J,VIEDMA A.Experimental study on the thermal performance of a mechanical cooling tower with different drift eliminators[J].Energy Conversion & Management,2009,50(3):490-497.
[6] LUCAS M,RUIZ J,MARTINEZ P J,et al.Experimental study on the performance of a mechanical cooling tower fitted with different types of water distribution systems and drift eliminators[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2013,50(1):282-292.
[7] DEZIANI M,RAHMANI K,ROUDAKI S J M,et al.Feasibility study for reduce water evaporative loss in a power plant cooling tower by using air to Air heat exchanger with auxiliary Fan[J].Desalination,2017,406:119-124.
[8] YU X,YANG H,LEI H.Experimental evaluation on concentrating cooling tower blowdown water by direct contact membrane distillation[J].Desalination,2013,323:134-141.
[9] LIMPT B V,WAL A V D.Water and chemical savings in cooling towers by using membrane capacitive deionization[J].Desalination,2014,342:148-155.
[10] 李芳,王景刚,刘金荣.热管技术应用于冷却塔节水的理论分析[C]//中国制冷学会,2006.LI Fang,WANG Jing-gang,LIU Jin-rong.Analysis of saving water in the cooling tower using heat pipe[C]//Chinese Association of Refrigeration,2006.
[11] TAYLOR M C.Cooling tower vapor recovery unit[P].U.S:4249391,1981.
[12] MORTENSEN K.Use of air 2 air technology to recover fresh-water from the normal evaporative cooling loss at coal-based thermoelectric power plants[R].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009.
[13] MANTELLI M H B.Development of porous media thermosyphon technology for vapor recovering in cross-current cooling towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,108:398-413.
[14] POZZOBON J C,MANTELLI M B H,SILVA A K D.Experimental study of unstructured porous media inserts for water recovery in a reduced scale,crossflow cooling tower[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,96:632-639.
[15] 时国华,唐敏,王佳,等.一种节能除雾干湿混合冷却塔[P].中国:2017215240863,2017.SHI Guo-hua,TANG Min,WANG Jia,et al.Energy-saving and defogging hybrid wet/dry cooling tower[P].China,2017215240863,2017.
[16] 时国华,唐敏,李丹,等.一种高效换热节水除雾湿式冷却塔[P].中国:2017101273334,2017.SHI Guo-hua,TANG Min,LI Dan,et al.High efficiency heat exchange in wet cooling tower with defogging and water saving[P].China:2017101273334,2017.
[17] 王伯时.闭式循环冷却塔节水装置[P].中国:2004200124222,2004.WANG Bo-shi.Water saving devices for closed circulation cooling tower[P].China:2004200124222,2004.
[18] HUANG Y,CHEN L,HUANG X,et al.Performance of natural draft hybrid cooling system of large scale steam turbine generator unit[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,122:227-244.
[19] LEFEVRE M R.Reducing water consumption in cooling towers[J].Chemical engineering progress,1984,80(7):55-62.
[20] 王雪莲.干湿联合冷却塔的设计及节水量的计算[D].吉林:东北电力大学,2013.WANG Xue-lian.Dry and wet combined cooling tower design and calculation of the amount of water[D].Jilin:Northeast Electric Power University,2013.
[21] REZAEI E,SHAFIEI S,ABDOLLAHNEZHAD A.Reducing water consumption of an industrial plant cooling unit using hybrid cooling tower[J].Energy Conversion & Management,2010,51(2):311-319.
[22] XIA L,LI J,MA W,et al.Water consumption comparison between a natural draft wet cooling tower and a natural draft hybrid cooling tower—an annual simulation for Luoyang conditions[J].Heat Transfer Engineering,2017,38(11-12):1034-1043.
[23] 吕扬.冷却塔水损失变化规律及节水方法的研究[D].济南:山东大学,2009.LYU Yang.Research on change law of water loss and method of water-saving in cooling towers[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2009.
