典型喀斯特峡谷石漠化地区农户生计资本和策略响应
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摘要
文章利用可持续生计分析框架开展喀斯特高原峡谷区农户生计资本和生计策略现状调查,建立多项Logistic回归模型,探讨农户生计策略由纯农型向兼农型和农兼型转化的关键因素。研究表明:(1)研究区农户生计资本整体上比较稀缺,各类生计资本差异明显,农户的自然资本最为匮乏,生计恢复力较弱。(2)研究区农户主要采用四种生计策略,以非农型为主的生计策略农户的资本指数最高,生计策略也相对最优;兼农型资本指数其次,但风险相对较高;农兼型资本指数低于前二者,脆弱性相对较低;纯农型资本指数最低,生计策略单一,风险最高。(3)人力资本始终是影响研究区农户生计策略转化的关键因素,如家庭整体劳动力、耕地面积、家庭现金收入、农作物产值、家庭畜禽数量对农户由纯农型向兼农型和农兼型的生计策略转化具有促进作用。最后,论文提出了应对喀斯特高原峡谷地区农户生计风险、基于生计策略优化的生态环境修复的政策建议。
In this paper, an analysis framework of sustainable livelihood was used to investigate the status of livelihood capitals and strategies of rural households in karst plateau-gorge area, and multinomial logistic regression models were built up to explore the key factors that affect farmers' strategies conversion from pure agriculture to agriculture-dominant and nonagriculture-dominant in our study area. The research indicated that:(1) In general, farmers' livelihood capitals are relatively low and obvious variations are observed among them, and the natural capital of farmers is the lowest, showing a weak recovery ability of livelihood.(2) Four main kinds of livelihood strategies are adopted in the area. The capital index of non-agriculture livelihood strategy is the highest and is relatively optimal; the non-agriculture-dominant strategy ranks second, but with a relatively high risk; the agriculture-dominant strategy follows it, whose livelihood vulnerability is relatively low; the pure agriculture is the lowest, with a single livelihood strategy structure and the highest risk.(3) Human capital has always been a key factor that affects the transformation of farmers' livelihood strategies in the study area. The area of cultivated lands, cash income per family, production of crops, numbers of livestock and poultry per family, and the possibility to gain help. The above factors could promote the conversion of farmer households from taking the strategy of pure agriculture to non-agriculturedominant and agriculture-dominant. Finally, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions on dealing with the risk of farmers' livelihood and ecological environment restoration based on the optimal livehood strategies in karst plateau-gorge area.
In this paper, an analysis framework of sustainable livelihood was used to investigate the status of livelihood capitals and strategies of rural households in karst plateau-gorge area, and multinomial logistic regression models were built up to explore the key factors that affect farmers' strategies conversion from pure agriculture to agriculture-dominant and nonagriculture-dominant in our study area. The research indicated that:(1) In general, farmers' livelihood capitals are relatively low and obvious variations are observed among them, and the natural capital of farmers is the lowest, showing a weak recovery ability of livelihood.(2) Four main kinds of livelihood strategies are adopted in the area. The capital index of non-agriculture livelihood strategy is the highest and is relatively optimal; the non-agriculture-dominant strategy ranks second, but with a relatively high risk; the agriculture-dominant strategy follows it, whose livelihood vulnerability is relatively low; the pure agriculture is the lowest, with a single livelihood strategy structure and the highest risk.(3) Human capital has always been a key factor that affects the transformation of farmers' livelihood strategies in the study area. The area of cultivated lands, cash income per family, production of crops, numbers of livestock and poultry per family, and the possibility to gain help. The above factors could promote the conversion of farmer households from taking the strategy of pure agriculture to non-agriculturedominant and agriculture-dominant. Finally, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions on dealing with the risk of farmers' livelihood and ecological environment restoration based on the optimal livehood strategies in karst plateau-gorge area.
引文
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[3]郭秀丽,周立华,陈勇,等.典型沙漠化地区农户对生态环境变化的感知与适应--以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017(3):64-69.
[4]吴孔森,杨新军,尹莎.环境变化影响下农户生计选择与可持续性研究--以民勤绿洲社区为例[J].经济地理,2016(9):141-149.
