世界卫生组织、欧盟和中国抗生素耐药性监测现状
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摘要
随着抗生素在人类和动物中的使用,抗生素耐药性已经成为一个危害健康的全球性问题。人类、动物和食品之间的活动,加强了耐药细菌及耐药基因的传播。本文综述了世界卫生组织、欧盟国家和我国近年来对来源于人医和兽医上的耐药细菌的监测现状。
Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem endangering human and animal health due to increasing antimicrobial usage. Interactions among humans, animals, and food promote the transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and genes. In this paper, we review the antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems of the World Health Organization(WHO), European Union(EU) and China.
Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem endangering human and animal health due to increasing antimicrobial usage. Interactions among humans, animals, and food promote the transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and genes. In this paper, we review the antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems of the World Health Organization(WHO), European Union(EU) and China.
引文
[1]李显志.抗生素耐药基因古老起源与现代进化及其警示[J].中国抗生素杂志,2013,38(2):81-89.
[2]WHO.Antimicrobial resistance:Global report on surveillance 2014[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/.
[3]WHO.Joint fao/who/oie expert meeting on critically important antimicrobials rome,italy,food and agriculture organization of the united nations/world organisation for animal health/world health organization[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/foodborne_disease/resources/Report%20joint%20CIA%20Meeting.pdf.
[4]EFSA.European centre for disease prevention and control(ecdc),european food safety authority(efsa),european drugs agency(emea),scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks(scenihr).Joint opinion on antimicrobial resistance(amr)focused on zoonotic infections[J].EFSA J,2009,7(11):1372.
[5]Nisi R,Brink N,Diaz F,et al.Antimicrobial use in animals:Analysis of the oie survey on monitoring of the quantities of antimicrobial agents used in animals.Paris,france,world organisation for animal health[EB/OL].http://www.oie.int/eng/A_AMR2013/Presentations/S2_4_Fran%C3%A7ois Diaz.pdf.
[6]FDA.Antimicrobials sold or distributed for use in food producing animals.Food and drug administration department of health and human services[EB/OL].http://www.fda.gov/downloads/For Industry/User Fees/Animal Drug User Fee Act ADUFA/UCM338170.pdf.
[7]EMA.Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 19 eu/eea countries in 2010.European drugs agency[EB/OL].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2012/10/WC500133532.pdf.
[8]Casey J A,Curriero F C,Cosgrove S E,et al.High-density livestock operations,crop field application of manure,and risk of community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection in pennsylvania[J].Jama Inter Med,2013,173(21):1980-1990.
[9]李显志.食源性细菌耐药性:抗生素使用与风险分析[J].中国抗生素杂志,2013,34(zl):114-121.
[10]李显志,张丽.细菌抗生素耐药性:耐药机制与控制策略[J].泸州医学院学报,2011,34(5):445-455.
[11]张苗苗.国内外兽用抗菌药耐药性管理研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2008.
[12]张苗苗.各国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理机构[J].中国畜牧兽医文摘,2014,30(7):5.
[13]EFSA.The european union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans,animals and food in 2011[J].EFSA J,2013,11(5):3196.
[14]WHO.World health day policy briefs.Geneva.World health organization[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/worldhealthday/2011/policybriefs/en/index.html.
[15]WHO.Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.Guidance from a who advisory group.Geneva,world health organization(who)[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/91778/1/9789241506311_eng.pdf.
[16]OIE.Terrestrial animal health code.Paris,world organisation for animal health[EB/OL].http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-code/.
[17]OIE.Aquatic animal health code.Paris,world organisation for animal health[EB/OL].http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/aquatic-code/.
[18]张苗苗,戴梦红,黄玲利,等.OIE抗菌药耐药性国际标准[J].中国兽药杂志,2012,46(6):57-61.
[19]Codex.Guidelines for risk analysis of foodborne antimicrobial resistance.Codex alimentarius:International food standards(cac/gl 77-2011),world health organization and food and agriculture organization of the united nations[EB/OL].http://www.codexalimentarius.org/download/standards/11776/CXG_077e.pdf.
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[21]张苗苗,戴梦红,黄玲利,等.美国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理[J].中国兽药杂志,2010,44(12):39-42.
[22]WHO.Critically important antimicrobials for human drug.Geneva,world health organization[EB/OL].http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77376/1/9789241504485_eng.pdf.
[23]OIE.Oie list of antimicrobial agents of veterinary importance.World organisation for animal health[EB/OL].http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_scientific_expertise/docs/pdf/OIE_list_antimicrobials.pdf.
