基于物质量评估的贵州南部地区生态系统服务及其县域差异比较
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摘要
以贵州南部地区为例,对涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、保育土壤和生物多样性保护5个功能类别共14项指标的生态系统服务物质量进行了区域尺度和县域尺度上的估算。结果表明:(1)贵州南部地区林草生态系统年调节水量145.41×10~8m~3,年固碳量和年释氧量分别为819.96×10~4t和1 538.48×10~4t,年提供负离子达2.32×10~(25)个,年吸收二氧化硫(SO_2)、氟化物(F)、氮氧化物(NO_X)分别达到58.07×10~4t、1.29×10~4t和7.76×10~4t,年滞尘量1.04×10~8t,年固土总量9.07×10~8t,年保育N、P、K以及有机质量分别为184.81×10~4t、59.26×10~4t、1 138.80×10~4t以及4 045.85×1~04t,平均生物多样性综合评价指数为54.87;(2)各类生态系统服务物质量均表现出明显的空间分布趋势,整体表现为东高西低,南高北低;(3)县域尺度上,黎平县、榕江县、从江县和望谟县提供的生态系统服务物质量最多,普定县、三穗县、长顺县和丹寨县则最少;就生态系统服务供给能力而言,雷山县、望谟县、榕江县和从江县最强,兴仁县、普定县、长顺县和贞丰县则最弱。
Quantitative assessment for ecosystem services(ES) is perceived as the basis of decision-making to optimize the allocation of regional environmental resources and to formulate eco-compensation policies.Using physical assessment method(PAM) to estimate regional ES could surmount the limitation of traditional valuation method which was effected deeply by price factor and incapable of reflecting the dynamic characteristic of ES.In addition,exploring the variation of ES at county scale is important to reveal spatial inequality of regional eco-resources,therefore to optimize ecosystem spatial structure and harmonize regional economic development.Based on the PAM,this paper estimated the physical quantity of main ES within southern Guizhou Region,which was specialized into fourteen indices of five categories consist of water conservation,carbon fixation and oxygen release,atmosphere environmental purification,soil conservation and biodiversity protection,at both regional and county scale.Plenty of methods including the rainfall storage capacity method,revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE),and biodiversity composite assessment index method were employed.The results indicated that the forest and grassland ecosystem in Southern Guizhou regulates water1.45×10~(10) m~3/a,fixes carbon 8.20×10~6 t/a,releases oxygen 1.54×10~7 t/a,supplies negative-ions 2.32×10~(25)/a while absorbing of sulfur dioxide(SO_2),Fluoride(F),Nitrous oxides(NOX) and dust 5.81×10~5 t,1.29×10~4 t,7.76×10~4 t and 1.04 × 10~8 t per year,respectively.The soil conservation approaches 9.07 × 10~8 t/a,reducing loss of N,P,K and organic matter 1.85×10~6 t,5.93×10~5 t,1.14×10~7 t and 4.05×10~7 t per year,respectively.The average biodiversity composite assessment index reaches 54.87.It presented a pattern of high in east and south,low in west and north as a whole in the spatial distribution of physical quantity at each categories of ES.At county scale,Liping,Rongjiang,Congjiang and Wangmo were estimated to have provisioned the most physical quantity of ES,while Puding,Sansui,Changshun and Danzhai being the less ones.In terms of the capacity of provisioning ES,the strongest counties were Leishan,Wangmo,Rongjiang and Congjiang,and the weakest ones were Xingren,Puding,Changshun and Zhenfeng.
Quantitative assessment for ecosystem services(ES) is perceived as the basis of decision-making to optimize the allocation of regional environmental resources and to formulate eco-compensation policies.Using physical assessment method(PAM) to estimate regional ES could surmount the limitation of traditional valuation method which was effected deeply by price factor and incapable of reflecting the dynamic characteristic of ES.In addition,exploring the variation of ES at county scale is important to reveal spatial inequality of regional eco-resources,therefore to optimize ecosystem spatial structure and harmonize regional economic development.Based on the PAM,this paper estimated the physical quantity of main ES within southern Guizhou Region,which was specialized into fourteen indices of five categories consist of water conservation,carbon fixation and oxygen release,atmosphere environmental purification,soil conservation and biodiversity protection,at both regional and county scale.Plenty of methods including the rainfall storage capacity method,revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE),and biodiversity composite assessment index method were employed.The results indicated that the forest and grassland ecosystem in Southern Guizhou regulates water1.45×10~(10) m~3/a,fixes carbon 8.20×10~6 t/a,releases oxygen 1.54×10~7 t/a,supplies negative-ions 2.32×10~(25)/a while absorbing of sulfur dioxide(SO_2),Fluoride(F),Nitrous oxides(NOX) and dust 5.81×10~5 t,1.29×10~4 t,7.76×10~4 t and 1.04 × 10~8 t per year,respectively.The soil conservation approaches 9.07 × 10~8 t/a,reducing loss of N,P,K and organic matter 1.85×10~6 t,5.93×10~5 t,1.14×10~7 t and 4.05×10~7 t per year,respectively.The average biodiversity composite assessment index reaches 54.87.It presented a pattern of high in east and south,low in west and north as a whole in the spatial distribution of physical quantity at each categories of ES.At county scale,Liping,Rongjiang,Congjiang and Wangmo were estimated to have provisioned the most physical quantity of ES,while Puding,Sansui,Changshun and Danzhai being the less ones.In terms of the capacity of provisioning ES,the strongest counties were Leishan,Wangmo,Rongjiang and Congjiang,and the weakest ones were Xingren,Puding,Changshun and Zhenfeng.
