水泵水轮机甩负荷过程流动诱导噪声数值模拟
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摘要
为研究水泵水轮机甩负荷过程压力脉动特性及其流动诱导噪声,该文基于网格壁面滑行技术和DES湍流模型,对水泵水轮机发电工况下导叶关闭过程进行连续性模拟,并将流场叶片表面压力脉动信号作为声场流动诱导噪声计算声源,通过对压力脉动特性和流动诱导噪声分析得到:导叶进出口处2个无叶区内压力脉动主频位置均在叶频为斯特劳哈尔数等于0.051与1处,导叶出口处频谱值是进口处10倍之上,说明动动干涉对流态的影响强于动静干涉;当尾水管内出现2个反向旋壁涡带时,压力脉动最强烈且其幅值最大。声场分析结果表明外场噪声的主频由压力脉动主频与壳体固有频率综合决定,声压分布具有"∞"形式的指向形态,且各阶叶频处声压分布呈现出明显的对称性,说明叶片噪声辐射具有明显的偶极子特性;在一阶、二阶叶频处,导叶关闭前一半阶段,流量对于外场噪声辐射能力的影响表现为大流量工况下最强,小流量工况下最弱,导叶关闭后一半阶段正好相反。
The grid market is redistributed with significantly increase of the exploitation of unpredictable renewable energy, such as wind and solar energy sources, however, the ways of electricity generation by both wind and solar energy depend on environment which is extremely unstable. For the sake of balancing electricity generated by renewable energy, pumped storage power stations are experiencing a thriving process. As the core of pumped storage power station, the stable operation of the pump turbine is extremely important, especially for pump-turbine working at transient conditions. In order to study pressure fluctuating characteristics and its' influence on flow-induced noise, a continuous unsteady simulation was carried out in pump-turbine guide vane closing process under generating mode. In this article, wall sliding mesh was used to realize guide vane continuous motion, which ensured that the mesh quality at any moment was larger than 60% compared with the initial mesh quality, meanwhile, DES turbulent model was adopted in all calculations due to its good performance in many industrial cases. The whole pump-turbine model was meshed with structured mesh by commercial software ICEM, and five different mesh sizes were used in mesh sensitivity validation, with the size of 14 million selected finally. On the other hand, a test was performed by the team of Giorgio Pavesi to prove this model in open test facility in Padova University, the entire model validation was carried out according to ISO standards, and relative parameters were measured based on IEC standards. Commercial software ANYSYS CFX 16.2 was used to realize all simulating calculations with 8 computer cores, one month was taken to finish this calculation. The flow field calculating results were analyzed in frequency and time-frequency domains, including mass flow, pressure, and torque et al., in the meantime, the pressure on the surfaces of blades was regarded as flow-induced noise source to study sound field. The solution obtained from flow field illustrates that pressure fluctuating amplitudes at guide vane outlet is more than twice compared to the relative value at guide vane inlet location, the main reason is flow in the vaneless space that is close to runner is affected by rotor-rotor interaction. In addition, pressure pulsations at runner outlet arrive at peaks when two vortexes appear in draft tube with two different rotating directions. As for frequency domain characteristics, both strauhal number St=0.051 and St=1 are captured, whereas the spectrum of those pressure fluctuations that are close to guide vane outlet is 10 times of the relative value at guide vane inlet, which explains that rotor-rotor interaction has a stronger influence on flow field than rotor-stator interaction. Some rules are found by analyzing flow-induced noise in sound field, the analysis illustrates that flow-induced noise radiation level is related to both pressure fluctuating and shell natural frequency captured in exterior acoustic field, the shape of sound distribution is like "∞" and sound level distributions in different directions and faces are symmetrical, this explains that the blade noise radiation has obvious dipole characteristics. Furthermore, at the first and second-order blade passage frequencies, the effect of flow rate on the radiation performance of noise is stronger under larger flow conditions during guide vane closure, which becomes weaker under smaller flow conditions in the first half of the guide vane closure, as for the second half phase of guide vane closure, the results are exactly opposite to the previous phenomena. Moreover, flow-induced noise radiation is consistent with fluid characteristics during pump-turbine load rejection. Consequently, to improve pressure fluctuating characteristics can reduce flow-induced noise.