[24] HE S,GURGENCI H,ALKHEDHAIR A M.Pre-cooling with Munters media to improve the performance of Natural Draft Dry Cooling Towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2013,53(1):67-77.
[25] HE,S,GUAN Z,GURGENCI H,et al.Experimental study of the application of two trickle media for inlet air pre-cooling of natural draft dry cooling towers[J].Energy Conversion & Management,2015,89:644-654.
[26] HE,S,XU Y,ZHANG G,et al.Selection of wetted media for pre-cooling of air entering natural draft dry cooling towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,114:857-863.
[27] MAXWELL R M.Improving cooling tower chemistry control and cost savings through automation[D].Columbia:University South Carolina,2014.
[28] Al-BASSAM E,MAHESHWARI G P.A new scheme for cooling tower water conservation in arid-zone countries[J].Energy,2011,36(7):3985-3991.
[29] NAIK B K,MUTHUKUMAR P.A novel approach for performance assessment of mechanical draft wet cooling towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,121:14-26.
[30] SINGH K,DAS R.Simultaneous optimization of performance parameters and energy consumption in induced draft cooling towers[J].Chemical Engineering Research & Design,2017,123:1-13.
[31] 夏巧民.节水冷却塔与双效塑料溴化锂制冷机系统的实验研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.XIA Qiao-min.Experimental study of water-saving cooling tower and double-effect plastic li br absorption chiller[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011.
[32] 汪超.机械通风逆流盐水冷却塔节水性能的实验研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.WANG Chao.Experimental study of water conservation performance of mechanical draft counter flow saltwater cooling tower[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.
[33] ASKARI S,SEIFKORDI A,RASHIDI AM,et al.Novel approach for energy and water conservation in wet cooling towers by using MWNTs and nanoporous graphene nanofluids[J].Energy Conversion & Management,2016,109:10-18.
[34] ROBINSON CS.The design of cooling towers[J].Mechanical Engineering,1923,45(2):99-102.
[35] MERKEL F.Verdunstungskühlung[J].VDI-Verlag,1925,70:123-128.
[36] 谢迎春,杨友胜,徐震.自然通风海水冷却塔填料高度计算方法[J].热能动力工程,2013(6):633-637.XIE Ying-chun,YANG You-sheng,XU Zhen.Calculation Method of fill height in Natural Draft Seawater Cooling Tower[J].Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power,2013(6):633-637.
[37] 王奔,司风琪,刘海军.燃煤电厂300 MW机组循环水系统运行优化研究[J].热能动力工程,2017.32(11):78-85.WANG Ben,SI Feng-qi,LIU Hai-jun.Operation optimization of circulating water system for 300 MW unit of coal fired power plant[J].Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power,2017.32(11):78-85.
[38] POPPE M,ROGENER H.Berechnung von rückkühlwerken[J].VDI W?rmeatlas,pp.Mi,1991:1-15.
[39] JABER H,WEBB RL.Design of cooling towers by the effectiveness-NTU method[J].ASME Journal of Heat Transfer,1989,111 (4):837-843.
[40] KlOPPERS J C,KROGER D G.A critical investigation into the heat and mass transfer analysis of counter flow wet-cooling towers[J].International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer,2005,48(3/4):765-777.
[41] CZUBINSKI F,MANTELLI M B H,PASSOS J C.Condensation on downward-facing surfaces subjected to upstream flow of air–vapor mixture[J].Experimental Thermal & Fluid Science,2013,47:90-97.
[42] KESHTKAR M M.Performance analysis of a counter flow wet cooling tower and selection of optimum operative condition by MCDM-TOPSIS method[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,114:776-784.
[43] XIA L,GURGENCI H,LIU D,et al.CFD analysis of pre-cooling water spray system in natural draft dry cooling towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,105:1051-1060.
[2] HUBBARD B J,MOCKTY E F,KINNEY O L.Air-to-air atmospheric exchanger for condensing cooling tower effluent[P].U.S:6663694,2003.
[3] ZUBAIR S M.Prediction of evaporation losses in wet cooling towers[J].Heat Transfer Engineering,2006,27(9):86-92.