引文
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(1)该名录于1993年4月19日经贵州省人民政府批准。
[2]Daily G C.Nature's Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[M].Washington,DC:Island Press,1997.
[3]Farber S,Costanza R,Childers D L et al.Linking ecology and economics for ecosystem management[J].Bioscience,2006,56(2):121-133.
[4]赵景柱,肖寒,吴刚.生态系统服务的物质量与价值量评价方法的比较分析[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):290-292.[Zhao Jingzhu,Xiao Han,Wu Gang.Comparison analysis on physical and value assessment methods for ecosystems services.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(2):290-292.]
[5]Costanza R,D'Arge R,de Groot R et al.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Ecological Economics,1998,25(1):3-15.
[6]欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,等.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究[J].生态学报,2013,33(21):6747-6761.[Ouyang Zhiyun,Zhu Chunquan,Yang Guangbin et al.Gross ecosystem product:concept,accounting framework and case study.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(21):6747-6761.]
[7]Carpenter S R,Mooney H A,Agard J et al.Science for managing ecosystem services:Beyond the millennium ecosystem assessment[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(5):1305-1312.
[8]张丽君,秦耀辰,张金萍,等.基于EMA-MFA核算的县域绿色GDP及空间分异——以河南省为例[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(3):504-516.[Zhang Lijun,Qin Yaochen,Zhang Jinping et al.County green GDP accounting based on EMA-MFA method and its spatial differentiation:A case of Henan Province.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(3):504-516.]
[9]Odum H T,Odum E P.The energetic basis for valuation of ecosystem services[J].Ecosystems,2000,3(1):21-23.
[10]李双成,刘金龙,张才玉,等.生态系统服务研究动态及地理学研究范式[J].地理学报,2011,66(12):1618-1630.[Li Shuangcheng,Liu Jinlong,Zhang Caiyu et al.The research trends of ecosystem services and the paradigm in geography.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(12):1618-1630.]
[11]Comim F,Kumar P,Sirven N.Poverty and environment links:An illustration from Africa[J].Journal of International Development,2009,21(3):447-469.
[12]Shackleton C,Shackleton S,Gambiza J et al.Links between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation:Situation analysis for arid and semi-arid lands in southern Africa[R].London,UK:CEPSA,2008.
[13]Andersson E,Barthel S,Ahrne K.Measuring social-ecological dynamics behind the generation of ecosystem services[J].Ecological Applications,2007,17(5):1267-1278.
[14]Ayanu Y Z,Conrad C,Nauss T et al.Quantifying and mapping ecosystem services supplies and demands:A review of remote sensing applications[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(16):8529-8541.
[15]Boyd J,Banzhaf S.What are ecosystem services?The need for standardized environmental accounting units[J].Ecological Economics,2007,63(2-3):616-626.
[16]李琰,李双成,高阳,等.连接多层次人类福祉的生态系统服务分类框架[J].地理学报,2013,68(8):1038-1047.[Li Yan,Li Shuangcheng,Gao Yang et al.Ecosystem services and hierarchic human well-being:Concepts and service classification framework.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1038-1047.]
[17]傅立国.中国植物红皮书[M].北京:科学出版社,1992.[Fu Liguo.China Plant Red Data Book.Beijing:Science Press,1992.]
[18]国家环境保护局.中国科学院植物研究所.中国珍稀濒危保护植物名录[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.[Ministry of Environmental Protection.Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences.A List of Rare and Endangered Plants in China.Beijing:Science Press,1987.]
[19]国务院.国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)[J].中华人民共和国国务院公报,2000(13):39-47.[State Council.The List of Wild Plants of National Priority Protection of the People's Republic of China(First Batch).The Bulletin of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,2000(13):39-47.]
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[24]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.[Zhang Wenbo,Xie Yun,Liu Baoyuan.Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705-711.]
[25]万本太,徐海根,丁晖,等.生物多样性综合评价方法研究[J].生物多样性,2007,15(1):97-106.[Wan Bentai,Xu Haigen,Ding Hui et al.Methodology of comprehensive biodiversity assessment.Biodiversity Science,2007,15(1):97-106.]
[26]徐学红,王顺忠,马克平.生物多样性评估指标体系[M]//中国生物多样性保护与研究进展Ⅶ——第七届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.北京:气象出版社,2006:28-36.[Xu Xuehong,Wang Shunzhong,Ma Keping.Methodology of comprehensive biodiversity assessment.//Advances in Biodiversity Conservation and Research in ChinaⅦ-Proceedings of the Seventh National Symposium on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in China.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2006:28-36.]
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(1)该名录于1993年4月19日经贵州省人民政府批准。