The grid market is redistributed with significantly increase of the exploitation of unpredictable renewable energy, such as wind and solar energy sources, however, the ways of electricity generation by both wind and solar energy depend on environment which is extremely unstable. For the sake of balancing electricity generated by renewable energy, pumped storage power stations are experiencing a thriving process. As the core of pumped storage power station, the stable operation of the pump turbine is extremely important, especially for pump-turbine working at transient conditions. In order to study pressure fluctuating characteristics and its' influence on flow-induced noise, a continuous unsteady simulation was carried out in pump-turbine guide vane closing process under generating mode. In this article, wall sliding mesh was used to realize guide vane continuous motion, which ensured that the mesh quality at any moment was larger than 60% compared with the initial mesh quality, meanwhile, DES turbulent model was adopted in all calculations due to its good performance in many industrial cases. The whole pump-turbine model was meshed with structured mesh by commercial software ICEM, and five different mesh sizes were used in mesh sensitivity validation, with the size of 14 million selected finally. On the other hand, a test was performed by the team of Giorgio Pavesi to prove this model in open test facility in Padova University, the entire model validation was carried out according to ISO standards, and relative parameters were measured based on IEC standards. Commercial software ANYSYS CFX 16.2 was used to realize all simulating calculations with 8 computer cores, one month was taken to finish this calculation. The flow field calculating results were analyzed in frequency and time-frequency domains, including mass flow, pressure, and torque et al., in the meantime, the pressure on the surfaces of blades was regarded as flow-induced noise source to study sound field. The solution obtained from flow field illustrates that pressure fluctuating amplitudes at guide vane outlet is more than twice compared to the relative value at guide vane inlet location, the main reason is flow in the vaneless space that is close to runner is affected by rotor-rotor interaction. In addition, pressure pulsations at runner outlet arrive at peaks when two vortexes appear in draft tube with two different rotating directions. As for frequency domain characteristics, both strauhal number St=0.051 and St=1 are captured, whereas the spectrum of those pressure fluctuations that are close to guide vane outlet is 10 times of the relative value at guide vane inlet, which explains that rotor-rotor interaction has a stronger influence on flow field than rotor-stator interaction. Some rules are found by analyzing flow-induced noise in sound field, the analysis illustrates that flow-induced noise radiation level is related to both pressure fluctuating and shell natural frequency captured in exterior acoustic field, the shape of sound distribution is like "∞" and sound level distributions in different directions and faces are symmetrical, this explains that the blade noise radiation has obvious dipole characteristics. Furthermore, at the first and second-order blade passage frequencies, the effect of flow rate on the radiation performance of noise is stronger under larger flow conditions during guide vane closure, which becomes weaker under smaller flow conditions in the first half of the guide vane closure, as for the second half phase of guide vane closure, the results are exactly opposite to the previous phenomena. Moreover, flow-induced noise radiation is consistent with fluid characteristics during pump-turbine load rejection. Consequently, to improve pressure fluctuating characteristics can reduce flow-induced noise.
引文
[1]李君,王磊,廖伟丽.可逆式水泵水轮机“S”形区域内部流场特性分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(15):106-113. LiJun,WangLei,LiaoWeili.Internalflowcharacteristics analysisonS-shapedregionofreversiblepump-turbine[J].TransactionsoftheChineseSocietyofAgricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2014, 30(15):106-113.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[4]LiuJ,LiuS,WuY,etal.Numericalinvestigationofthe hump characteristic of a pump–turbine based on an improved cavitation model[J]. Computers&Fluids, 2012, 68:105-111.