[4] PROGRAMME U N E,P PROGRAMME W W A.The United Nations world water development report 2017[J].Wastewater:The Untapped Resource.2017:16-26.
[5] LUCAS M,MARTINEZ P J,VIEDMA A.Experimental study on the thermal performance of a mechanical cooling tower with different drift eliminators[J].Energy Conversion & Management,2009,50(3):490-497.
[6] LUCAS M,RUIZ J,MARTINEZ P J,et al.Experimental study on the performance of a mechanical cooling tower fitted with different types of water distribution systems and drift eliminators[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2013,50(1):282-292.
[7] DEZIANI M,RAHMANI K,ROUDAKI S J M,et al.Feasibility study for reduce water evaporative loss in a power plant cooling tower by using air to Air heat exchanger with auxiliary Fan[J].Desalination,2017,406:119-124.
[8] YU X,YANG H,LEI H.Experimental evaluation on concentrating cooling tower blowdown water by direct contact membrane distillation[J].Desalination,2013,323:134-141.
[9] LIMPT B V,WAL A V D.Water and chemical savings in cooling towers by using membrane capacitive deionization[J].Desalination,2014,342:148-155.
[10] 李芳,王景刚,刘金荣.热管技术应用于冷却塔节水的理论分析[C]//中国制冷学会,2006.LI Fang,WANG Jing-gang,LIU Jin-rong.Analysis of saving water in the cooling tower using heat pipe[C]//Chinese Association of Refrigeration,2006.
[11] TAYLOR M C.Cooling tower vapor recovery unit[P].U.S:4249391,1981.
[12] MORTENSEN K.Use of air 2 air technology to recover fresh-water from the normal evaporative cooling loss at coal-based thermoelectric power plants[R].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009.
[13] MANTELLI M H B.Development of porous media thermosyphon technology for vapor recovering in cross-current cooling towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,108:398-413.
[14] POZZOBON J C,MANTELLI M B H,SILVA A K D.Experimental study of unstructured porous media inserts for water recovery in a reduced scale,crossflow cooling tower[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,96:632-639.
[15] 时国华,唐敏,王佳,等.一种节能除雾干湿混合冷却塔[P].中国:2017215240863,2017.SHI Guo-hua,TANG Min,WANG Jia,et al.Energy-saving and defogging hybrid wet/dry cooling tower[P].China,2017215240863,2017.
[16] 时国华,唐敏,李丹,等.一种高效换热节水除雾湿式冷却塔[P].中国:2017101273334,2017.SHI Guo-hua,TANG Min,LI Dan,et al.High efficiency heat exchange in wet cooling tower with defogging and water saving[P].China:2017101273334,2017.
[17] 王伯时.闭式循环冷却塔节水装置[P].中国:2004200124222,2004.WANG Bo-shi.Water saving devices for closed circulation cooling tower[P].China:2004200124222,2004.
[18] HUANG Y,CHEN L,HUANG X,et al.Performance of natural draft hybrid cooling system of large scale steam turbine generator unit[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,122:227-244.
[19] LEFEVRE M R.Reducing water consumption in cooling towers[J].Chemical engineering progress,1984,80(7):55-62.
[20] 王雪莲.干湿联合冷却塔的设计及节水量的计算[D].吉林:东北电力大学,2013.WANG Xue-lian.Dry and wet combined cooling tower design and calculation of the amount of water[D].Jilin:Northeast Electric Power University,2013.
[21] REZAEI E,SHAFIEI S,ABDOLLAHNEZHAD A.Reducing water consumption of an industrial plant cooling unit using hybrid cooling tower[J].Energy Conversion & Management,2010,51(2):311-319.
[22] XIA L,LI J,MA W,et al.Water consumption comparison between a natural draft wet cooling tower and a natural draft hybrid cooling tower—an annual simulation for Luoyang conditions[J].Heat Transfer Engineering,2017,38(11-12):1034-1043.
