4种蒸发波导模型的对比与分析
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摘要
蒸发波导模型常用来计算海上蒸发波导高度。为了认识当前不同蒸发波导模型之间的差异和方法,本文选取了目前使用广泛的4种蒸发波导模型(即P-J模型、Babin模型、NPS模型和伪折射率模型)进行对比和分析。本文首先探讨了在理想情况下它们对气象要素的敏感性,随后并利用我国南海近海大气层观测试验数据对比了这4种模型的蒸发波导高度计算结果。分析表明:相对湿度、风速和气—海温差的变化对4种模型的计算都有着较大的影响,特别是在不稳定层结状况下,4种模型计算得到的蒸发波导高度都随着相对湿度的增大而降低、随着风速的增大而增高。Babin模型和NPS模型计算的波导高度较为一致,伪折射率模型与前两种模型的计算结果存在差异,而P-J模型与其他3种模型存在较明显的偏差。基于南海气象数据的计算结果表明,不同蒸发波导模型在该海域蒸发波导的模拟结果略有不同,但4种模型计算得到的波导高度日变化变化趋势较为一致,波导高度极低值常出现在早晨,而极高值常出现在傍晚。
Evaporation duct model is often used to calculate the height of evaporation duct at sea. In order to understand the differences between and methods of different current evaporation duct models, the paper selects four evaporation duct models currently widely used(P-J model, Babin model, NPS model and pseudo-refractivity model) to make a comparison and analysis. This paper first discusses the sensitivity of the models to meteorological elements in the ideal situation, then uses the atmospheric observation experimental data of the offshore layer of South China Sea to compare the results of the evaporation duct height calculated by these four models. The analysis shows that the changes of relative humidity, wind speed and air-sea temperature difference all have large impacts on the calculation of the four kinds of models. In particular, under the unstable stratification condition, the heights of evaporation duct calculated by the four models all decrease with relative humidity and increase with wind speed. The duct height calculated by the Babin model and NPS model are consistent, the calculation result of pseudo-refractivity model and the results of the previous two models are different, and there is an obvious deviation between the result of P-J model and the results of the other three models. Calculation results based on the data of the South China Sea meteorological data indicates that simulation results of different evaporation duct model in the area are slightly different, but the diurnal variation trends of the duct heights calculated by the four models are consistent, the extremely low height values often occur in the morning, and the extremely high values often occur in the evening.
Evaporation duct model is often used to calculate the height of evaporation duct at sea. In order to understand the differences between and methods of different current evaporation duct models, the paper selects four evaporation duct models currently widely used(P-J model, Babin model, NPS model and pseudo-refractivity model) to make a comparison and analysis. This paper first discusses the sensitivity of the models to meteorological elements in the ideal situation, then uses the atmospheric observation experimental data of the offshore layer of South China Sea to compare the results of the evaporation duct height calculated by these four models. The analysis shows that the changes of relative humidity, wind speed and air-sea temperature difference all have large impacts on the calculation of the four kinds of models. In particular, under the unstable stratification condition, the heights of evaporation duct calculated by the four models all decrease with relative humidity and increase with wind speed. The duct height calculated by the Babin model and NPS model are consistent, the calculation result of pseudo-refractivity model and the results of the previous two models are different, and there is an obvious deviation between the result of P-J model and the results of the other three models. Calculation results based on the data of the South China Sea meteorological data indicates that simulation results of different evaporation duct model in the area are slightly different, but the diurnal variation trends of the duct heights calculated by the four models are consistent, the extremely low height values often occur in the morning, and the extremely high values often occur in the evening.
引文
[1] 胡晓华, 费建芳, 张翔, 等. 一次大气波导过程的数值模拟. 气象科学, 2008, 28(3): 294-300.HU Xiaohua, FEI Jianfang, ZHANG Xiang, et al. Numericalsimulation of an atmospheric duct.scientia Meteorologicasinica(in Chinese), 2008, 28(3): 294-300.
[2] 戴福山, 李群, 董双林,等. 大气波导及其军事应用. 北京: 中国人民解放军总参谋部气象局, 2002.DAI Fushan, LI Qun, DONGshuanglin, et al. Atmospheric duct and its application in military affairs. Beijing: the Meteorological Bureau of China PLA General Political Department (in Chinese), 2002.