[5]Niehof A.The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systems[J].Food Policy,2004,29(4):321-338.
[6]Jha S,Bacon C M,Philpott S M,et al.A review of ecosystem services,farmer livelihoods,and value chains in shade coffee agroecosystems[M]//Integrating agriculture,conservation and ecotourism:Examples from the field.Berlin:Springer Netherlands,2011:141-208.
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[8]Walker R,Perz S,Caldas M,et al.Land use and land cover change in forest frontiers:The role of household life cycles[J].International Regional Science Review,2014,25(2):169-199.
[9]Rahut D B,Scharf M M.Livelihood diversification strategies in the Himalayas[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural&Resource Economics,2012,56(4):558-582.
[10]张芳芳,赵雪雁.我国农户生计转型的生态效应研究综述[J]生态学报,2015(10):3157-3164.
[11]赵雪雁,刘春芳,王学良,等.干旱区内陆河流域农户生计对生态退化的脆弱性评价--以石羊河中下游为例[J].生态学报,2016(13):4141-4151.
[12]刘恩来,徐定德,谢芳婷,等.基于农户生计策略选择影响因素的生计资本度量--以四川省402户农户为例[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015(12):59-65.
[13]何仁伟,刘邵权,刘运伟,等.典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局--以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例[J].山地学报,2014(6):641-651.
[14]苏芳,蒲欣冬,徐中民,等.生计资本与生计策略关系研究--以张掖市甘州区为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009(6):119-125.
[15]郝文渊,杨东升,张杰,等.农牧民可持续生计资本与生计策略关系研究--以西藏林芝地区为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014(10):37-41.
[16]Hahn M B,Riederer A M,Foster S O.The livelihood vulnerability index:A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change-A case study in Mozambique[J].Global Environmental Change,2009,19(1):74-88.
[17]Gilman J.Sustainable livelihoods[J].International Social Science Journal.2000,17(4):77-86.
[18]梁育填,樊杰,孙威,等.西南山区农村生活能源消费结构的影响因素分析--以云南省昭通市为例[J].地理学报,2012(2):221-229.
[19]Pavola J.Livelihoods,vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Morogoro,Tanzania[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2008,11(7):642-654.
[20]Assan J K,Caminade C,Obeng F.Environmental variability and vulnerable livelihoods:Minimizing risks and optimizing opportunities for poverty alleviation[J].Journal of International Development,2009,21(3):403-418.
[21]Ha T M,Bosch O J H,Nguyen N C,et al.System dynamics modelling for defining livelihood strategies for women smallholder farmers in lowland and upland regions of northern Vietnam:Acomparative analysis[J].Agricultural Systems,2017,150:12-20.
[22]杨明德.论喀斯特环境的脆弱性[J].云南地理环境研究,1990(1):21-29.
[23]熊康宁,梅再美,彭贤伟,等.喀斯特石漠化生态综合治理与示范典型研究--以贵州花江喀斯特峡谷为例[J].贵州林业科技,2006(1):5-8.
[24]张军以,张凤太.喀斯特地区生态恢复对农户生计变迁影响的探讨[J].成都工业学院学报,2013(3):15-17.
[25]赵雪雁.生计方式对农户生活能源消费模式的影响--以甘南高原为例[J].生态学报,2015(5):1610-1619.
[26]韩文文,刘小鹏,裴银宝,等.不同地貌背景下民族村农户生计脆弱性及其影响因子[J].应用生态学报,2016(4):1229-1240.
[27]杨瑞,喻理飞,谢双喜.贵州喀斯特高原区圆叶乌桕种群特征研究[J].林业实用技术,2009(10):8-9.
[28]白利妮.贵州典型喀斯特地区不同尺度土地利用变化的驱动力研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2004.
[29]伍艳.贫困山区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响研究--基于四川省平武县和南江县的调查数据[J].农业经济问题,2016(3):88-94,112.
[30]苏艺,邓伟,张继飞,等.尼泊尔中部山区麦拉姆齐流域农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究[J].山地学报,2016(5):645-653.
[31]赵文娟,杨世龙,徐蕊.元江干热河谷地区生计资本对农户生计策略选择的影响--以新平县为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(S2):162-165.