[5]Mao X, Monte A D, Benini E, et al. Numerical study on the internal flow field of a reversible turbine during continuous guide vane closing[J]. Energies, 2017, 10(7):988.
[6]Li D, Gong R, Wang H, et al. Analysis of vorticity dynamics for hump characteristics of a pump turbine model[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science&Technology, 2016, 30(8):3641-3650.
[7]Liu D M, Zheng J S, Wen G Z, et al. Numerical simulation on the “S” characteristics and pressure fluctuation of reduced pump-turbine at start-up condition[J]. 2012, 15(6):062034.
[8]HasmatuchiV,RothS,BoteroF,etal.High-speedflow visualizationinapump-turbineunderoff-designoperating conditions[C]//25thIAHRSymposiumonHydraulic Machinery and Systems, 2010:012059.
[9]Xiao Y X, Sun D G, Wang Z W, et al. Numerical analysis of unsteadyflowbehaviourandpressurepulsationinpump turbinewithmisalignedguidevanes[C]//26thIAHR SymposiumonHydraulicMachineryandSystems.2012,v15, n PART3.
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[11]KatoC,YoshimuraS,YamadeY,etal.Predictionofthe noise from a multi-stage centrifugal pump[C]//ASME 2005Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, 2005:1273-1280.
[12]JiangYY,YoshimuraS,ImaiR,etal.Quantitative evaluation offlow-induced structural vibrationand noisein turbomachinerybyfull-scaleweaklycoupledsimulation[J].Journal of Fluids&Structures, 2007, 23(4):531-544.
[13]Abbot P A, Walsh J, Halas R. Cavitation noise investigation of a pump-turbine[C]//Waterpower. ASCE, 2015:2031-2040.
[14]Yang J, Yuan S, Yuan J, et al. Numerical and experimental studyonflow-inducednoiseatblade-passingfrequencyin centrifugalpumps[J].ChineseJournalofMechanical Engineering, 2014, 27(3):606-614.
[15]袁寿其,薛菲,袁建平,等.离心泵压力脉动对流动噪声影响的试验研究[J].排灌机械,2009,27(5):287-290.YuanShouqi,XueFei,YuanJianping,etal.Experimental studyonimpactofpressurefluctuationonflow-noisein centrifugalpump[J].DrainageandIrrigationMachinery,2009, 27(5):287-290.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Opperwall T,Vacca A. A combined FEM/BEMmodeland experimentalinvestigationintotheeffectsoffluid-borne noise sources on the air-borne noise generated by hydraulic pumpsandmotors[J].ProceedingsoftheInstitutionof Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2014, 228(3):457-471.
[17]王宏光,徐小龙,杨爱玲,等.轴流泵流动噪声数值模拟[J].排灌机械工程学报,2011,29(3):199-203.WangHongguang,XuXiaolong,YangAiling,etal.Numericalsimulationofflownoiseinaxial-flowpump[J].Drainage and Irrigation Machinery, 2011, 29(3):199-203.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]郑源,陈宇杰,毛秀丽,等.混流泵压力脉动特性及其对流动诱导噪声的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(23):67-73.Zheng Yuan, Chen Yujie, Mao Xiuli, et al. Pressure pulsation characteristicsanditsimpactonflow-inducednoisein mixed-flow pump[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2015,31(23):67-73.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]司乔瑞.离心泵低噪声水力设计及动静干涉机理研究研究[D].镇江:江苏大学,2014.Si Qiaorui. Investigation on Hydraulic Design of Centrifugal PumpswithLowNoiseandMechanismofRotor-Stator Interaction[D].Zhenjiang:JiangsuUniversity,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]ZhaoX,XiaoY,WangZ,etal.Numericalanalysisof non-axisymmetricflowcharacteristicforapump-turbine impeller at pump off-design condition[J]. Renewable Energy,2018, 115:1075-1085.