[3] 成印河, 薛宇峰, 朱凤芹. 海上低空大气波导及其应用综述. 工程研究-跨学科视野中的工程, 2013, 5(1): 92-99.CHENG Yinhe, XUE Yufeng, ZHU Fengqin. Review ofstudy on atmospheric ducts and its applications over thesea. Journal of Engineeringstudies (in Chinese), 2013, 5(1): 92-99.
[4] 王向敏. 海上大气波导的预测方法[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京信息工程大学, 2007.WANG Xiangmin. Astudy on the atmospheric duct over ocean and its prediction[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Informationscience & Technology(in Chinese), 2007.
[5] 成印河, 周生启, 王东晓. 海上大气波导研究进展. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(3): 318-326.CHENG Yinhe, ZHOUshengqi, WANG Dongxiao. Review of thestudy of atmospheric ducts over thesea. Advances in Earthscience(in Chinese), 2013, 28(3): 318-326.
[6] Jeske H. Thestate of radar-range prediction oversea//Tropospheric Radio Wave Propagation, PartⅡ,NATO-AGARD Conference Proceedings.Paris, France,1971: 1-10.
[7] LIU W T, Katsaros K B, Businger J A. Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J. Atmos.sci., 1979, 36(9): 1722-1735.
[8] LIU W T, Blanc T V. The Liu, Katsaros and Businger(1979) Bulk atmospheric flux computational iteration programin FORTRAN and BASIC. NRL Memorandum Report 5291, AD-A156, 1984: 736.
[9] Paulus R A. Practical application of the IREPS evaporation duct model. Technical Report 966.San Diego, CA: Naval Oceansystem Center,1984: 68-72.
[10] Paulus R A.specification for environmental measurements to assess radarsensors. Technical Report 1685.San Diego, CA: Naval Oceansystems Center,1989:43.
[11] Paulus R A. VOCAR: an experiment in variability of coastal atmospheric refractivity//Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remotesensingsymposiumsurface and Atmospheric Remotesensing: Technologies,Data Analysis and Interpretation. Pasadena, CA:IEEE, 1994, 1: 386-388.
[12] Cook J,Burks. Potential refractivity as asimilarity variable. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 1992, 58(1/2): 151-159.
[13] Musson-Genon L, Gauthiers, Bruth E. Asimple method to determine evaporation duct height in theseasurface boundary layer. Radiosci., 1992, 27(5): 635-644.
[14] Babins M, Young Gs, Carton J A. A new model of the oceanic evaporation duct. J. Appl. Meteor., 1997, 36(3): 193-204.
[15] Frederickson P A, Davidson K L, Zeisse C R, et al. Estimating the refractive indexstructure parameter (C) over the ocean using bulk methods. J. Appl. Meteor., 2000, 39(10): 1770-1783.
[16] 陈立松. 蒸发波导中雷达检测性能研究[硕士论文]. 西安: 西安电子科技大学, 2009.CHEN Lisong.study of radar detection performance in evaporation duct[D]. Xi’an: Xidian University(in Chinese), 2009.
[17] 刘成国, 黄际英, 江长荫, 等. 用伪折射率和相似理论计算海上蒸发波导剖面. 电子学报, 2001, 29(7): 970-972.LIU Chengguo, HUANG Jiying, JIANG Changyin, et al. Modeling evaporation duct oversea with pseudo-refractivity andsimilarity theory. Acta Electronicasinica (in Chinese), 2001, 29(7): 970-972.
[18] DING Juli, FEI Jianfang, HUANG Xiaogang, et al. Development and validation of an evaporation duct model. PartⅠ: model establishment andsensitivity experiments. J. Meteor. Res., 2015, 29(3): 467-481.
[19] 戴福山. 海洋大气近地层折射指数模式及其在蒸发波导分析上的应用. 电波科学学报, 1998, 13(3): 280-286.DAI Fushan. The refractivity models in the marine atmosphericsurfacelayer and their applications in the evaporation duct analysis. Chinese Journal of Radioscience (in Chinese), 1998, 13(3): 280-286.
[20] 盛裴轩, 毛节泰, 李建国, 等. 大气物理学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2003.SHENG Peixuan, MAO Jietai, LI Jianguo, et al. Atmospheric physics. Beijing: Peking University Press (in Chinese), 2003.
