算法的权力和权力的算法
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摘要
算法时代的来临,使得算法在国家治理中发挥的功能愈发强大,正催生出一种新型的权力形态——算法权力。算法权力作为一种技术权力,包含算法本身的权力和附属于算法的数据的权力,其背后潜藏着资本的力量。算法权力在营造公共舆论、控制政策议程、主导政策执行和影响政策评估结果等方面对传统上由政府主导的国家治理秩序产生了很大的冲击,为人类有效规制国家权力提供了契机。同时,资本对算法技术的垄断及其在数据处理和应用上的技术优势,也正在助推资本对国家权力优势的形成。对此,一方面,我们需要通过精心设计权力的算法来规制算法的权力,从构建由政府主导的算法研发机构、建立由政府统计部门和大数据管理机构主导的国家大数据系统、实施透明化的算法运行机制和引入人工智能自我终结机制等方面来防范和化解算法权力运行的风险。另一方面,我们也要积极推动算法权力与政府权力从博弈走向融合,迎接智能治理时代的到来。
The advent of the era of algorithm makes the algorithm play a more powerful role in national governance,and is giving birth to a new type of power form-algorithm power.As a kind of technical power,algorithm power contains the power of the algorithm itself and the power of the data attached to the algorithm,which lurks the power of capital behind it.The algorithm power has a great impact on the traditional national governance order in the aspects of building public opinion,controlling policy agenda,leading policy implementation and influencing the result of policy evaluation,and the algorithm provides an opportunity for human beings to effectively regulate state power.At the same time,the monopoly of capital on algorithm technology and its advantages in data processing and application are also helping to promote the formation of the advantage of capital to state power.On one hand,we need to regulate the power of the algorithm through well-designed power algorithms,the establishment of government statistics departments and big data management agencies led by the social Big Data system,implement transparent algorithm operation mechanism and introduce artificial intelligence self-ending mechanism to prevent and resolve the risk of algorithm power operation.On the other hand,we should also actively promote the integration of algorithm power and government power from the game,to meet the arrival of the era of intelligent governance.
The advent of the era of algorithm makes the algorithm play a more powerful role in national governance,and is giving birth to a new type of power form-algorithm power.As a kind of technical power,algorithm power contains the power of the algorithm itself and the power of the data attached to the algorithm,which lurks the power of capital behind it.The algorithm power has a great impact on the traditional national governance order in the aspects of building public opinion,controlling policy agenda,leading policy implementation and influencing the result of policy evaluation,and the algorithm provides an opportunity for human beings to effectively regulate state power.At the same time,the monopoly of capital on algorithm technology and its advantages in data processing and application are also helping to promote the formation of the advantage of capital to state power.On one hand,we need to regulate the power of the algorithm through well-designed power algorithms,the establishment of government statistics departments and big data management agencies led by the social Big Data system,implement transparent algorithm operation mechanism and introduce artificial intelligence self-ending mechanism to prevent and resolve the risk of algorithm power operation.On the other hand,we should also actively promote the integration of algorithm power and government power from the game,to meet the arrival of the era of intelligent governance.
引文
[1]卢克·多梅尔.算法时代:新经济的新引擎[M].胡小锐,等译.北京:中信出版社,2016.
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[25]张康之,张桐.大数据中的思维与社会变革要求[J].理论探索,2015(5):5-14.
[26]吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学,2017(5):128-136.
[27] Latanya Sweeney.Discrimination in online ad delivery[J].Queue,2013(3):10.
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[31]杨雪冬.简论中国地方政府创新十个问题[J].公共管理学报,2008(1):16-26.
[32]何哲.构建平衡的国家治理观:破解国家治理的单一理论神话[J].探索,2019(2):67-75.
[33]刘永谋.技术治理、反治理与再治理:以智能治理为例[J].云南社会科学,2019(2):29-34.
[2]赵鸿宇.数据即权力?巨型企业或成“超级政府”[J].半月谈内部版,2018(10):52-53.
[3]袁曾.人工智能有限法律人格审视[J].东方法学,2017(5):50-57.
[4] Robert Sedgewick,Kevin Wayne.算法(第四版)[M].谢路云,译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2012.
[5]高奇琦,张鹏.论人工智能对未来法律的多方位挑战[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2018(1):86-96.
[6]徐恪.算法统治世界——智能经济的隐形秩序[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2017.
[7]陈振明.政府治理变革的技术基础——大数据与智能化时代的政府改革述评[J].行政论坛,2015(6):1-9.
[8]尼古拉·尼葛洛庞帝.数字化生存[M].胡泳,范海燕,译.北京:电子工业出版社,2017.
[9]郑戈.算法的法律与法律的算法[J].中国法律评论,2018(2):66-85.
[10]汝绪华.算法政治:风险、发生逻辑与治理[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018(6):27-38.
[11]张淑玲.破解黑箱:智媒时代的算法权力规制与透明实现机制[J].中国出版,2018(7):49-53.
[12]罗纳德·巴赫曼,吉多·肯珀等.大数据时代下半场——数据治理、驱动与变现[M].刘志则,等译.北京:北京联合出版公司,2017.
[13]克里斯托弗·斯坦纳.算法帝国[M].李筱莹,译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2017.
[14]托马斯·戴伊.理解公共政策(第十二版)[M].谢明,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.
[15]马长山.智能互联网时代的法律变革[J].法学研究,2018(4):20-38.
[16]何哲.人工智能时代的政府适应与转型[J].行政管理改革,2016(8):53-59.
[17]人民网.杭州联手阿里云开始用人工智能治理城市[EB/OL].(2016-10-13).http:∥zj.people.com.cn/n2/2016/1013/c370990-29138806.htm.
[18]汉斯·昆.世界伦理构想[M]周艺,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002.
[19]王小芳,王磊.“技术利维坦”:人工智能嵌入社会治理的潜在风险与政府应对[J].电子政务,2019(5):86-93.
[20] Mouzelis N P.Post-marxist alternatives:The construction of social orders[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,1999.
[21]陈鹏.智能时代的政府治理:风险防范和能力提升[J].宁夏社会科学,2019(1):74-78.
[22]黄时进.重塑空间:大数据对新城市社会学的空间转向再建构[J].安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2018(4):97-104.
[23]张琪.大数据管理局青岛两年前就有了[N].齐鲁晚报,2018-02-08.
[24]徐圣龙.大数据与民主实践的新范式[J].探索,2018(1):65-73.
[25]张康之,张桐.大数据中的思维与社会变革要求[J].理论探索,2015(5):5-14.
[26]吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学,2017(5):128-136.
[27] Latanya Sweeney.Discrimination in online ad delivery[J].Queue,2013(3):10.
[28]弗兰克·帕斯奎尔.黑箱社会——控制金钱和信息的数据法则[M].赵亚男,译.北京:电子工业出版社,2015.
[29]樊鹏.利维坦遭遇独角兽:新技术的政治影响[J].文化纵横,2018(4):134-141.
[30]韦强,赵书文.人工智能推动战争形态演变[J].军事文摘,2017(7):54-57.
[31]杨雪冬.简论中国地方政府创新十个问题[J].公共管理学报,2008(1):16-26.
[32]何哲.构建平衡的国家治理观:破解国家治理的单一理论神话[J].探索,2019(2):67-75.
[33]刘永谋.技术治理、反治理与再治理:以智能治理为例[J].云南社会科学,2019(2):29-34.