鲁西归来庄金矿田碲金元素地球化学过程研究
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摘要
归来庄金矿田是中国重要的富碲型金矿田之一,金矿体产于燕山早期中-碱性次火山杂岩中,以富含碲化合物为特征,由于其碲金成矿机理尚不明确,而受到广泛关注。文章以归来庄金矿田代表性矿石为研究对象,探索成矿过程中的碲金元素地球化学过程。通过二次飞行时间离子探针、电子探针及矿石微量稀土元素分析等多种研究手段,试图揭示成矿过程中碲元素参与成矿的主要地球化学行为。研究认为,Te在中、低温条件下易置换S,而使Te以类质同象的形式分散于硫化物晶格中,在高碲逸度的条件下,Te易与Au、Ag、Cu、Pb等元素形成碲化物而参与成矿,这是碲元素参与成矿的主要地球化学行为。
Guilaizhuang gold orefield is a very important gold orefield found in western Shandong. The deposits distributed in this orefield occur mainly in the Yanshanian meta-alkalescence volcanic complex and are characterized by rich tellurides. The Te-Au ore-forming mechanism is often ambiguous and raises wide concerns. This work chose Guilaizhuang gold orefield as the research object with a focus on an analysis of tellurides characteristics and Te-Au ore-forming mechanism. The geochemical behavior of tellurium elements was systematically studied in the process of mineralization by various means such as the time of flight-secondary ion probe, electron microprobe, and whole rock analysis of trace and rare earth elements. Researches show that under the condition of medium or low temperature, Te tends to replace S, and Te is dispersed in the sulfide crystal lattice in the form of isomorphism whereas under the condition of high Te fugacity, Te tends to form telluride with Au, Ag,Cu, Pb and takes part in mineralization. This seems to be the major geochemical behavior for Te element to participate in mineralization.
Guilaizhuang gold orefield is a very important gold orefield found in western Shandong. The deposits distributed in this orefield occur mainly in the Yanshanian meta-alkalescence volcanic complex and are characterized by rich tellurides. The Te-Au ore-forming mechanism is often ambiguous and raises wide concerns. This work chose Guilaizhuang gold orefield as the research object with a focus on an analysis of tellurides characteristics and Te-Au ore-forming mechanism. The geochemical behavior of tellurium elements was systematically studied in the process of mineralization by various means such as the time of flight-secondary ion probe, electron microprobe, and whole rock analysis of trace and rare earth elements. Researches show that under the condition of medium or low temperature, Te tends to replace S, and Te is dispersed in the sulfide crystal lattice in the form of isomorphism whereas under the condition of high Te fugacity, Te tends to form telluride with Au, Ag,Cu, Pb and takes part in mineralization. This seems to be the major geochemical behavior for Te element to participate in mineralization.
引文
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Bogdanov K,Filipov A and Kehayov R.2005.Au-Ag-Te-Se minerals in the Elatsite porphyry-copper deposit,Bulgaria[R].IGCP Project 486,2005 Field Workshop,13-19.
Bondarenko S,Grinchenko O and Semka V.2005.Au-Ag-Te-Se mineralization in the Potashnya gold deposit,Kocherov tectonic zone,Ukrainian Shield[R].IGCP Project 486,2005 Field Workshop,20-25.
Bowell R J.1992.Supergene gold mineralogy at Ashanti,Ghana:Implications for the supergene behaviour of gold[J].Mineralogical Magazine,56:545-560.
Cabral A R,Beaudoin G,Lehmann B and Galbiatti H F.2005.S/Se ratios in palladiferous gold coexisting with palladseite,Cauêiron ore deposit,Itabira district,Quadrilátero Ferrífero of Minas Gerais,Brazil,Bulgaria[R].IGCP Project 486,2005 Field Workshop,35-40.
Ciobanu C L,Cook N J and Spry P G.2006.Preface-special issue telluride and selenide minerals in gold deposits-how and why[J]?Mineralogy&Petrology,87:163-169.
Cui Y H,Qi S M,Peng M S and Shi B.1994.Mineral characteristics and modes of occurrence of gold in the Detiangou gold deposit,Beijing[J].Mineral Deposits,13(3):260-270(in Chinese with English abstract).