[21] Patterson W L. Advanced Refractive Effects Predictionsystem (AREPS). Technical Report200521,https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/ADA434242.xhtml, 2001.
[22] Patterson W L, Hattan C P, Lindem G E, et al. Engineer’s refractive effects predictionsystem(EREPS),version 3.0. Naval Research and Development Technical Document 2648, 1994.
[23] 杨坤德, 马远良, 史阳. 西太平洋蒸发波导的时空统计规律研究. 物理学报, 2009, 58(10): 7339-7350.YANG Kunde, MA Yuanliang,sHI Yang.spatio-temporal distributions of evaporation duct for the West Pacific Ocean. Acta Physicasinica(in Chinese), 2009, 58(10): 7339-7350.
[24] Buck A L. New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor. J. Appl. Meteor., 1981, 20(12): 1527-1532.
[25] Sverdrup H U, Johnson M W,Fleming R H. The Oceans: their physics, chemistry, and general biology. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1942: 1105.
[26] 皮尔克. 中尺度气象模拟. 张杏珍, 杨长新, 译. 北京: 气象出版社, 1990.Pielke R A. Mesoscale meteorological modeling. ZHANG Xingzhen, YANG Changxin, Trans. Beijing: China Meteorological Press(in Chinese), 1990.
[27] Fairall C W, Bradley E F, Rogers D P, et al. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for tropical ocean-Global atmosphere coupled-ocean atmosphere response experiment. J.Geophys. Res., 1996, 101(C2): 3747-3764.
[28] Fairall C W, Bradley E F, Hare J E, et al. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 2003, 16(4): 571-591.
[29] Beljaars A C M, Holtslag AAM. Flux parameterization over landsurfaces for atmospheric models. J. Appl. Meteor., 1991, 30(3): 327-341.
[30] Godfrey Js, BeljaarsA C M. On the turbulent fluxesof buoyancy, heat and moisture at the air-sea interface at lowwindspeeds. J. Geophys. Res.,1991, 96(C12): 22043-22048.
[31] 田斌, 察豪, 张玉生, 等. 蒸发波导A模型在我国海区的适应性研究. 电波科学学报, 2009, 24(3): 556-561. TIAN Bin, CHA Hao, ZHANG Yusheng, et al.study on the applicability of evaporation duct model A in Chinesesea areas. Chinese Journal of Radioscience (in Chinese), 2009, 24(3): 556-561.
[32] 田斌, 王石, 察豪, 等. 蒸发波导A模型核心函数研究. 海军工程大学学报,2014, 26(4): 23-26.TIAN Bin, WANGshi, CHA Hao, et al. Analysis of core functions of evaporation duct model A. Journal of Naval University of Engineering(in Chinese), 2014, 26(4): 23-26.
[33] Babins M, Dockery G D. LKB-based evaporation duct model comparison with buoy data. J. Appl. Meteor., 2002, 41(4): 434-446.
[34] 胡晓华, 费建芳, 张翔, 等. 气象条件对大气波导的影响. 气象科学, 2007, 27(3): 349-354.HU Xiaohua, FEI Jianfang, ZHANG Xiang, et al. Effect of meteorological conditions on atmospheric duct.scientia Meteorologicasinica(in Chinese), 2007, 27(3): 349-354.
[35] 丁菊丽, 费建芳, 黄小刚, 等. 基于局地相似理论的蒸发波导计算方案及敏感性试验. 海洋通报, 2009, 28(1): 86-95.DING Juli, FEI Jianfang, HUANG Xiaogang, et al. Computingscheme andsensitivity analysis of the evaporation duct model based on the localsimilarity. Marinescience Bulletin(in Chinese), 2009, 28(1): 86-95.
[36] 姚展予, 赵柏林, 李万彪, 等. 大气波导特征分析及其对电磁波传播的影响. 气象学报, 2000, 58(5): 605-616.YAO Zhanyu, ZHAO Bolin, LI Wanbiao, et al. The analysison characteristics of atmospheric duct and its effects on the propagation of electromagnetic wave. Acta Meteorologicasinica(in Chinese), 2000, 58(5): 605-616.
[2] 戴福山, 李群, 董双林,等. 大气波导及其军事应用. 北京: 中国人民解放军总参谋部气象局, 2002.DAI Fushan, LI Qun, DONGshuanglin, et al. Atmospheric duct and its application in military affairs. Beijing: the Meteorological Bureau of China PLA General Political Department (in Chinese), 2002.