[32]Koczberski G,Cuny G N.Making a living:Land pressures and changing livelihood strategies among oil palm settlers in Papua New Guinea[J].Agricultural Systems,2005,85(3):324-339.
[33]Fang Y P,Fan J,Shen M Y,et al.Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livelihood capital in mountain areas:Emprical analysis based on different settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River China[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,38(3):225-235.
[34]郭秀丽,周立华,陈勇,等.典型沙漠化地区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响--以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例[J].生态学报,2017(20):6963-6972.
[35]赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究--以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例[J].资源科学,2016(1):136-143.
[36]韦惠兰,祁应军.农户生计资本与生计策略关系的实证分析--以河西走廊沙化土地封禁保护区外围为例[J].中国沙漠,2016(2):540-548.
[37]路慧玲,赵雪雁,周海,等.社会资本对农户收入的影响--以甘肃省张掖市、甘南藏族自治州与临夏回族自治州为例[J]中国沙漠,2014(2):610-616.
[38]谢花林.基于Logistic回归模型的区域生态用地演变影响因素分析:以京津冀地区为例[J].资源科学,2011(11):2063-2070.
[39]谢花林,李波.基于Logistic回归模型的农牧交错区土地利用变化驱动力分析--以内蒙古翁牛特旗为例[J].地理研究,2008(2):295-305.
[40]赵雪雁.农户对气候变化的感知与适应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2014(8):2440-2448.
[41]许汉石,乐章.生计资本、生计风险与农户的生计策略[J].农业经济问题,2012(10):100-105.
[42]徐定德,张继飞,刘邵权,等.西南典型山区农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2015(9):118-126.
[43]道日娜.农牧交错区域农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究--以内蒙古东部四个旗为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(S2):274-278.
[44]张丽萍,张镱锂,阎建忠,等.青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式[J].地理学报,2008(4):377-385.
[2]赵雪雁.生计资本对农牧民生活满意度的影响--以甘南高原为例[J].地理研究,2011(4):687-698.
[3]郭秀丽,周立华,陈勇,等.典型沙漠化地区农户对生态环境变化的感知与适应--以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017(3):64-69.
[4]吴孔森,杨新军,尹莎.环境变化影响下农户生计选择与可持续性研究--以民勤绿洲社区为例[J].经济地理,2016(9):141-149.
[5]Niehof A.The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systems[J].Food Policy,2004,29(4):321-338.
[6]Jha S,Bacon C M,Philpott S M,et al.A review of ecosystem services,farmer livelihoods,and value chains in shade coffee agroecosystems[M]//Integrating agriculture,conservation and ecotourism:Examples from the field.Berlin:Springer Netherlands,2011:141-208.
[7]王成超,杨玉盛.基于农户生计策略的土地利用/覆被变化效应综述[J].地理科学进展,2012(6):792-798.
[8]Walker R,Perz S,Caldas M,et al.Land use and land cover change in forest frontiers:The role of household life cycles[J].International Regional Science Review,2014,25(2):169-199.
[9]Rahut D B,Scharf M M.Livelihood diversification strategies in the Himalayas[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural&Resource Economics,2012,56(4):558-582.
[10]张芳芳,赵雪雁.我国农户生计转型的生态效应研究综述[J]生态学报,2015(10):3157-3164.
[11]赵雪雁,刘春芳,王学良,等.干旱区内陆河流域农户生计对生态退化的脆弱性评价--以石羊河中下游为例[J].生态学报,2016(13):4141-4151.
[12]刘恩来,徐定德,谢芳婷,等.基于农户生计策略选择影响因素的生计资本度量--以四川省402户农户为例[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015(12):59-65.
[13]何仁伟,刘邵权,刘运伟,等.典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局--以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例[J].山地学报,2014(6):641-651.
[14]苏芳,蒲欣冬,徐中民,等.生计资本与生计策略关系研究--以张掖市甘州区为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009(6):119-125.
[15]郝文渊,杨东升,张杰,等.农牧民可持续生计资本与生计策略关系研究--以西藏林芝地区为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014(10):37-41.
[16]Hahn M B,Riederer A M,Foster S O.The livelihood vulnerability index:A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change-A case study in Mozambique[J].Global Environmental Change,2009,19(1):74-88.