Fulignati P and Sbrana A.1998.Presence of native gold and tellurium in the active high-sulfidation hydrothemal system of the La Fossa volcano[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,86:187-198.
Harris D C,Sinclair W D and Thorpe R I.1983.Tellunde minerals from the Ashley deposit,Bannockburn Township,Ontario[J].The Canadian Mineralogist,21:137-143.
Hu H B,Mao J W,Liu D Y,Niu S Y,Wang T,Li Y F and Shi Y R.2004a.The SHRIMP U-Pb age of zircon from Tongshi magmatic complex in western Shandong and its geological implications[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(2):453-460(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu H B,Niu S Y,Mao J W,Sun A Q and Xu C S.2004b.Geological features and formation mechanism of the mofanggou telluriumgold deposit in Pinyi area,Western Shandong[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,25(5):523-528(in Chinese with English abstract).
Karpov I K,Kravtsova R G,Chudnenko K V and Artimenko M V.2000.A physicochemical model for the volcanic hydrothermal ore-forming system of epithermal gold-silver deposits,Northeastern Russia[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,69-70:323-325.
Klemd R,Oberthür T and Ouedraogo A.1997.Gold-telluride mineralisation in the Birimian at Diabatou,Burkina Faso:The role of CO2-N2fluids[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,24(3):227-239.
Kracek F C and Ksa C J.1966.Phase relations in the silver-tellurium system[J].American Mineralogist,51(1-2):14-28.
Liu J J,Yang L B,Zhai D G and Wu J.2013.Characteristics of some selenides and the physical-chemical condition of selenides and tellurides in the Jílovégold metallogenic concentration area,Czech Republic[J].Earth Science Frontiers,20(1):166-181(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao J W,Chen Y C,Wei J X,Yang B C and Guo F.1995.Some evidence on the source of substance in the Dashuigou tellurium deposit of Shimian county,Sichuang Province[J].Journal of Precious Metallic Geology,4(4):294-301(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao J W and Li Y Q.2001.Fluid in clusions of the Dongping gold telluride deposit in Hebei Porvince,China:Involvement of mantle fluid in metallogenesis[J].Mineral Deposits,20(1):23-36(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao J W,Li Y,Goldfarb R,He Y and Zaw K.2003.Fluid inclusion and noble gas studies of the Dongping gold deposit,Hebei Province,China:A mantle connection for mineralization[J]?Econ.Geol.,98(3):517-534.
Niu S Y,Hu H B,Mao J W,Sun A Q,Xu C S and Hou Q L.2004.Structure in western Shandong and its genetic mechanism[J].Geology in China,31(1):34-39(in Chinese with English abstract).
Niu S Y,Sun A Q,Li Y J,Wang B D,Hu H B,Mao J W and Li Y P.2009.Mantle branch structure in western Shandong and Its orecontrolling characteristics[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,83(5):628-641(in Chinese with English abstract).
Qian H D,Chen W,Huang J and Xie J D.2000.Mineralogical paragenetic relationships of Au-Ag tellurides in some gold deposits of China[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,6(2):220-224(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shikazono N,Nakata M,Shimizu M.1990,Geochemical,mineralogic and geologic characteristics of Se-and Te-bearing epithermal gold deposits in Japan[J].Mining Geology,40(5):337-352.
Simmons S F and Browne P R L.2000,Hydrothermal minerals and precious metals in the Broadlands-Ohaaki geothermal systerm:Implications for understanding low-sulfidation epithemal enviroments[J].Econ.Geol.,95(5):971-1000.
So C,Ducheko W Y,Yun S-T,Park M E.,Choi S G and Shelton K L.1995.Te-and Se-Bearing epthermal Au-Ag mineralization,Prasolovskoye,Kunasir island,Kuril island arc[J].Econ.Geol.,90:105-117.
Spry P G,Paredes M M,F,Foster F,Truckle J S and Chadwick TH.1996.Evidence for a genetic link between gold-silver telluride and porphyry molybdenum mineralization at the Golden Sunlight deposit,Whitehall,Montana:Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies[J].Econ.Geol.,91:507-526.
Spry P G and Scherbarth N L.2006.The gold-vanadium-tellurium association at the Tuvatu gold-silver prospect,Fiji conditions of ore deposition[J].Mineralogy and Petrology,87:171-186.