[21]LiD,WangH,QinY,etal.Numericalsimulationof hysteresischaracteristicinthehumpregionofa pump-turbine model[J]. Renewable Energy, 2018, 115:433-447.
[22]Mao X, Giorgio P, Zheng Y. Francis-type reversible turbine fieldinvestigationduringfastclosureofwicketgates[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering, 2018, 140(6):061103.
[23]Spalart P R. Detached-eddy simulation[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2009, 41(1):181-202.
[24]Minakov A V, Engineer D V P, Litvinover I V, et al. Vortex ropes in draft tube of a laboratory Kaplan hydroturbine at low load:an experimental and LES scrutiny of RANS and DES computationalmodels[J].JournalofHydraulicResearch,2017(1):1-18.
[25]XuH,WrayT,AgarwalRK.ApplicationofanewDES modelbasedonwray-agarwalturbulencemodelfor simulationof wall-bounded flows with separation[C]//Aiaa Fluid Dynamics Conference, 2017.
[26]Hui S, Xiao R, Wang F, et al. Analysis of the pump-turbine S characteristics using the detached eddy simulation method[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 28(1):115-122.
[27]阳君,袁寿其,Pavesi Giorgio,等.水泵水轮机泵工况下近设计点驼峰现象的流动机理研究[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(24):170-178.Yang Jun, Yuan Shouqi, Pavesi Giorgio, et al. Study of hump instability phenomena in pump turbine at large partialflow conditionsonpumpmode[J].JournalofMechanical Engineering,2016,52(24):170-178.(inChinesewith English abstract)
[2]DeaneJP,GallachóirBPó,MckeoghEJ.Technoeconomic review of existing and new pumped hydro energy storage plant[J]. Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010, 14(4):1293-1302.
[3]Sun H, Xiao R, Liu W, et al. Analysis of S characteristics and pressure pulsations in a pump-turbine with misaligned guide vanes[J].JournalofFluidsEngineering,2013,135(5):511011.
[4]LiuJ,LiuS,WuY,etal.Numericalinvestigationofthe hump characteristic of a pump–turbine based on an improved cavitation model[J]. Computers&Fluids, 2012, 68:105-111.
[5]Mao X, Monte A D, Benini E, et al. Numerical study on the internal flow field of a reversible turbine during continuous guide vane closing[J]. Energies, 2017, 10(7):988.
[6]Li D, Gong R, Wang H, et al. Analysis of vorticity dynamics for hump characteristics of a pump turbine model[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science&Technology, 2016, 30(8):3641-3650.
[7]Liu D M, Zheng J S, Wen G Z, et al. Numerical simulation on the “S” characteristics and pressure fluctuation of reduced pump-turbine at start-up condition[J]. 2012, 15(6):062034.
[8]HasmatuchiV,RothS,BoteroF,etal.High-speedflow visualizationinapump-turbineunderoff-designoperating conditions[C]//25thIAHRSymposiumonHydraulic Machinery and Systems, 2010:012059.
[9]Xiao Y X, Sun D G, Wang Z W, et al. Numerical analysis of unsteadyflowbehaviourandpressurepulsationinpump turbinewithmisalignedguidevanes[C]//26thIAHR SymposiumonHydraulicMachineryandSystems.2012,v15, n PART3.
[10]KuetheA.Controlofnoiseandinstabilitiesinjetengines,compressors,turbines,heatexchangeandthelike:US3776363[P/OL].(1973-04-12)[2018-06-30].http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3776363.html.
[11]KatoC,YoshimuraS,YamadeY,etal.Predictionofthe noise from a multi-stage centrifugal pump[C]//ASME 2005Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, 2005:1273-1280.
[12]JiangYY,YoshimuraS,ImaiR,etal.Quantitative evaluation offlow-induced structural vibrationand noisein turbomachinerybyfull-scaleweaklycoupledsimulation[J].Journal of Fluids&Structures, 2007, 23(4):531-544.