[23] 吕扬.冷却塔水损失变化规律及节水方法的研究[D].济南:山东大学,2009.LYU Yang.Research on change law of water loss and method of water-saving in cooling towers[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2009.
[24] HE S,GURGENCI H,ALKHEDHAIR A M.Pre-cooling with Munters media to improve the performance of Natural Draft Dry Cooling Towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2013,53(1):67-77.
[25] HE,S,GUAN Z,GURGENCI H,et al.Experimental study of the application of two trickle media for inlet air pre-cooling of natural draft dry cooling towers[J].Energy Conversion & Management,2015,89:644-654.
[26] HE,S,XU Y,ZHANG G,et al.Selection of wetted media for pre-cooling of air entering natural draft dry cooling towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,114:857-863.
[27] MAXWELL R M.Improving cooling tower chemistry control and cost savings through automation[D].Columbia:University South Carolina,2014.
[28] Al-BASSAM E,MAHESHWARI G P.A new scheme for cooling tower water conservation in arid-zone countries[J].Energy,2011,36(7):3985-3991.
[29] NAIK B K,MUTHUKUMAR P.A novel approach for performance assessment of mechanical draft wet cooling towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,121:14-26.
[30] SINGH K,DAS R.Simultaneous optimization of performance parameters and energy consumption in induced draft cooling towers[J].Chemical Engineering Research & Design,2017,123:1-13.
[31] 夏巧民.节水冷却塔与双效塑料溴化锂制冷机系统的实验研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.XIA Qiao-min.Experimental study of water-saving cooling tower and double-effect plastic li br absorption chiller[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011.
[32] 汪超.机械通风逆流盐水冷却塔节水性能的实验研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.WANG Chao.Experimental study of water conservation performance of mechanical draft counter flow saltwater cooling tower[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.
[33] ASKARI S,SEIFKORDI A,RASHIDI AM,et al.Novel approach for energy and water conservation in wet cooling towers by using MWNTs and nanoporous graphene nanofluids[J].Energy Conversion & Management,2016,109:10-18.
[34] ROBINSON CS.The design of cooling towers[J].Mechanical Engineering,1923,45(2):99-102.
[35] MERKEL F.Verdunstungskühlung[J].VDI-Verlag,1925,70:123-128.
[36] 谢迎春,杨友胜,徐震.自然通风海水冷却塔填料高度计算方法[J].热能动力工程,2013(6):633-637.XIE Ying-chun,YANG You-sheng,XU Zhen.Calculation Method of fill height in Natural Draft Seawater Cooling Tower[J].Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power,2013(6):633-637.
[37] 王奔,司风琪,刘海军.燃煤电厂300 MW机组循环水系统运行优化研究[J].热能动力工程,2017.32(11):78-85.WANG Ben,SI Feng-qi,LIU Hai-jun.Operation optimization of circulating water system for 300 MW unit of coal fired power plant[J].Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power,2017.32(11):78-85.
[38] POPPE M,ROGENER H.Berechnung von rückkühlwerken[J].VDI W?rmeatlas,pp.Mi,1991:1-15.
[39] JABER H,WEBB RL.Design of cooling towers by the effectiveness-NTU method[J].ASME Journal of Heat Transfer,1989,111 (4):837-843.
[40] KlOPPERS J C,KROGER D G.A critical investigation into the heat and mass transfer analysis of counter flow wet-cooling towers[J].International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer,2005,48(3/4):765-777.
[41] CZUBINSKI F,MANTELLI M B H,PASSOS J C.Condensation on downward-facing surfaces subjected to upstream flow of air–vapor mixture[J].Experimental Thermal & Fluid Science,2013,47:90-97.
[42] KESHTKAR M M.Performance analysis of a counter flow wet cooling tower and selection of optimum operative condition by MCDM-TOPSIS method[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,114:776-784.
[43] XIA L,GURGENCI H,LIU D,et al.CFD analysis of pre-cooling water spray system in natural draft dry cooling towers[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,105:1051-1060.