Wake B A and Taylor G R,Major’s Creek N S W.1988.Australia-ADevonian epithermal gold deposit[J].Mineralium Deposita,23:239-246.
Xie J D,Qian H D and Li Y H.2000.Geochemical characteristics of tellurium and minerogenic mechanism of the Guilaizhuang tellurium-type gold deposit,Shandong Province[J].Contributions To Geology and Mineral Resources Research,15(2):133-141(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F.2001.Ore-forming series and model of Tongshi gold field in Pingyi,Shandong Province[J].Shandong Geology,17(3-4):59-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F and Han Z Z.2008.Geology of micro-disseminated magnesium carbonate rock type gold deposit in the Tongshi area,western Shandong[J].Geology and Prospecting,44(4):39-44(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F.2009.Geological characteristics and discussion on gold depo-sit forming in Tongshi area of Shandong Province[J].Shandong Land and Resources,25(9):12-19(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F,Fang B M and Han Z Z.2009.Study on ore-forming series and mineralization of the Guilaizhuang gold field in western Shandong[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,83(1):56-63(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F.2010.Study on gold mineralization ore-forming rules and prospection direction of Guilaizhuang gold mine in Pingyi county in Shangdong Province[D].Supervisor:Han Z Z.Qingdao:Shandong University of Science and Technology(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F,Zhang T Z,Li D P,Wang H,Li Q P,Zhang S F and Liu P R.2018.The gold deposits in western Shandong[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.120-162(in Chinese).
Zhang L D.1994.Nanomaterials and nano-system physics--New areas for the 21st century[J].Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China,(3):46-49(in Chinese).
Zhang P H,Zhao Z H,Zhu J C,Zhang W L,Bao Z W and Zhang Y H.2002.Tellurides of gold and silver and their capacity of carrying gold in ores from the Dongping-type gold deposits,Hebei Province,China[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,22(4):321-328(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Z C and Li Z N.1994.A type of important gold deposit-tellurides[J].Journal of Precious Metallic Geology,3(1):59-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Z C and Li Z N.1997.Physicochemical conditions for the formation of tellurides-rich gold deposits as exemplified by the Shuiquangou gold ore field[J].Mineral Deposits,16(1):41-52(in Chinese with English abstract).
崔艳合,亓绍玫,彭明生,史彬.1994.北京市得田沟金矿床矿物特征和金的赋存状态[J].矿床地质,(3):260-270.
胡华斌,毛景文,刘敦一,牛树银,王涛,李永峰,石玉若.2004a.鲁西铜石岩体的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其地质意义[J].地学前缘,11(2):453-460.
胡华斌,牛树根,毛景文,孙爱群,许传诗.2004b.鲁西平邑地区磨坊沟碲金型金矿的地质特征及成因机制[J].地球学报,25(5):523-528.
刘家军,杨隆勃,翟德高,吴杰.2013.捷克Jílové金矿集区中硒矿物的特征与硒化物碲化物的形成物理化学条件[J].地学前缘,20(1):166-181.
毛景文,陈毓川,魏家秀,杨百川,郭锋.1995.四川省石棉县大水沟碲矿床成矿物质来源的一些证据[J].贵金属地质,4(4):294-301.
毛景文,李荫清.2001.河北省东坪碲化物金矿床流体包裹体研究:地幔流体与成矿关系[J].矿床地质,20(1):23-36.
牛树银,胡华斌,毛景文,孙爱群,许传诗,侯泉林.2004.鲁西地区地质构造特征及其形成机制[J].中国地质,31(1):34-39.
牛树银,孙爱群,李玉静,王宝德,胡华斌,毛景文,李英平.2009.鲁西幔枝构造及其控矿特征[J].地质学报,83(5):628-641.
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Bogdanov K,Filipov A and Kehayov R.2005.Au-Ag-Te-Se minerals in the Elatsite porphyry-copper deposit,Bulgaria[R].IGCP Project 486,2005 Field Workshop,13-19.
Bondarenko S,Grinchenko O and Semka V.2005.Au-Ag-Te-Se mineralization in the Potashnya gold deposit,Kocherov tectonic zone,Ukrainian Shield[R].IGCP Project 486,2005 Field Workshop,20-25.
