农村家庭特征对收入贫困标准的影响——基于主观贫困的研究视角
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摘要
采用主观贫困估算的方法将农村主观贫困标准与现有农村贫困标准进行比较后发现,农村家庭的主观贫困标准高于国家贫困标准,少数民族家庭的主观贫困标准低于汉族家庭;东部地区估算得到的家庭主观贫困标准最高,中部其次,西部最低;这也与三类地区的家庭人均纯收入及经济发展水平相一致。回归估算的家庭结构显示,农村家庭内资源和收入分配并非均等化。通过主观贫困标准的研究进而全面考虑贫困家庭内部的资源和收入分配情况,不仅是我国决胜全面建成小康社会后防止返贫,进一步巩固脱贫成效需要关注的重要方面,也是农村低保和贫困标准两项制度进一步有效衔接或合二为一的现实要求。
Using subjective poverty estimation method, this paper makes a comparison between subjective poverty standard in rural areas and the current rural poverty standard. The findings show that 1) the subjective poverty standard of rural families is higher than national poverty standard, and the subjective poverty standard of ethnic families is lower than Han families; 2) the estimated family subjective poverty standard is the highest in the Eastern region, lower in the central region, and the lowest in the Western region; and 3) this estimation is consistent with per capita net income of households and economic development level of the three regions. Family structure of regression estimation shows that the distribution of resources and income in rural families is not equal. Making studies of the subjective poverty standard can promote an overall consideration of the distribution of resources and income of poor families, this is not only an important issue to be concerned about in continuously and effectively implementing targeted poverty reduction and alleviation after China achieves the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, but also a realistic demand for further connecting or integrating into one the two systems of rural minimal social security policy and poverty standard.
Using subjective poverty estimation method, this paper makes a comparison between subjective poverty standard in rural areas and the current rural poverty standard. The findings show that 1) the subjective poverty standard of rural families is higher than national poverty standard, and the subjective poverty standard of ethnic families is lower than Han families; 2) the estimated family subjective poverty standard is the highest in the Eastern region, lower in the central region, and the lowest in the Western region; and 3) this estimation is consistent with per capita net income of households and economic development level of the three regions. Family structure of regression estimation shows that the distribution of resources and income in rural families is not equal. Making studies of the subjective poverty standard can promote an overall consideration of the distribution of resources and income of poor families, this is not only an important issue to be concerned about in continuously and effectively implementing targeted poverty reduction and alleviation after China achieves the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, but also a realistic demand for further connecting or integrating into one the two systems of rural minimal social security policy and poverty standard.
引文
[1] G.NOTTON. How poverty indicators confound poverty reduction evaluations: the targeting performance of income transfers in Europe [J]. Social Indicators Research, 2016,127: 1039-1056
[2] HAGENAARS, A J M, DE VOS K. The definition and measurement of poverty[J]. Journal of Human Resources, 23, 21 1-221, 1988.
[3] VAN PRAAG B M S.Individual welfare functions and consumer behavior[M].North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1968.
[4] GOEDHART TH, HALBERSTADT V, KAPTEYN A, VAN PRAAG B M S. The poverty line: concept and measurement[J]. The Journal of Human Resources, 1977,12:503-520.
[5] MACK J, LANSLEY S. Poor Britain[M].London:George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
[6] The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 1998:1135.
[7] 左停,杨雨鑫.重塑贫困认知:主观贫困研究框架及其对当前中国反贫困的启示[J].贵州社会科学,2013(9).
[8] PAHL J.The allocation of money and the structuring of inequality within marriage [J]. Sociological Review, 1983, 31:237-262. PAHL J. Money and marriage [M]. London: Macmillan, 1989.
[9] HOTCHKISS J L.Do husbands and wives pool their resources? Further evidence [J]. Journal of Human Resources, 2005. 40:519 - 531.
[10] HIMMELWEIT S, SANTOS C, SEVILLA- SANZ A,&SOFER C.Sharing of resources within the family and the economics of household decision making [J]. Journal of Marriage and Family,2013,75:629 - 639.
