分布式新能源接入下的区块链共识机制研究
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摘要
随着分布式新能源电站装机规模和数量爆发性增长,为保证未来高比例新能源接入下电网的安全性、可靠性,应当构建一个分布式新能源信息互联平台,整合分散于各处的分布式新能源发用电数据。传统数据采集共享平台的运作模式存在信息数据易错漏、传输过程易受攻击、信息安全风险高等问题,对此,利用区块链技术去中心化、安全可信等突出特点,提出一种基于区块链共识机制的分布式新能源信息互联模式。在共识机制选择上,考虑到电网信息数据传输对传输速率、错误率等方面具有高要求,提出采用改进型RAFT(领导者选举)共识算法应用于电网信息互联场景,满足其在建链速度及性能方面的要求。首先,介绍了区块链技术原理及体系架构;然后,从算法复杂度、容错性、拜占庭问题等角度分析针对分布式新能源接入的区块链共识机制选择;最后,详细阐述了RAFT共识算法的运作模式,及针对电网"三站合一"建设所做的前瞻性算法优化,给出针对电网故障解列等状态下的应对措施。
With the sharp increase of installed scale and capacity of distributed new energy station, a distributed new energy information interconnection platform should be established to integrate power generation and consumption data to guarantee safety and reliability of power grid with the integration of a large portion of new energy in the future. The traditional data collection and sharing platform is characterized by data errors,transmission process vulnerability and high risk of information security. Therefore, the paper proposes a distributed new energy information interconnection mode based on blockchain consensus mechanism in view of decentralization, security and creditability of blockchain technology. Given strict requirements on transmission ratio and error rate of power grid information and data, the paper suggests the application of improved RAFT(replication and fault tolerance) consensus algorithm in grid information interconnection scenarios to meet the demand of linking rate and performance. Firstly, the paper introduces technical principle and system architecture of blockchain; secondly, it analyzes blockchain consensus mechanism selection in terms of algorithm complexity, fault tolerance and Byzantine fault tolerance; finally, it discusses operating mode of RAFT consensus algorithm and proactive algorithm optimization in view of "Three Stations Integration", and proposes countermeasures for grid faults like disintegration.
With the sharp increase of installed scale and capacity of distributed new energy station, a distributed new energy information interconnection platform should be established to integrate power generation and consumption data to guarantee safety and reliability of power grid with the integration of a large portion of new energy in the future. The traditional data collection and sharing platform is characterized by data errors,transmission process vulnerability and high risk of information security. Therefore, the paper proposes a distributed new energy information interconnection mode based on blockchain consensus mechanism in view of decentralization, security and creditability of blockchain technology. Given strict requirements on transmission ratio and error rate of power grid information and data, the paper suggests the application of improved RAFT(replication and fault tolerance) consensus algorithm in grid information interconnection scenarios to meet the demand of linking rate and performance. Firstly, the paper introduces technical principle and system architecture of blockchain; secondly, it analyzes blockchain consensus mechanism selection in terms of algorithm complexity, fault tolerance and Byzantine fault tolerance; finally, it discusses operating mode of RAFT consensus algorithm and proactive algorithm optimization in view of "Three Stations Integration", and proposes countermeasures for grid faults like disintegration.
引文
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[3]BEIKVERDI A,SONG J.Trend of centralization in bitcoin's distributed network[C]//2015 IEEE/ACIS 16th International Conference on Software Engineering,Artificial Intelligence,Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing(SNPD),June 1-3,2015.Takamatsu.New York,USA:IEEE,2015.
[4]CASTRO M,LISKOV B.Practical Byzantine fault tolerance[C]//Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation.[S.l.]:USENIX Association,1999:173-186.
[5]HOWARD H,SCHWARZKOPF M,MADHAVAPEDDYA,et al.Raft refloated[J].ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review,2015,49(1):12-21.
[6]袁勇,倪晓春,曾帅,等.区块链共识算法的发展现状与展望[J].自动化学报,2018,44(11):2011-2022.
[7]姜波,徐彧,贺金红,等.分布式微电网区块链技术系统研究[C]//2018电力行业信息化年会论文集.银川:[出版者不详],2018.
[8]刘肖飞.基于动态授权的拜占庭容错共识算法的区块链性能改进研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2017.
[9]袁勇,王飞跃.区块链技术发展现状与展望[J].自动化学报,2016,42(4):481-494.
[10]杨德昌,赵肖余,徐梓潇,等.区块链在能源互联网中应用现状分析和前景展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3664-3671.
[11]李彬,卢超,曹望璋,等.基于区块链技术的自动需求响应系统应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):31-42.
[12]BENTOV I,LEE C,MIZRAHI A,et al.Proof of Activity:Extending Bitcoin's Proof of Work via Proof of Stake[J].Acm Sigmetrics Performance Evaluation Review,2014,42(3):34-37.
[13]王晓光.区块链技术共识算法综述[J].信息与电脑(理论版),2017(9):72-74.
[14]VERONESE G S,CORREIA M,BESSANI A N,et al.Efficient Byzantine fault-tolerance[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers,2013,62(1):16-30.
[15]胡创,马文韬,王文杰,等.CC-Paxos:整合广域存储系统的一致性和可靠性[J].计算机工程与设计,2017,38(3):626-632.
[16]HOUY N.It Will Cost You Nothing to'Kill'a Proof-ofStake Crypto-Currency[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2014,34(2):1-4.
[17]吴斌,杨超,唐华.区块链技术在微电网中的应用初探[J].电力大数据,2018,21(6):17-22.
[18]王华勇,杨超.基于区块链技术的电力期货市场研究[J].电力大数据,2018,21(6):31-36.
[19]吕诗宁,颜拥,丁麒,等.能源互联网中的区块链应用:优势、场景与案例[J].浙江电力,2017,36(3):1-4.