[3] 成印河, 薛宇峰, 朱凤芹. 海上低空大气波导及其应用综述. 工程研究-跨学科视野中的工程, 2013, 5(1): 92-99.CHENG Yinhe, XUE Yufeng, ZHU Fengqin. Review ofstudy on atmospheric ducts and its applications over thesea. Journal of Engineeringstudies (in Chinese), 2013, 5(1): 92-99.
[4] 王向敏. 海上大气波导的预测方法[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京信息工程大学, 2007.WANG Xiangmin. Astudy on the atmospheric duct over ocean and its prediction[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Informationscience & Technology(in Chinese), 2007.
[5] 成印河, 周生启, 王东晓. 海上大气波导研究进展. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(3): 318-326.CHENG Yinhe, ZHOUshengqi, WANG Dongxiao. Review of thestudy of atmospheric ducts over thesea. Advances in Earthscience(in Chinese), 2013, 28(3): 318-326.
[6] Jeske H. Thestate of radar-range prediction oversea//Tropospheric Radio Wave Propagation, PartⅡ,NATO-AGARD Conference Proceedings.Paris, France,1971: 1-10.
[7] LIU W T, Katsaros K B, Businger J A. Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J. Atmos.sci., 1979, 36(9): 1722-1735.
[8] LIU W T, Blanc T V. The Liu, Katsaros and Businger(1979) Bulk atmospheric flux computational iteration programin FORTRAN and BASIC. NRL Memorandum Report 5291, AD-A156, 1984: 736.
[9] Paulus R A. Practical application of the IREPS evaporation duct model. Technical Report 966.San Diego, CA: Naval Oceansystem Center,1984: 68-72.
[10] Paulus R A.specification for environmental measurements to assess radarsensors. Technical Report 1685.San Diego, CA: Naval Oceansystems Center,1989:43.
[11] Paulus R A. VOCAR: an experiment in variability of coastal atmospheric refractivity//Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remotesensingsymposiumsurface and Atmospheric Remotesensing: Technologies,Data Analysis and Interpretation. Pasadena, CA:IEEE, 1994, 1: 386-388.
[12] Cook J,Burks. Potential refractivity as asimilarity variable. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 1992, 58(1/2): 151-159.
[13] Musson-Genon L, Gauthiers, Bruth E. Asimple method to determine evaporation duct height in theseasurface boundary layer. Radiosci., 1992, 27(5): 635-644.
[14] Babins M, Young Gs, Carton J A. A new model of the oceanic evaporation duct. J. Appl. Meteor., 1997, 36(3): 193-204.
[15] Frederickson P A, Davidson K L, Zeisse C R, et al. Estimating the refractive indexstructure parameter (C) over the ocean using bulk methods. J. Appl. Meteor., 2000, 39(10): 1770-1783.
[16] 陈立松. 蒸发波导中雷达检测性能研究[硕士论文]. 西安: 西安电子科技大学, 2009.CHEN Lisong.study of radar detection performance in evaporation duct[D]. Xi’an: Xidian University(in Chinese), 2009.
[17] 刘成国, 黄际英, 江长荫, 等. 用伪折射率和相似理论计算海上蒸发波导剖面. 电子学报, 2001, 29(7): 970-972.LIU Chengguo, HUANG Jiying, JIANG Changyin, et al. Modeling evaporation duct oversea with pseudo-refractivity andsimilarity theory. Acta Electronicasinica (in Chinese), 2001, 29(7): 970-972.
[18] DING Juli, FEI Jianfang, HUANG Xiaogang, et al. Development and validation of an evaporation duct model. PartⅠ: model establishment andsensitivity experiments. J. Meteor. Res., 2015, 29(3): 467-481.
[19] 戴福山. 海洋大气近地层折射指数模式及其在蒸发波导分析上的应用. 电波科学学报, 1998, 13(3): 280-286.DAI Fushan. The refractivity models in the marine atmosphericsurfacelayer and their applications in the evaporation duct analysis. Chinese Journal of Radioscience (in Chinese), 1998, 13(3): 280-286.