[13]Abbot P A, Walsh J, Halas R. Cavitation noise investigation of a pump-turbine[C]//Waterpower. ASCE, 2015:2031-2040.
[14]Yang J, Yuan S, Yuan J, et al. Numerical and experimental studyonflow-inducednoiseatblade-passingfrequencyin centrifugalpumps[J].ChineseJournalofMechanical Engineering, 2014, 27(3):606-614.
[15]袁寿其,薛菲,袁建平,等.离心泵压力脉动对流动噪声影响的试验研究[J].排灌机械,2009,27(5):287-290.YuanShouqi,XueFei,YuanJianping,etal.Experimental studyonimpactofpressurefluctuationonflow-noisein centrifugalpump[J].DrainageandIrrigationMachinery,2009, 27(5):287-290.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Opperwall T,Vacca A. A combined FEM/BEMmodeland experimentalinvestigationintotheeffectsoffluid-borne noise sources on the air-borne noise generated by hydraulic pumpsandmotors[J].ProceedingsoftheInstitutionof Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2014, 228(3):457-471.
[17]王宏光,徐小龙,杨爱玲,等.轴流泵流动噪声数值模拟[J].排灌机械工程学报,2011,29(3):199-203.WangHongguang,XuXiaolong,YangAiling,etal.Numericalsimulationofflownoiseinaxial-flowpump[J].Drainage and Irrigation Machinery, 2011, 29(3):199-203.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]郑源,陈宇杰,毛秀丽,等.混流泵压力脉动特性及其对流动诱导噪声的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(23):67-73.Zheng Yuan, Chen Yujie, Mao Xiuli, et al. Pressure pulsation characteristicsanditsimpactonflow-inducednoisein mixed-flow pump[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2015,31(23):67-73.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]司乔瑞.离心泵低噪声水力设计及动静干涉机理研究研究[D].镇江:江苏大学,2014.Si Qiaorui. Investigation on Hydraulic Design of Centrifugal PumpswithLowNoiseandMechanismofRotor-Stator Interaction[D].Zhenjiang:JiangsuUniversity,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]ZhaoX,XiaoY,WangZ,etal.Numericalanalysisof non-axisymmetricflowcharacteristicforapump-turbine impeller at pump off-design condition[J]. Renewable Energy,2018, 115:1075-1085.
[21]LiD,WangH,QinY,etal.Numericalsimulationof hysteresischaracteristicinthehumpregionofa pump-turbine model[J]. Renewable Energy, 2018, 115:433-447.
[22]Mao X, Giorgio P, Zheng Y. Francis-type reversible turbine fieldinvestigationduringfastclosureofwicketgates[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering, 2018, 140(6):061103.
[23]Spalart P R. Detached-eddy simulation[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2009, 41(1):181-202.
[24]Minakov A V, Engineer D V P, Litvinover I V, et al. Vortex ropes in draft tube of a laboratory Kaplan hydroturbine at low load:an experimental and LES scrutiny of RANS and DES computationalmodels[J].JournalofHydraulicResearch,2017(1):1-18.
[25]XuH,WrayT,AgarwalRK.ApplicationofanewDES modelbasedonwray-agarwalturbulencemodelfor simulationof wall-bounded flows with separation[C]//Aiaa Fluid Dynamics Conference, 2017.
[26]Hui S, Xiao R, Wang F, et al. Analysis of the pump-turbine S characteristics using the detached eddy simulation method[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 28(1):115-122.
[27]阳君,袁寿其,Pavesi Giorgio,等.水泵水轮机泵工况下近设计点驼峰现象的流动机理研究[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(24):170-178.Yang Jun, Yuan Shouqi, Pavesi Giorgio, et al. Study of hump instability phenomena in pump turbine at large partialflow conditionsonpumpmode[J].JournalofMechanical Engineering,2016,52(24):170-178.(inChinesewith English abstract)