[24]WHO.High-level technical meeting to address health risks at the human-animal-ecosystems interfaces.Mexico city,food and agriculture organization of the united nations/world organisation for animal health/world health organization[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/78100/1/9789241504676_eng.pdf.
[25]张苗苗,戴梦红,黄玲利,等.国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理[J].疾病防治,2010,37(6):188-191.
[26]ECDC/EFSA/EMA.Ecdc/efsa/ema first joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals[J].EFSA J,2015,13(1):4006.
[27]张苗苗,戴梦红,黄玲利,等.欧盟兽用抗菌药耐药性管理概述[J].中国兽药杂志,2013,47(2):38-42.
[28]EU.Decision no 2119/98/ec of the european parliament and of the council of 24 september 1998 setting up a network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases in the community[EB/OL].http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31998D2119.
[29]DANMAP.Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals,food and humans in denmark[EB/OL].http://www.danmap.org/Downloads/Reports.aspx.
[30]Moulin G,Cavalie P,Pellanne I,et al.A comparison of antimicrobial usage in human and veterinary medicine in france from 1999 to 2005[J].J Antimicrob Chemother,2008,62(3):617-625.
[31]Swedres-Svarm.Use of antimicrobials and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in sweden[EB/OL].http://www.sva.se/en/Antibiotika/SVARM-reports/.
[32]Wierup M,Lowenhielm C,Wold-Troell M,et al.Animal consumption of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs in sweden during 1980,1982 and 1984[J].Vet Res Commun,1987,11(5):397-405.
[33]CARSS.2014年全国细菌耐药监测报告[EB/OL].http://www.carss.cn/Sys/res/file/201512/20151220130152_4645_81ed026304834a5d81842924c78a1a9f_2014%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E8%80%90%E8%8D%AF%E7%9B%91%E6%B5%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A.pdf.
[34]CARSS.2015年全国细菌耐药监测报告[EB/OL].http://www.carss.cn/Sys/res/file/201512/20151220130134_7741_482f3b7ae95841998a37898e2ab2fa87_2015%E5%B9%B4%E7%9B%91%E6%B5%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A.pdf.
[35]陈霞,李娟,骆鹏杰,等.国内外食品源及动物源弯曲菌流行性及耐药性调查研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,(8):230-236.
[36]匡秀华.华中地区三种畜禽病原菌耐药和毒力的流行性及分子特征研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2015.
[37]马立才.典型肉鸡生产链中弯曲菌耐药性调查及风险评估研究[D].北京:中国农业大学图书馆,2014.
[38]王娟,黄秀梅,刘书科,等.不同动物源大肠埃希菌的耐药性监测分析[J].中国兽医杂志,2013,49(11):64-67.
[39]CIPARS.Canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance(CIPARS)2014 annual report[EB/OL].http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cipars-picra/2014/annureport-rapport-eng.php.
[2]WHO.Antimicrobial resistance:Global report on surveillance 2014[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/.
[3]WHO.Joint fao/who/oie expert meeting on critically important antimicrobials rome,italy,food and agriculture organization of the united nations/world organisation for animal health/world health organization[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/foodborne_disease/resources/Report%20joint%20CIA%20Meeting.pdf.
[4]EFSA.European centre for disease prevention and control(ecdc),european food safety authority(efsa),european drugs agency(emea),scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks(scenihr).Joint opinion on antimicrobial resistance(amr)focused on zoonotic infections[J].EFSA J,2009,7(11):1372.
[5]Nisi R,Brink N,Diaz F,et al.Antimicrobial use in animals:Analysis of the oie survey on monitoring of the quantities of antimicrobial agents used in animals.Paris,france,world organisation for animal health[EB/OL].http://www.oie.int/eng/A_AMR2013/Presentations/S2_4_Fran%C3%A7ois Diaz.pdf.
[6]FDA.Antimicrobials sold or distributed for use in food producing animals.Food and drug administration department of health and human services[EB/OL].http://www.fda.gov/downloads/For Industry/User Fees/Animal Drug User Fee Act ADUFA/UCM338170.pdf.
[7]EMA.Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 19 eu/eea countries in 2010.European drugs agency[EB/OL].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2012/10/WC500133532.pdf.
[8]Casey J A,Curriero F C,Cosgrove S E,et al.High-density livestock operations,crop field application of manure,and risk of community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection in pennsylvania[J].Jama Inter Med,2013,173(21):1980-1990.
[9]李显志.食源性细菌耐药性:抗生素使用与风险分析[J].中国抗生素杂志,2013,34(zl):114-121.
[10]李显志,张丽.细菌抗生素耐药性:耐药机制与控制策略[J].泸州医学院学报,2011,34(5):445-455.
[11]张苗苗.国内外兽用抗菌药耐药性管理研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2008.