[20] 盛裴轩, 毛节泰, 李建国, 等. 大气物理学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2003.SHENG Peixuan, MAO Jietai, LI Jianguo, et al. Atmospheric physics. Beijing: Peking University Press (in Chinese), 2003.
[21] Patterson W L. Advanced Refractive Effects Predictionsystem (AREPS). Technical Report200521,https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/ADA434242.xhtml, 2001.
[22] Patterson W L, Hattan C P, Lindem G E, et al. Engineer’s refractive effects predictionsystem(EREPS),version 3.0. Naval Research and Development Technical Document 2648, 1994.
[23] 杨坤德, 马远良, 史阳. 西太平洋蒸发波导的时空统计规律研究. 物理学报, 2009, 58(10): 7339-7350.YANG Kunde, MA Yuanliang,sHI Yang.spatio-temporal distributions of evaporation duct for the West Pacific Ocean. Acta Physicasinica(in Chinese), 2009, 58(10): 7339-7350.
[24] Buck A L. New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor. J. Appl. Meteor., 1981, 20(12): 1527-1532.
[25] Sverdrup H U, Johnson M W,Fleming R H. The Oceans: their physics, chemistry, and general biology. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1942: 1105.
[26] 皮尔克. 中尺度气象模拟. 张杏珍, 杨长新, 译. 北京: 气象出版社, 1990.Pielke R A. Mesoscale meteorological modeling. ZHANG Xingzhen, YANG Changxin, Trans. Beijing: China Meteorological Press(in Chinese), 1990.
[27] Fairall C W, Bradley E F, Rogers D P, et al. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for tropical ocean-Global atmosphere coupled-ocean atmosphere response experiment. J.Geophys. Res., 1996, 101(C2): 3747-3764.
[28] Fairall C W, Bradley E F, Hare J E, et al. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 2003, 16(4): 571-591.
[29] Beljaars A C M, Holtslag AAM. Flux parameterization over landsurfaces for atmospheric models. J. Appl. Meteor., 1991, 30(3): 327-341.
[30] Godfrey Js, BeljaarsA C M. On the turbulent fluxesof buoyancy, heat and moisture at the air-sea interface at lowwindspeeds. J. Geophys. Res.,1991, 96(C12): 22043-22048.
[31] 田斌, 察豪, 张玉生, 等. 蒸发波导A模型在我国海区的适应性研究. 电波科学学报, 2009, 24(3): 556-561. TIAN Bin, CHA Hao, ZHANG Yusheng, et al.study on the applicability of evaporation duct model A in Chinesesea areas. Chinese Journal of Radioscience (in Chinese), 2009, 24(3): 556-561.
[32] 田斌, 王石, 察豪, 等. 蒸发波导A模型核心函数研究. 海军工程大学学报,2014, 26(4): 23-26.TIAN Bin, WANGshi, CHA Hao, et al. Analysis of core functions of evaporation duct model A. Journal of Naval University of Engineering(in Chinese), 2014, 26(4): 23-26.
[33] Babins M, Dockery G D. LKB-based evaporation duct model comparison with buoy data. J. Appl. Meteor., 2002, 41(4): 434-446.
[34] 胡晓华, 费建芳, 张翔, 等. 气象条件对大气波导的影响. 气象科学, 2007, 27(3): 349-354.HU Xiaohua, FEI Jianfang, ZHANG Xiang, et al. Effect of meteorological conditions on atmospheric duct.scientia Meteorologicasinica(in Chinese), 2007, 27(3): 349-354.
[35] 丁菊丽, 费建芳, 黄小刚, 等. 基于局地相似理论的蒸发波导计算方案及敏感性试验. 海洋通报, 2009, 28(1): 86-95.DING Juli, FEI Jianfang, HUANG Xiaogang, et al. Computingscheme andsensitivity analysis of the evaporation duct model based on the localsimilarity. Marinescience Bulletin(in Chinese), 2009, 28(1): 86-95.
[36] 姚展予, 赵柏林, 李万彪, 等. 大气波导特征分析及其对电磁波传播的影响. 气象学报, 2000, 58(5): 605-616.YAO Zhanyu, ZHAO Bolin, LI Wanbiao, et al. The analysison characteristics of atmospheric duct and its effects on the propagation of electromagnetic wave. Acta Meteorologicasinica(in Chinese), 2000, 58(5): 605-616.