[17]Gilman J.Sustainable livelihoods[J].International Social Science Journal.2000,17(4):77-86.
[18]梁育填,樊杰,孙威,等.西南山区农村生活能源消费结构的影响因素分析--以云南省昭通市为例[J].地理学报,2012(2):221-229.
[19]Pavola J.Livelihoods,vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Morogoro,Tanzania[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2008,11(7):642-654.
[20]Assan J K,Caminade C,Obeng F.Environmental variability and vulnerable livelihoods:Minimizing risks and optimizing opportunities for poverty alleviation[J].Journal of International Development,2009,21(3):403-418.
[21]Ha T M,Bosch O J H,Nguyen N C,et al.System dynamics modelling for defining livelihood strategies for women smallholder farmers in lowland and upland regions of northern Vietnam:Acomparative analysis[J].Agricultural Systems,2017,150:12-20.
[22]杨明德.论喀斯特环境的脆弱性[J].云南地理环境研究,1990(1):21-29.
[23]熊康宁,梅再美,彭贤伟,等.喀斯特石漠化生态综合治理与示范典型研究--以贵州花江喀斯特峡谷为例[J].贵州林业科技,2006(1):5-8.
[24]张军以,张凤太.喀斯特地区生态恢复对农户生计变迁影响的探讨[J].成都工业学院学报,2013(3):15-17.
[25]赵雪雁.生计方式对农户生活能源消费模式的影响--以甘南高原为例[J].生态学报,2015(5):1610-1619.
[26]韩文文,刘小鹏,裴银宝,等.不同地貌背景下民族村农户生计脆弱性及其影响因子[J].应用生态学报,2016(4):1229-1240.
[27]杨瑞,喻理飞,谢双喜.贵州喀斯特高原区圆叶乌桕种群特征研究[J].林业实用技术,2009(10):8-9.
[28]白利妮.贵州典型喀斯特地区不同尺度土地利用变化的驱动力研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2004.
[29]伍艳.贫困山区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响研究--基于四川省平武县和南江县的调查数据[J].农业经济问题,2016(3):88-94,112.
[30]苏艺,邓伟,张继飞,等.尼泊尔中部山区麦拉姆齐流域农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究[J].山地学报,2016(5):645-653.
[31]赵文娟,杨世龙,徐蕊.元江干热河谷地区生计资本对农户生计策略选择的影响--以新平县为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(S2):162-165.
[32]Koczberski G,Cuny G N.Making a living:Land pressures and changing livelihood strategies among oil palm settlers in Papua New Guinea[J].Agricultural Systems,2005,85(3):324-339.
[33]Fang Y P,Fan J,Shen M Y,et al.Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livelihood capital in mountain areas:Emprical analysis based on different settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River China[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,38(3):225-235.
[34]郭秀丽,周立华,陈勇,等.典型沙漠化地区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响--以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例[J].生态学报,2017(20):6963-6972.
[35]赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究--以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例[J].资源科学,2016(1):136-143.
[36]韦惠兰,祁应军.农户生计资本与生计策略关系的实证分析--以河西走廊沙化土地封禁保护区外围为例[J].中国沙漠,2016(2):540-548.
[37]路慧玲,赵雪雁,周海,等.社会资本对农户收入的影响--以甘肃省张掖市、甘南藏族自治州与临夏回族自治州为例[J]中国沙漠,2014(2):610-616.
[38]谢花林.基于Logistic回归模型的区域生态用地演变影响因素分析:以京津冀地区为例[J].资源科学,2011(11):2063-2070.
[39]谢花林,李波.基于Logistic回归模型的农牧交错区土地利用变化驱动力分析--以内蒙古翁牛特旗为例[J].地理研究,2008(2):295-305.
[40]赵雪雁.农户对气候变化的感知与适应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2014(8):2440-2448.
[41]许汉石,乐章.生计资本、生计风险与农户的生计策略[J].农业经济问题,2012(10):100-105.
[42]徐定德,张继飞,刘邵权,等.西南典型山区农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2015(9):118-126.
[43]道日娜.农牧交错区域农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究--以内蒙古东部四个旗为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(S2):274-278.
[44]张丽萍,张镱锂,阎建忠,等.青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式[J].地理学报,2008(4):377-385.