Bowell R J.1992.Supergene gold mineralogy at Ashanti,Ghana:Implications for the supergene behaviour of gold[J].Mineralogical Magazine,56:545-560.
Cabral A R,Beaudoin G,Lehmann B and Galbiatti H F.2005.S/Se ratios in palladiferous gold coexisting with palladseite,Cauêiron ore deposit,Itabira district,Quadrilátero Ferrífero of Minas Gerais,Brazil,Bulgaria[R].IGCP Project 486,2005 Field Workshop,35-40.
Ciobanu C L,Cook N J and Spry P G.2006.Preface-special issue telluride and selenide minerals in gold deposits-how and why[J]?Mineralogy&Petrology,87:163-169.
Cui Y H,Qi S M,Peng M S and Shi B.1994.Mineral characteristics and modes of occurrence of gold in the Detiangou gold deposit,Beijing[J].Mineral Deposits,13(3):260-270(in Chinese with English abstract).
Fulignati P and Sbrana A.1998.Presence of native gold and tellurium in the active high-sulfidation hydrothemal system of the La Fossa volcano[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,86:187-198.
Harris D C,Sinclair W D and Thorpe R I.1983.Tellunde minerals from the Ashley deposit,Bannockburn Township,Ontario[J].The Canadian Mineralogist,21:137-143.
Hu H B,Mao J W,Liu D Y,Niu S Y,Wang T,Li Y F and Shi Y R.2004a.The SHRIMP U-Pb age of zircon from Tongshi magmatic complex in western Shandong and its geological implications[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(2):453-460(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu H B,Niu S Y,Mao J W,Sun A Q and Xu C S.2004b.Geological features and formation mechanism of the mofanggou telluriumgold deposit in Pinyi area,Western Shandong[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,25(5):523-528(in Chinese with English abstract).
Karpov I K,Kravtsova R G,Chudnenko K V and Artimenko M V.2000.A physicochemical model for the volcanic hydrothermal ore-forming system of epithermal gold-silver deposits,Northeastern Russia[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,69-70:323-325.
Klemd R,Oberthür T and Ouedraogo A.1997.Gold-telluride mineralisation in the Birimian at Diabatou,Burkina Faso:The role of CO2-N2fluids[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,24(3):227-239.
Kracek F C and Ksa C J.1966.Phase relations in the silver-tellurium system[J].American Mineralogist,51(1-2):14-28.
Liu J J,Yang L B,Zhai D G and Wu J.2013.Characteristics of some selenides and the physical-chemical condition of selenides and tellurides in the Jílovégold metallogenic concentration area,Czech Republic[J].Earth Science Frontiers,20(1):166-181(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao J W,Chen Y C,Wei J X,Yang B C and Guo F.1995.Some evidence on the source of substance in the Dashuigou tellurium deposit of Shimian county,Sichuang Province[J].Journal of Precious Metallic Geology,4(4):294-301(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao J W and Li Y Q.2001.Fluid in clusions of the Dongping gold telluride deposit in Hebei Porvince,China:Involvement of mantle fluid in metallogenesis[J].Mineral Deposits,20(1):23-36(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao J W,Li Y,Goldfarb R,He Y and Zaw K.2003.Fluid inclusion and noble gas studies of the Dongping gold deposit,Hebei Province,China:A mantle connection for mineralization[J]?Econ.Geol.,98(3):517-534.
Niu S Y,Hu H B,Mao J W,Sun A Q,Xu C S and Hou Q L.2004.Structure in western Shandong and its genetic mechanism[J].Geology in China,31(1):34-39(in Chinese with English abstract).
Niu S Y,Sun A Q,Li Y J,Wang B D,Hu H B,Mao J W and Li Y P.2009.Mantle branch structure in western Shandong and Its orecontrolling characteristics[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,83(5):628-641(in Chinese with English abstract).
Qian H D,Chen W,Huang J and Xie J D.2000.Mineralogical paragenetic relationships of Au-Ag tellurides in some gold deposits of China[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,6(2):220-224(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shikazono N,Nakata M,Shimizu M.1990,Geochemical,mineralogic and geologic characteristics of Se-and Te-bearing epithermal gold deposits in Japan[J].Mining Geology,40(5):337-352.
