北京市水资源生态安全与农业安全状态评价
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摘要
水资源安全与农业安全密切相关。北京市是一个水资源严重匮乏的城市,受水资源约束,农业规模不断缩小,却又突显了农业安全问题。运用"压力—状态—响应"模型,对北京市水资源生态安全和农业安全进行双重评价,结果表明:近十年来北京农业安全水平不断下降,水资源的生态安全水平则呈波动上升趋势;农业安全的压力和状态呈下降趋势,但农业安全的响应水平却稳中有升;水资源生态安全的压力与状态呈现同步波动起伏,而水资源生态安全的响应能力却总体上升。为提高北京市水资源的生态安全水平和农业安全水平,除严格控制人口增长和用水总量外,还要开源节流,加大对雨水的收集利用和污水处理再利用;落实严格的耕地保护制度;减少化肥、农药对水资源造成污染;加大对农业的投入,提高农业的综合生产能力;大力发展高效节水农业、生态农业和循环农业。
Water resources security is closely related to agricultural security. Beijing has serious water resources shortage, and under the restriction of water resources, the scale of agriculture is shrinking,highlighting the problem of agricultural security. Ecological security and agricultural security of water resources in Beijing were evaluated by a"pressure-state-response"model in this paper, and the results showed that the agricultural security level continued to decline over the past ten years, while the ecological security level of water resources showed a trend of rising with fluctuation; the pressure and state of agricultural security showed a downward trend, but the level of agricultural security response steadily increased; the pressure and state of ecological security of water resources had synchronous fluctuation, and the response ability of the ecological security of water resources overall increased. To improve the level of ecological security and agricultural security of water resources in Beijing, in addition to strict control of the total amount of population growth and water use, the reuse of sewage and the collection and utilization of rainwater should be enhanced. Some strategies were necessary including implementing strict farmland protection system,reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide pollution of water resources, increasing investment in agriculture and improving the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture, vigorously developing water-saving,ecological and circular agriculture.
Water resources security is closely related to agricultural security. Beijing has serious water resources shortage, and under the restriction of water resources, the scale of agriculture is shrinking,highlighting the problem of agricultural security. Ecological security and agricultural security of water resources in Beijing were evaluated by a"pressure-state-response"model in this paper, and the results showed that the agricultural security level continued to decline over the past ten years, while the ecological security level of water resources showed a trend of rising with fluctuation; the pressure and state of agricultural security showed a downward trend, but the level of agricultural security response steadily increased; the pressure and state of ecological security of water resources had synchronous fluctuation, and the response ability of the ecological security of water resources overall increased. To improve the level of ecological security and agricultural security of water resources in Beijing, in addition to strict control of the total amount of population growth and water use, the reuse of sewage and the collection and utilization of rainwater should be enhanced. Some strategies were necessary including implementing strict farmland protection system,reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide pollution of water resources, increasing investment in agriculture and improving the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture, vigorously developing water-saving,ecological and circular agriculture.
引文
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[14]靳春玲,贡力.基于PSR模型的城市水安全评价研究[J].安全与环境学报,2009,9(05):104-108.
[15]林栋,马晖玲,柳小妮.基于PSR模型的兰州都市农业生态安全动态评价[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(20):119-125.
[16]李中才,刘林德,孙玉峰,崔金荣.基于PSR方法的区域生态安全评价[J].生态学报,2010,30(23):6495-6503.
[17]杨志,赵冬至,林元烧.基于PSR模型的河口生态安全评价指标体系研究[J].海洋环境科学,2011,30(01):139-142.
[18] Juwana I, Muttil N, Perera B J C. Indicator-based water sustainability assessment—A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,438:357-371.
[19]蒋卫国,李京,李加洪,等.辽河三角洲湿地生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2005,(03):408-414.
[20]南颖,吉喆,冯恒栋,等.基于遥感和地理信息系统的图们江地区生态安全评价[J].生态学报,2013,(15):4790-4798.
[2]刘渝,张俊飚.中国水资源生态安全与粮食安全状态评价[J].资源科学,2010(12):2292-2297.
[3]张伟丽,阚燕.我国水资源短缺评价进展综述[J].吉林水利,2011(07):36-39.
[4]黄昌硕,耿雷华,王立群,等.中国水资源及水生态安全评价[J].人民黄河,2010,(03):14-16,140.
[5]解雪峰,吴涛,肖翠,等.基于PSR模型的东阳江流域生态安全评价[J].资源科学,2014(08):1702-1711.
[6]代稳,张美竹,秦趣,等.基于生态足迹模型的水资源生态安全评价研究[J].环境科学与技术,2013(12):228-233.
[7]许芳,刘殿国.中国农业安全度的生态学评估—基于熵权修正层次分析法的研究[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报,2008(02):53-56.
[8]宁学敏.基于DEA原理的中国农业产业安全度的评估与分析[J].生产力研究,2009(24):49-50,91.
[9]金赛美,曹秋菊.开放经济下我国农业安全度测算与对策研究[J].农业现代化研究,2011(03):320-323.
[10]肖文兴,马永军,张德容,等.湖南省农业产业安全评价—基于因子分析和模糊综合评价法[J].安徽农业科学,2016(30):202-206.
[11]董银果,梁根,尚慧琴.加入WTO以来中国农业产业安全分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报:社会科学版,2015(02):62-68.
[12] World Bank. Land Quality Indicators, World Bank Discussion Papers 315[R].Washington D C:The World Bank,1995.
[13]彭建,吴健生,潘雅婧,韩忆楠.基于PSR模型的区域生态持续性评价概念框架[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(07):933-940.
[14]靳春玲,贡力.基于PSR模型的城市水安全评价研究[J].安全与环境学报,2009,9(05):104-108.
[15]林栋,马晖玲,柳小妮.基于PSR模型的兰州都市农业生态安全动态评价[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(20):119-125.
[16]李中才,刘林德,孙玉峰,崔金荣.基于PSR方法的区域生态安全评价[J].生态学报,2010,30(23):6495-6503.
[17]杨志,赵冬至,林元烧.基于PSR模型的河口生态安全评价指标体系研究[J].海洋环境科学,2011,30(01):139-142.
[18] Juwana I, Muttil N, Perera B J C. Indicator-based water sustainability assessment—A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,438:357-371.
[19]蒋卫国,李京,李加洪,等.辽河三角洲湿地生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2005,(03):408-414.
[20]南颖,吉喆,冯恒栋,等.基于遥感和地理信息系统的图们江地区生态安全评价[J].生态学报,2013,(15):4790-4798.