[11] BOROOAH V K, P M MCKEE. Intra-household income transfers and implications for poverty and inequality in the UK [C]//J Creedy (ed.), Ta.vation, Povertj～a rtd the Distribution of hcotne, Edward Elgar, London, 1993.
[12] PHIPPS S A, P S BURTON.Sharing within families: implications for the measurement of poverty among individuals in Canada[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics, 1995,28:177-204.
[13] FINDLAY J, R WRIGHT. Gender, poverty and the intra-household distribution of resources [J]. Review of Income and Wealth,1996, 42: 331-51.
[14] LARS OSBERG.The hunger of old women in rural Tanzania: can subjective data improve poverty measurement? [J]. Review of Income and Wealth, 2015, 61(4):723-738,
[15] BJORN GUSTAFSSON, LI SHI, HIROSHI SATO.Can a subjective poverty line be applied to China? Assessing poverty among urban residents in 1999 [J]. Journal of International Development , 2004 Dev.16:1089-1107.
[16] JOHN A BISHOP,FEIJUN LUO, XI PAN.Economic transition and subjective poverty in urban China[J]. Review of Income and Wealth, 2006,52(4):625-641.
[17] 郭君平,张斌,吴国宝.宗教信仰、宗教参与影响农民主观贫困和福利吗?——来自全国5省1000个农户调查的证据[J].经济与管理评论,2016(3):14-24.
[18] GARNER T, KH SHORT. Personal assessments of minimum income and expense: what do they tell us about ‘minimum living’ thresholds and equivalence scales? [M]//Inequality, Welfare and Poverty: Theory and Measurement, Research on Economic Inequality, Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science, 2003,9: 191-243.
[19] GOEDHART, THEO, VICTOR HALBERSTADT, ARIE KAPTEYN, BERNARD VAN PRAAG.The poverty line: concept and measurement [J]. The Journal of Human Resources, 1977,12(4):503-520.
[20] GARNER THESIA, KATHLEEN SHORT. Personal assessments of minimum income and expenses: what do they tell us about ‘minimum living’ thresholds and equivalence scales [C]// Inequality, Welfare and Poverty: Theory and Measurement, Research on Economic Inequality, 2003,10:191-244.
[21] 李培林,魏后凯主编.中国扶贫开发报告(2016)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016:51.
[22] TIM GOEDEME, STIJN ROTTIERS.Poverty in the enlarged European Union: a discussion about definitions and reference groups [J]. Sociology Compass 5/1 (2011): 77-91.
① 《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011-2020年)》提出:到2020年稳定实现扶贫对象不愁吃、不愁穿,保障其义务教育、基本医疗和住房。
② 摘自《宁夏永宁县扶贫开发建档立卡工作方案》。
(1)CHES数据是由中央民族大学经济学院与中国社科院民族学与人类学研究所民族经济研究室共同于2012年完成。
(2)CHES数据中对口粮价格的计算是根据当年小麦和水稻粮食收购价和实际消费价格的平均值为标准计算得到的。
(3)2012年全国农村居民消费指数(CPI)为102.5,2013年全国农村居民消费指数(CPI)为102.8。
(4)来自《中国统计摘要2014年》。
(5)CHES课题组对少数民族家庭的定义是:家庭成员中三分之一及以上是少数民族的家庭。
(6)3146元为表3中CHES数据三类主观贫困标准的平均值;4226元是表3中CHIP数据三类主观贫困标准的平均值。
(7)根据国家统计局公布的农村消费价格指数计算得到。
(8)该值是表4中三类主观贫困标准的均值。
[2] HAGENAARS, A J M, DE VOS K. The definition and measurement of poverty[J]. Journal of Human Resources, 23, 21 1-221, 1988.
[3] VAN PRAAG B M S.Individual welfare functions and consumer behavior[M].North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1968.
[4] GOEDHART TH, HALBERSTADT V, KAPTEYN A, VAN PRAAG B M S. The poverty line: concept and measurement[J]. The Journal of Human Resources, 1977,12:503-520.
[5] MACK J, LANSLEY S. Poor Britain[M].London:George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
[6] The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 1998:1135.
[7] 左停,杨雨鑫.重塑贫困认知:主观贫困研究框架及其对当前中国反贫困的启示[J].贵州社会科学,2013(9).