[12]张苗苗.各国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理机构[J].中国畜牧兽医文摘,2014,30(7):5.
[13]EFSA.The european union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans,animals and food in 2011[J].EFSA J,2013,11(5):3196.
[14]WHO.World health day policy briefs.Geneva.World health organization[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/worldhealthday/2011/policybriefs/en/index.html.
[15]WHO.Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.Guidance from a who advisory group.Geneva,world health organization(who)[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/91778/1/9789241506311_eng.pdf.
[16]OIE.Terrestrial animal health code.Paris,world organisation for animal health[EB/OL].http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-code/.
[17]OIE.Aquatic animal health code.Paris,world organisation for animal health[EB/OL].http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/aquatic-code/.
[18]张苗苗,戴梦红,黄玲利,等.OIE抗菌药耐药性国际标准[J].中国兽药杂志,2012,46(6):57-61.
[19]Codex.Guidelines for risk analysis of foodborne antimicrobial resistance.Codex alimentarius:International food standards(cac/gl 77-2011),world health organization and food and agriculture organization of the united nations[EB/OL].http://www.codexalimentarius.org/download/standards/11776/CXG_077e.pdf.
[20]WHO.The who advisory group on integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance(who-agisar).World health organization[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/foodborne_disease/resistance/agisar/en/.
[21]张苗苗,戴梦红,黄玲利,等.美国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理[J].中国兽药杂志,2010,44(12):39-42.
[22]WHO.Critically important antimicrobials for human drug.Geneva,world health organization[EB/OL].http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77376/1/9789241504485_eng.pdf.
[23]OIE.Oie list of antimicrobial agents of veterinary importance.World organisation for animal health[EB/OL].http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_scientific_expertise/docs/pdf/OIE_list_antimicrobials.pdf.
[24]WHO.High-level technical meeting to address health risks at the human-animal-ecosystems interfaces.Mexico city,food and agriculture organization of the united nations/world organisation for animal health/world health organization[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/78100/1/9789241504676_eng.pdf.
[25]张苗苗,戴梦红,黄玲利,等.国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理[J].疾病防治,2010,37(6):188-191.
[26]ECDC/EFSA/EMA.Ecdc/efsa/ema first joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals[J].EFSA J,2015,13(1):4006.
[27]张苗苗,戴梦红,黄玲利,等.欧盟兽用抗菌药耐药性管理概述[J].中国兽药杂志,2013,47(2):38-42.
[28]EU.Decision no 2119/98/ec of the european parliament and of the council of 24 september 1998 setting up a network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases in the community[EB/OL].http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31998D2119.
[29]DANMAP.Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals,food and humans in denmark[EB/OL].http://www.danmap.org/Downloads/Reports.aspx.
[30]Moulin G,Cavalie P,Pellanne I,et al.A comparison of antimicrobial usage in human and veterinary medicine in france from 1999 to 2005[J].J Antimicrob Chemother,2008,62(3):617-625.
[31]Swedres-Svarm.Use of antimicrobials and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in sweden[EB/OL].http://www.sva.se/en/Antibiotika/SVARM-reports/.
[32]Wierup M,Lowenhielm C,Wold-Troell M,et al.Animal consumption of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs in sweden during 1980,1982 and 1984[J].Vet Res Commun,1987,11(5):397-405.
[33]CARSS.2014年全国细菌耐药监测报告[EB/OL].http://www.carss.cn/Sys/res/file/201512/20151220130152_4645_81ed026304834a5d81842924c78a1a9f_2014%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E8%80%90%E8%8D%AF%E7%9B%91%E6%B5%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A.pdf.
[34]CARSS.2015年全国细菌耐药监测报告[EB/OL].http://www.carss.cn/Sys/res/file/201512/20151220130134_7741_482f3b7ae95841998a37898e2ab2fa87_2015%E5%B9%B4%E7%9B%91%E6%B5%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A.pdf.
[35]陈霞,李娟,骆鹏杰,等.国内外食品源及动物源弯曲菌流行性及耐药性调查研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,(8):230-236.
[36]匡秀华.华中地区三种畜禽病原菌耐药和毒力的流行性及分子特征研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2015.
[37]马立才.典型肉鸡生产链中弯曲菌耐药性调查及风险评估研究[D].北京:中国农业大学图书馆,2014.
[38]王娟,黄秀梅,刘书科,等.不同动物源大肠埃希菌的耐药性监测分析[J].中国兽医杂志,2013,49(11):64-67.
[39]CIPARS.Canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance(CIPARS)2014 annual report[EB/OL].http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cipars-picra/2014/annureport-rapport-eng.php.