Simmons S F and Browne P R L.2000,Hydrothermal minerals and precious metals in the Broadlands-Ohaaki geothermal systerm:Implications for understanding low-sulfidation epithemal enviroments[J].Econ.Geol.,95(5):971-1000.
So C,Ducheko W Y,Yun S-T,Park M E.,Choi S G and Shelton K L.1995.Te-and Se-Bearing epthermal Au-Ag mineralization,Prasolovskoye,Kunasir island,Kuril island arc[J].Econ.Geol.,90:105-117.
Spry P G,Paredes M M,F,Foster F,Truckle J S and Chadwick TH.1996.Evidence for a genetic link between gold-silver telluride and porphyry molybdenum mineralization at the Golden Sunlight deposit,Whitehall,Montana:Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies[J].Econ.Geol.,91:507-526.
Spry P G and Scherbarth N L.2006.The gold-vanadium-tellurium association at the Tuvatu gold-silver prospect,Fiji conditions of ore deposition[J].Mineralogy and Petrology,87:171-186.
Wake B A and Taylor G R,Major’s Creek N S W.1988.Australia-ADevonian epithermal gold deposit[J].Mineralium Deposita,23:239-246.
Xie J D,Qian H D and Li Y H.2000.Geochemical characteristics of tellurium and minerogenic mechanism of the Guilaizhuang tellurium-type gold deposit,Shandong Province[J].Contributions To Geology and Mineral Resources Research,15(2):133-141(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F.2001.Ore-forming series and model of Tongshi gold field in Pingyi,Shandong Province[J].Shandong Geology,17(3-4):59-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F and Han Z Z.2008.Geology of micro-disseminated magnesium carbonate rock type gold deposit in the Tongshi area,western Shandong[J].Geology and Prospecting,44(4):39-44(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F.2009.Geological characteristics and discussion on gold depo-sit forming in Tongshi area of Shandong Province[J].Shandong Land and Resources,25(9):12-19(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F,Fang B M and Han Z Z.2009.Study on ore-forming series and mineralization of the Guilaizhuang gold field in western Shandong[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,83(1):56-63(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F.2010.Study on gold mineralization ore-forming rules and prospection direction of Guilaizhuang gold mine in Pingyi county in Shangdong Province[D].Supervisor:Han Z Z.Qingdao:Shandong University of Science and Technology(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu X F,Zhang T Z,Li D P,Wang H,Li Q P,Zhang S F and Liu P R.2018.The gold deposits in western Shandong[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.120-162(in Chinese).
Zhang L D.1994.Nanomaterials and nano-system physics--New areas for the 21st century[J].Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China,(3):46-49(in Chinese).
Zhang P H,Zhao Z H,Zhu J C,Zhang W L,Bao Z W and Zhang Y H.2002.Tellurides of gold and silver and their capacity of carrying gold in ores from the Dongping-type gold deposits,Hebei Province,China[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,22(4):321-328(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Z C and Li Z N.1994.A type of important gold deposit-tellurides[J].Journal of Precious Metallic Geology,3(1):59-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Z C and Li Z N.1997.Physicochemical conditions for the formation of tellurides-rich gold deposits as exemplified by the Shuiquangou gold ore field[J].Mineral Deposits,16(1):41-52(in Chinese with English abstract).
崔艳合,亓绍玫,彭明生,史彬.1994.北京市得田沟金矿床矿物特征和金的赋存状态[J].矿床地质,(3):260-270.
胡华斌,毛景文,刘敦一,牛树银,王涛,李永峰,石玉若.2004a.鲁西铜石岩体的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其地质意义[J].地学前缘,11(2):453-460.
胡华斌,牛树根,毛景文,孙爱群,许传诗.2004b.鲁西平邑地区磨坊沟碲金型金矿的地质特征及成因机制[J].地球学报,25(5):523-528.
刘家军,杨隆勃,翟德高,吴杰.2013.捷克Jílové金矿集区中硒矿物的特征与硒化物碲化物的形成物理化学条件[J].地学前缘,20(1):166-181.
毛景文,陈毓川,魏家秀,杨百川,郭锋.1995.四川省石棉县大水沟碲矿床成矿物质来源的一些证据[J].贵金属地质,4(4):294-301.
毛景文,李荫清.2001.河北省东坪碲化物金矿床流体包裹体研究:地幔流体与成矿关系[J].矿床地质,20(1):23-36.
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