[8] PAHL J.The allocation of money and the structuring of inequality within marriage [J]. Sociological Review, 1983, 31:237-262. PAHL J. Money and marriage [M]. London: Macmillan, 1989.
[9] HOTCHKISS J L.Do husbands and wives pool their resources? Further evidence [J]. Journal of Human Resources, 2005. 40:519 - 531.
[10] HIMMELWEIT S, SANTOS C, SEVILLA- SANZ A,&SOFER C.Sharing of resources within the family and the economics of household decision making [J]. Journal of Marriage and Family,2013,75:629 - 639.
[11] BOROOAH V K, P M MCKEE. Intra-household income transfers and implications for poverty and inequality in the UK [C]//J Creedy (ed.), Ta.vation, Povertj～a rtd the Distribution of hcotne, Edward Elgar, London, 1993.
[12] PHIPPS S A, P S BURTON.Sharing within families: implications for the measurement of poverty among individuals in Canada[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics, 1995,28:177-204.
[13] FINDLAY J, R WRIGHT. Gender, poverty and the intra-household distribution of resources [J]. Review of Income and Wealth,1996, 42: 331-51.
[14] LARS OSBERG.The hunger of old women in rural Tanzania: can subjective data improve poverty measurement? [J]. Review of Income and Wealth, 2015, 61(4):723-738,
[15] BJORN GUSTAFSSON, LI SHI, HIROSHI SATO.Can a subjective poverty line be applied to China? Assessing poverty among urban residents in 1999 [J]. Journal of International Development , 2004 Dev.16:1089-1107.
[16] JOHN A BISHOP,FEIJUN LUO, XI PAN.Economic transition and subjective poverty in urban China[J]. Review of Income and Wealth, 2006,52(4):625-641.
[17] 郭君平,张斌,吴国宝.宗教信仰、宗教参与影响农民主观贫困和福利吗?——来自全国5省1000个农户调查的证据[J].经济与管理评论,2016(3):14-24.
[18] GARNER T, KH SHORT. Personal assessments of minimum income and expense: what do they tell us about ‘minimum living’ thresholds and equivalence scales? [M]//Inequality, Welfare and Poverty: Theory and Measurement, Research on Economic Inequality, Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science, 2003,9: 191-243.
[19] GOEDHART, THEO, VICTOR HALBERSTADT, ARIE KAPTEYN, BERNARD VAN PRAAG.The poverty line: concept and measurement [J]. The Journal of Human Resources, 1977,12(4):503-520.
[20] GARNER THESIA, KATHLEEN SHORT. Personal assessments of minimum income and expenses: what do they tell us about ‘minimum living’ thresholds and equivalence scales [C]// Inequality, Welfare and Poverty: Theory and Measurement, Research on Economic Inequality, 2003,10:191-244.
[21] 李培林,魏后凯主编.中国扶贫开发报告(2016)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016:51.
[22] TIM GOEDEME, STIJN ROTTIERS.Poverty in the enlarged European Union: a discussion about definitions and reference groups [J]. Sociology Compass 5/1 (2011): 77-91.
① 《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011-2020年)》提出:到2020年稳定实现扶贫对象不愁吃、不愁穿,保障其义务教育、基本医疗和住房。
② 摘自《宁夏永宁县扶贫开发建档立卡工作方案》。
(1)CHES数据是由中央民族大学经济学院与中国社科院民族学与人类学研究所民族经济研究室共同于2012年完成。
(2)CHES数据中对口粮价格的计算是根据当年小麦和水稻粮食收购价和实际消费价格的平均值为标准计算得到的。
(3)2012年全国农村居民消费指数(CPI)为102.5,2013年全国农村居民消费指数(CPI)为102.8。
(4)来自《中国统计摘要2014年》。
(5)CHES课题组对少数民族家庭的定义是:家庭成员中三分之一及以上是少数民族的家庭。
(6)3146元为表3中CHES数据三类主观贫困标准的平均值;4226元是表3中CHIP数据三类主观贫困标准的平均值。
(7)根据国家统计局公布的农村消费价格指数计算得到。
(8)该值是表4中三类主观贫困标准的均值。